Most cited papers in Gender Roles and Identity Studies
What are the most cited papers in Gender Roles and Identity Studies?
The most cited paper in Gender Roles and Identity Studies is "Hegemonic Masculinity" (Raewyn W. Connell, James W. Messerschmidt, 2005), with 9,224 citations. Next come "The measurement of psychological androgyny." (8,602) and "Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders." (6,868).
Showing 50 of 100 papers. Every paper with more than 801 citations is listed.
| # | Paper | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Hegemonic Masculinity Raewyn W. Connell, James W. Messerschmidt · Gender & Society | 28 Oct 2005 | 9,224 |
| 2 | The measurement of psychological androgyny. Sandra L. Bem · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology | 1974 | 8,602 |
| 3 | Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Alice H. Eagly, Steven J. Karau · Psychological Review | 2002 | 6,868 |
| 4 | Objectification Theory: Toward Understanding Women's Lived Experiences and Mental Health Risks Barbara L. Fredrickson, Tomi‐Ann Roberts · Psychology of Women Quarterly | Jun 1997 | 5,495 |
| 5 | The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism. Peter Glick, Susan T. Fiske · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology | Mar 1996 | 4,417 |
| 6 | Constructions of masculinity and their influence on men's well-being: a theory of gender and health Will H. Courtenay · Social Science & Medicine | May 2000 | 4,089 |
| 7 | Gender schema theory: A cognitive account of sex typing. Sandra Lipsitz Bem · Psychological Review | 1981 | 3,862 |
| 8 | Learning from the Outsider Within: The Sociological Significance of Black Feminist Thought Patrícia Hill Collins · Social Problems | Oct 1986 | 3,533 |
| 9 | Science faculty’s subtle gender biases favor male students Corinne Alison Moss-Racusin, John F. Dovidio, Victoria L. Brescoll et al. · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | 17 Sep 2012 | 3,186 |
| 10 | The gender similarities hypothesis. Janet Shibley Hyde · American Psychologist | Sep 2005 | 3,082 |
| 11 | The Problem With the Phrase Women and Minorities: Intersectionality—an Important Theoretical Framework for Public Health Lisa Bowleg · American Journal of Public Health | 17 May 2012 | 3,005 |
| 12 | Gender differences in personality traits across cultures: Robust and surprising findings. Paul T. Costa, Antonio Terracciano, Robert R. McCrae · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology | Aug 2001 | 2,997 |
| 13 | Men, masculinity, and the contexts of help seeking. Michael E. Addis, James R. Mahalik · American Psychologist | 2003 | 2,774 |
| 14 | Intersectionality and research in psychology. Elizabeth R. Cole · American Psychologist | Apr 2009 | 2,735 |
| 15 | White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack (1989) 1 Peggy McIntosh | 4 Jul 2019 | 2,595 |
| 16 | Social cognitive theory of gender development and differentiation. Kay Bussey, Albert Bandura · Psychological Review | 1999 | 2,315 |
| 17 | When Black + Lesbian + Woman ≠ Black Lesbian Woman: The Methodological Challenges of Qualitative and Quantitative Intersectionality Research Lisa Bowleg · Sex Roles | 20 Mar 2008 | 2,008 |
| 18 | An ambivalent alliance: Hostile and benevolent sexism as complementary justifications for gender inequality. Peter Glick, Susan T. Fiske · American Psychologist | Feb 2001 | 1,899 |
| 19 | Sex‐Role Stereotypes: A Current Appraisal1 Inge K. Broverman, Susan Raymond Vogel, Donald M. Broverman et al. · Journal of Social Issues | Apr 1972 | 1,876 |
| 20 | Prescriptive Gender Stereotypes and Backlash Toward Agentic Women Laurie Ann Rudman, Peter Glick · Journal of Social Issues | 2001 | 1,862 |
| 21 | Unpacking the Gender System Cecilia L. Ridgeway, Shelley J. Correll · Gender & Society | 22 Jun 2004 | 1,823 |
| 22 | Men and health help‐seeking behaviour: literature review Paul Galdas, Francine Cheater, Paul Marshall · Journal of Advanced Nursing | 28 Feb 2005 | 1,776 |
| 23 | Microaggressions in Everyday Life: Race, Gender, and Sexual Orientation NiCole T. Buchanan · Psychology of Women Quarterly | Jun 2011 | 1,770 |
| 24 | Are leader stereotypes masculine? A meta-analysis of three research paradigms. Anne Marise Koenig, Alice H. Eagly, Abigail A. Mitchell et al. · Psychological Bulletin | 31 May 2011 | 1,752 |
| 25 | Sexual Behavior in the Human Female Alfred C. Kinsey, Wardell B. Pomeroy, Clyde E. Martin · Physical Therapy | 1954 | 1,730 |
