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Most cited papers in Medical Imaging and Analysis

What are the most cited papers in Medical Imaging and Analysis?

The most cited paper in Medical Imaging and Analysis is "A survey on deep learning in medical image analysis" (Geert J. S. Litjens, Thijs Kooi, Babak Ehteshami Bejnordi et al., 2017), with 15,309 citations. Next come "nnU-Net: a self-configuring method for deep learning-based biomedical image segmentation" (9,588) and "Magnetic Resonance Classification of Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Degeneration" (4,061).

Showing 50 of 98 papers. Every paper with more than 503 citations is listed.

Most cited papers, sortable by citations and release date
#Paper
1 A survey on deep learning in medical image analysis Geert J. S. Litjens, Thijs Kooi, Babak Ehteshami Bejnordi et al. · Medical Image Analysis Open access 26 Jul 2017 15,309
2 nnU-Net: a self-configuring method for deep learning-based biomedical image segmentation Fabian Isensee, Paul F. Jaeger, Simon A. A. Kohl et al. · Nature Methods Open access 7 Dec 2020 9,588
3 Magnetic Resonance Classification of Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Christian W. A. Pfirrmann, Alexander Metzdorf, Marco Zanetti et al. · Spine Sep 2001 4,061
4 Vertebral fracture assessment using a semiquantitative technique Harry K. Genant, Chun‐Ying Wu, Cornelis van Kuijk et al. · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research Sep 1993 3,704
5 Efficient multi-scale 3D CNN with fully connected CRF for accurate brain lesion segmentation Konstantinos Kamnitsas, Christian Ledig, Virginia Newcombe et al. · Medical Image Analysis Open access 29 Oct 2016 3,608
6 Metrics for evaluating 3D medical image segmentation: analysis, selection, and tool Abdel Aziz Taha, Allan Hanbury · BMC Medical Imaging Open access 11 Aug 2015 2,957
7 Mutual-information-based registration of medical images: a survey Josien P. W. Pluim, J. B. Antoine Maintz, Max A. Viergever · IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging 29 Jul 2003 2,909
8 H-DenseUNet: Hybrid Densely Connected UNet for Liver and Tumor Segmentation From CT Volumes Xiaomeng Li, Hao Chen, Xiaojuan Qi et al. · IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging 11 Jun 2018 2,526
9 VoxelMorph: A Learning Framework for Deformable Medical Image Registration Guha Balakrishnan, Amy Zhao, Mert R. Sabuncu et al. · IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging Open access 4 Feb 2019 2,147
10 Two-Stream Adaptive Graph Convolutional Networks for Skeleton-Based Action Recognition Lei Shi, Yifan Zhang, Jian Cheng et al. Conference paper Jun 2019 2,087
11 Degenerative disk disease: assessment of changes in vertebral body marrow with MR imaging. Michael T. Modic, P M Steinberg, Jeffrey S. Ross et al. · Radiology 1988 2,081
12 Abnormal magnetic-resonance scans of the lumbar spine in asymptomatic subjects. A prospective investigation. Scott D. Boden, D O Davis, T S Dina et al. · Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery Mar 1990 2,074
13 Accurate, Robust, and Automated Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Brain Change Analysis Stephen M. Smith, Yongyue Zhang, Mark Jenkinson et al. · NeuroImage Sep 2002 2,069
14 What is Intervertebral Disc Degeneration, and What Causes It? Michael A. Adams, Peter J. Roughley · Spine Aug 2006 1,798
15 3D statistical neuroanatomical models from 305 MRI volumes Alan Charles Evans, D. Louis Collins, Susan Mills et al. Conference paper 24 Aug 2005 1,538
16 TotalSegmentator: Robust Segmentation of 104 Anatomic Structures in CT Images Jakob Wasserthal, Hanns‐Christian Breit, Manfred T. Meyer et al. · Radiology Artificial Intelligence 5 Jul 2023 1,486
17 Direct Three-Dimensional Morphometric Analysis of Human Cancellous Bone: Microstructural Data from Spine, Femur, Iliac Crest, and Calcaneus Tor Hildebrand, Andres Laib, Ralph Müller et al. · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research Jul 1999 1,308
18 A Revised Scoring System for Preoperative Evaluation of Metastatic Spine Tumor Prognosis Yasuaki Tokuhashi, Hiromi Matsuzaki, Hiroshi Oda et al. · Spine 28 Sep 2005 1,212
19 Low Back Pain in Relation to Lumbar Disc Degeneration Katariina Luoma, Hilkka Riihimäki, Ritva A. Luukkonen et al. · Spine Feb 2000 1,165
20 Deformable templates using large deformation kinematics Gary E. Christensen, Richard D. Rabbitt, Michael I. Miller · IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 1996 1,145
21 Classification of Age-Related Changes in Lumbar Intervertebral Discs Norbert Boos, Sabine Weißbach, HELMUT ROHRBACH et al. · Spine Dec 2002 1,116
22 HAMMER: hierarchical attribute matching mechanism for elastic registration Dinggang Shen, Christos A. Davatzikos · IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging Nov 2002 1,091
23 V-Net: Fully Convolutional Neural Networks for Volumetric Medical Image Segmentation Fausto Milletarì, Nassir Navab, Seyed‐Ahmad Ahmadi Conference paperOpen access Oct 2016 1,070
24 Review of Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Imaging Data Acquisition, Segmentation, and Diagnosis for COVID-19 Feng Shi, Jun Wang, Jun Shi et al. · IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering Open access 16 Apr 2020 1,022
