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Most cited papers from U.S. National Science Foundation

What are the most cited papers from U.S. National Science Foundation?

The most cited paper from U.S. National Science Foundation is "Observational Evidence from Supernovae for an Accelerating Universe and a Cosmological Constant" (Adam G. Riess, A. V. Filippenko, P. Challis et al., 1998), with 19,814 citations. Next come "The Cross‐Section of Expected Stock Returns" (15,123) and "CHARMM : A program for macromolecular energy, minimization, and dynamics calculations" (15,019).

Showing 50 of 59 papers. Every paper with more than 1,978 citations is listed.

Most cited papers, sortable by citations and release date
#Paper
1 Observational Evidence from Supernovae for an Accelerating Universe and a Cosmological Constant Adam G. Riess, A. V. Filippenko, P. Challis et al. · The Astronomical Journal Open access Sep 1998 19,814
2 The Cross‐Section of Expected Stock Returns Eugene F. Fama, Kenneth R. French · The Journal of Finance Open access Jun 1992 15,123
3 CHARMM : A program for macromolecular energy, minimization, and dynamics calculations Bernard R. Brooks, Robert E. Bruccoleri, Barry D. Olafson et al. · Journal of Computational Chemistry Jun 1983 15,019
4 The Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) Michael F. Skrutskie et al. · The Astronomical Journal Open access 24 Jan 2006 12,280
5 ON THE PRICING OF CORPORATE DEBT: THE RISK STRUCTURE OF INTEREST RATES* Robert C. Merton · The Journal of Finance Open access May 1974 11,053
6 Legal Determinants of External Finance RAFAEL LA PORTA, Florencio López‐de‐Silanes, Andrei Shleifer et al. · The Journal of Finance Open access Jul 1997 10,059
7 Variable Selection via Nonconcave Penalized Likelihood and its Oracle Properties Jianqing Fan, Runze Li · Journal of the American Statistical Association Dec 2001 9,322
8 The Astropy Project: Building an Open-science Project and Status of the v2.0 Core Package * Adrian M. Price-Whelan et al. · The Astronomical Journal Open access140 authors 23 Aug 2018 7,690
9 What Do We Know about Capital Structure? Some Evidence from International Data Raghuram G. Rajan, Luigi Zingales · The Journal of Finance Open access Dec 1995 6,742
10 Three‐Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe ( WMAP ) Observations: Implications for Cosmology David N. Spergel et al. · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series Open access 31 May 2007 6,681
11 The NRAO VLA Sky Survey J. J. Condon, W. D. Cotton, E. W. Greisen et al. · The Astronomical Journal Open access May 1998 5,847
12 Strictly Proper Scoring Rules, Prediction, and Estimation Tilmann Gneiting, Adrian E. Raftery · Journal of the American Statistical Association 4 Feb 2007 5,828
13 Cesium-containing triple cation perovskite solar cells: improved stability, reproducibility and high efficiency Michael Saliba, Taisuke Matsui, Ji-Youn Seo et al. · Energy & Environmental Science Open access 2016 5,443
14 The Global Schmidt Law in Star‐forming Galaxies Robert C. Kennicutt · The Astrophysical Journal Open access 10 May 1998 5,273
15 Classification parameters for the emission-line spectra of extragalactic objects J. A. Baldwin, Mark M. Phillips, Roberto J. Terlevich · Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific Open access Feb 1981 5,209
16 Review of Particle Physics C. Amsler et al. · Physics Letters B Open access173 authors 5 Aug 2008 5,093
17 The Astropy Project : Sustaining and Growing a Community-oriented Open-source Project and the Latest Major Release (v5.0) of the Core Package* The Astropy Collaboration et al. · Repository of the Academy's Library (Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences) Open access136 authors 2022 5,044
18 Backpropagation through time: what it does and how to do it Paul J. Werbos · Proceedings of the IEEE 1990 4,998
19 Increasing drought under global warming in observations and models Aiguo Dai · Nature Climate Change 3 Aug 2012 4,836
20 Habitat fragmentation and its lasting impact on Earth’s ecosystems Nick M. Haddad et al. · Science Advances Open access 6 Mar 2015 4,812
21 Partial-symmetries of weak interactions Sheldon L. Glashow · Nuclear Physics Feb 1961 4,756
22 First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole Kazunori Akiyama et al. · The Astrophysical Journal Letters Open access348 authors 9 Apr 2019 4,300
23 Kepler Planet-Detection Mission: Introduction and First Results William J. Borucki et al. · Science 7 Jan 2010 4,121
24 The Demography of Massive Dark Objects in Galaxy Centers John Magorrian, Scott D. Tremaine, Douglas O. Richstone et al. · The Astronomical Journal Open access Jun 1998 4,074
25 Cosmic Star-Formation History Piero Madau, Mark Dickinson · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics ReviewOpen access 26 Jun 2014 3,846
26 Binary Companions of Evolved Stars in APOGEE DR14: Search Method and Catalog of ∼5000 Companions Adrian M. Price-Whelan, David W. Hogg, Hans-Walter Rix et al. · The Astronomical Journal Open access 18 Jun 2018 3,746