| 26 | Ratings of self and peers on sex role attributes and their relation to self-esteem and conceptions of masculinity and femininity. JANET TAYLOR SPENCE, Robert L. Helmreich, Joy Stapp · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology | 1975 | 1,638 |
| 27 | Contexts of child rearing: Problems and prospects. Urie Bronfenbrenner · American Psychologist | Oct 1979 | 1,629 |
| 28 | A self-efficacy approach to the career development of women Gail Hackett, Nancy E. Betz · Journal of Vocational Behavior | Jun 1981 | 1,621 |
| 29 | Masculinity as Homophobia: Fear, Shame, and Silence in the Construction of Gender Identity Michael S. Kimmel | 1994 | 1,611 |
| 30 | Gender and the evaluation of leaders: A meta-analysis. Alice H. Eagly, Mona G. Makhijani, Bruce G. Klonsky · Psychological Bulletin | 1992 | 1,597 |
| 31 | Do girls manipulate and boys fight? developmental trends in regard to direct and indirect aggression Kaj Björkqvist, KIRSTI M. J. LAGERSPETZ, Ari Kaukiainen · Aggressive Behavior | 1992 | 1,582 |
| 32 | What Women and Men Should Be, Shouldn't be, are Allowed to be, and don't Have to Be: The Contents of Prescriptive Gender Stereotypes Deborah A. Prentice, Erica Carranza · Psychology of Women Quarterly | Dec 2002 | 1,501 |
| 33 | Gender As a Social Structure Bárbara J. Risman · Gender & Society | 22 Jun 2004 | 1,445 |
| 34 | Sexism and racism: Old-fashioned and modern prejudices. Janet Kay Swim, Kathryn J. Aikin, Wayne S. Hall et al. · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology | Feb 1995 | 1,436 |
| 35 | Gender and relationships: A developmental account. Eleanor Emmons Maccoby · American Psychologist | 1990 | 1,432 |
| 36 | Gender differences in self-esteem: A meta-analysis. Kristen C. Kling, Janet Shibley Hyde, Carolin J. Showers et al. · Psychological Bulletin | 1999 | 1,352 |
| 37 | Toward a new sociology of masculinity Tim Carrigan, Bob Connell, John Lee · Theory and Society | Sep 1985 | 1,346 |
| 38 | Recovering the feminine other: masculinity, femininity, and gender hegemony Mimi Schippers · Theory and Society | 14 Feb 2007 | 1,335 |
| 39 | Penalties for Success: Reactions to Women Who Succeed at Male Gender-Typed Tasks. Madeline E. Heilman, Aaron S. Wallen, Daniella Fuchs et al. · Journal of Applied Psychology | 2004 | 1,316 |
| 40 | Sex role adaptability: One consequence of psychological androgyny. Sandra L. Bem, Steven Lewis · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology | Apr 1975 | 1,297 |
| 41 | Heterosexuals' attitudes toward lesbians and gay men: Correlates and gender differences Gregory M. Herek · The Journal of Sex Research | Nov 1988 | 1,282 |
| 42 | Qualitative research methods: when to use them and how to judge them Karin Hammarberg, Maggie Kirkman, Sheryl L. de Lacey · Human Reproduction | 11 Jan 2016 | 1,275 |
| 43 | Shyness and sociability. Jonathan M. Cheek, Arnold H. Buss · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology | Aug 1981 | 1,266 |
| 44 | Sexuality, Schooling, and Adolescent Females: The Missing Discourse of Desire Michelle Fine · Harvard Educational Review | Apr 1988 | 1,264 |
| 45 | Development of the Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory. James R. Mahalik, Benjamin D. Locke, Larry H. Ludlow et al. · Psychology of Men & Masculinity | 2003 | 1,260 |
| 46 | Women, men, work, and family: An expansionist theory. ROSALIND CHAIT BARNETT, Janet Shibley Hyde · American Psychologist | 2001 | 1,221 |
| 47 | Alphas, Betas, and Incels: Theorizing the Masculinities of the Manosphere Debbie Ging · Men and Masculinities | 10 May 2017 | 1,207 |
| 48 | Gender Stereotypes Naomi Ellemers · Annual Review of Psychology | 29 Sep 2017 | 1,147 |
| 49 | Theorizing and Researching Intersectionality: A Challenge for Feminist Geography* Gill Valentine · The Professional Geographer | Feb 2007 | 1,147 |
| 50 | Gender stereotypes have changed: A cross-temporal meta-analysis of U.S. public opinion polls from 1946 to 2018. Alice H. Eagly, Christa Nater, David I. Miller et al. · American Psychologist | 18 Jul 2019 | 1,132 |
Citations are OpenAlex's own counts, from its 2026-09-23 snapshot, so the ranking can differ from Google Scholar or Web of Science. A paper is listed for a field when OpenAlex files it under one of the field's topics; retracted papers and papers whose citation count cannot be traced to citing works are left out, and a preprint and the article it became are shown once. Release dates are OpenAlex's: where a source gave only a month or a year, that is what is shown. How the lists are chosen.