25 Predicting error in rigid-body point-based registration J. Michael Fitzpatrick, Jay B. West, Calvin R. Maurer · IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging 1998 1,018
26 Automatic 3‐D model‐based neuroanatomical segmentation D. Louis Collins, Colin J. Holmes, Terry M. Peters et al. · Human Brain Mapping 1995 997
27 Imaging of degenerative disk disease. Michael T. Modic, Thomas J. Masaryk, Jeffrey S. Ross et al. · Radiology Jul 1988 973
28 PET-CT image registration in the chest using free-form deformations David Mattes, David R. Haynor, Hubert J. Vesselle et al. · IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging 2003 884
29 Prevalence and Pattern of Lumbar Magnetic Resonance Imaging Changes in a Population Study of One Thousand Forty-Three Individuals Kmc Cheung, Jaro Ilari Karppinen, Danny Tat-Ming Chan et al. · Spine Apr 2009 877
30 Preliminary Evaluation of a Scheme for Grading the Gross Morphology of the Human Intervertebral Disc J. Paul Thompson, Richard H. Pearce, Martin T. Schechter et al. · Spine May 1990 868
31 A barycentremetric study of the sagittal shape of spine and pelvis: The conditions required for an economic standing position Ginette Duval-Beaupere, Carolin Schmidt, Paul Georges Cosson · Annals of Biomedical Engineering Jul 1992 867
32 Testing criteria for spinal implants: recommendations for the standardization of in vitro stability testing of spinal implants Hans‐Joachim Wilke, Karl Wenger, L. Claes · European Spine Journal Open access 5 May 1998 834
33 Convolutional neural networks for classification of Alzheimer's disease: Overview and reproducible evaluation Junhao Wen, Elina Thibeau–Sutre, Mauricio Diaz-Melo et al. · Medical Image Analysis Open access 30 Apr 2020 823
34 Nutrition of the Intervertebral Disc J Urban, Søren Holm, A. MAROUDAS et al. · Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research Oct 1982 806
35 Biology of Intervertebral Disc Aging and Degeneration Peter J. Roughley · Spine 24 Nov 2004 792
36 Redefining Radiology: A Review of Artificial Intelligence Integration in Medical Imaging Reabal Najjar · Diagnostics Open access 25 Aug 2023 788
37 A comparison of similarity measures for use in 2-D-3-D medical image registration Graeme Penney, Jürgen Weese, John A. Little et al. · IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging 1998 787
38 Robust linear programming discrimination of two linearly inseparable sets Kristin P. Bennett, Olvi L. Mangasarian · Optimization methods & software 1992 786
39 A Prospective, Randomized Study of Lumbar Fusion Thomas A. Zdeblick · Spine Jun 1993 768
40 Intervertebral Disc: Anatomy‐Physiology‐Pathophysiology‐Treatment P. Prithvi Raj · Pain Practice 2008 763
41 Anatomically Constrained Neural Networks (ACNNs): Application to Cardiac Image Enhancement and Segmentation Ozan Oktay, Enzo Ferrante, Konstantinos Kamnitsas et al. · IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging Open access 26 Sep 2017 758
42 Automated classification of Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment using a single MRI and deep neural networks Silvia Basaia, Federica Agosta, Luca Wagner et al. · NeuroImage Clinical Open access 18 Dec 2018 748
43 Medical image registration: a review Francisco P. M. Oliveira, João Manuel R. S. Tavares · Computer Methods in Biomechanics & Biomedical Engineering 22 Mar 2012 737
44 A Novel Rabbit Model of Mild, Reproducible Disc Degeneration by an Anulus Needle Puncture: Correlation Between the Degree of Disc Injury and Radiological and Histological Appearances of Disc Degeneration Koichi Masuda, Yoichi Aota, Carol Muehleman et al. · Spine 2005 736
45 A Study of Computer-Assisted Tomography Sam W. Wiesel, Nicholas F. Tsourmas, Henry L. Feffer et al. · Spine Sep 1984 724
46 nnFormer: Volumetric Medical Image Segmentation via a 3D Transformer Hong-Yu Zhou, Jiansen Guo, Yinghao Zhang et al. · IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 2023 715
47 Rethinking Classification and Localization for Object Detection Yue Wu, Yinpeng Chen, Lu Yuan et al. Conference paper Jun 2020 712
48 Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence: Definitions, Applications, and Future Directions James Matthew Helm, Andrew M. Swiergosz, Heather S. Haeberle et al. · Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine Open access 25 Jan 2020 711
49 Machine learning and radiology Shijun Wang, Ronald M. Summers · Medical Image Analysis Open access 23 Feb 2012 701
50 Diagnostic Evaluation of Low Back Pain with Emphasis on Imaging Jeffrey G. Jarvik, Richard A. Deyo · Annals of Internal Medicine Oct 2002 697

Citations are OpenAlex's own counts, from its 2026-09-23 snapshot, so the ranking can differ from Google Scholar or Web of Science. A paper is listed for a field when OpenAlex files it under one of the field's topics; retracted papers and papers whose citation count cannot be traced to citing works are left out, and a preprint and the article it became are shown once. Release dates are OpenAlex's: where a source gave only a month or a year, that is what is shown. How the lists are chosen.