27 A Relationship between Nuclear Black Hole Mass and Galaxy Velocity Dispersion Karl Gebhardt, Ralf Bender, Gary Bower et al. · The Astrophysical Journal Open access 10 Aug 2000 3,695
28 LSST: From Science Drivers to Reference Design and Anticipated Data Products Željko Ivezić et al. · The Astrophysical Journal Open access327 authors 10 Mar 2019 3,523
29 Final Results from the Hubble Space Telescope Key Project to Measure the Hubble Constant Wendy L. Freedman, Barry F. Madore, Brad K. Gibson et al. · The Astrophysical Journal Open access 20 May 2001 3,330
30 Innovation characteristics and innovation adoption-implementation: A meta-analysis of findings Louis G. Tornatzky, Katherine J. Klein · IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management Review Feb 1982 3,292
31 The clustering of galaxies in the completed SDSS-III Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey: cosmological analysis of the DR12 galaxy sample Shadab Alam et al. · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Open access 24 Mar 2017 3,192
32 Size and Book‐to‐Market Factors in Earnings and Returns Eugene F. Fama, Kenneth R. French · The Journal of Finance Mar 1995 3,170
33 Microbial biogeography: putting microorganisms on the map Jennifer B. H. Martiny, Brendan J. M. Bohannan, James H. Brown et al. · Nature Reviews Microbiology Review 17 Jan 2006 3,096
34 In vivo fiber tractography using DT-MRI data Peter J. Basser, Sinisa Pajevic, Carlo M. Pierpaoli et al. · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 2000 3,082
35 The extracellular matrix: A dynamic niche in cancer progression Pengfei Lu, Valerie Marie Weaver, Zena Werb · The Journal of Cell Biology Open access 20 Feb 2012 3,079
36 Forecasting life expectancy, years of life lost, and all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 250 causes of death: reference and alternative scenarios for 2016–40 for 195 countries and territories Kyle J Foreman et al. · The Lancet Open access 16 Oct 2018 3,069
37 The Bayesian Lasso Trevor Park, George Casella · Journal of the American Statistical Association Jun 2008 3,050
38 Lectures in Theoretical Physics Wesley E. Brittin, B. W. Downs, Joanne Downs et al. · American Journal of Physics May 1962 2,976
39 Physicochemical Hydrodynamics V. G. Levich, Raymond J. Seeger · American Journal of Physics Nov 1963 2,807
40 Binary Companions of Evolved Stars in APOGEE DR14: Search Method and Catalog of ∼5000 Companions Price-Whelan, A., Hogg, D., Rix, H. et al. · MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) 2018 2,685
41 The Slope of the Black Hole Mass versus Velocity Dispersion Correlation Scott D. Tremaine, Karl Gebhardt, Ralf Bender et al. · The Astrophysical Journal Open access Aug 2002 2,646
42 Information Production and Capital Allocation: Decentralized versus Hierarchical Firms Jeremy C. Stein · The Journal of Finance Oct 2002 2,554
43 Electrical energy storage for transportation—approaching the limits of, and going beyond, lithium-ion batteries Michael M. Thackeray, Christopher Wolverton, Eric D. Isaacs · Energy & Environmental Science 2012 2,529
44 Stock Prices, Earnings, and Expected Dividends John Campbell, Robert Shiller · Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) Open access 1988 2,500
45 THE ELEVENTH AND TWELFTH DATA RELEASES OF THE SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY: FINAL DATA FROM SDSS-III Shadab Alam et al. · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series Open access304 authors 27 Jul 2015 2,476
46 Nonresponse Rates and Nonresponse Bias in Household Surveys Robert M. Groves · Public Opinion Quarterly 2006 2,447
47 PERIOD2::LUCIFERASE real-time reporting of circadian dynamics reveals persistent circadian oscillations in mouse peripheral tissues Seung Hee Yoo, Shin Yamazaki, Phillip L. Lowrey et al. · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Open access 12 Feb 2004 2,399
48 Allen's Astrophysical Quantities Arthur N. Cox, Catherine A. Pilachowski · Physics Today Oct 2000 2,311
49 SDSS-III: MASSIVE SPECTROSCOPIC SURVEYS OF THE DISTANT UNIVERSE, THE MILKY WAY, AND EXTRA-SOLAR PLANETARY SYSTEMS Daniel J. Eisenstein et al. · The Astronomical Journal Open access244 authors 9 Aug 2011 2,231
50 GPS constraints on continental deformation in the Africa‐Arabia‐Eurasia continental collision zone and implications for the dynamics of plate interactions Robert E. Reilinger et al. · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres Open access May 2006 2,211

Citations are OpenAlex's own counts, from its 2026-09-23 snapshot, so the ranking can differ from Google Scholar or Web of Science. A paper is listed for an institution when any of its authors gave it as an affiliation; retracted papers and papers whose citation count cannot be traced to citing works are left out, and a preprint and the article it became are shown once. Release dates are OpenAlex's: where a source gave only a month or a year, that is what is shown. How the lists are chosen.