Science Explorer Interactive view Map
Company · Tucson · United States

4D Technology (United States)

ROR OpenAlex
Research works
80
▼ 27% vs 2013–17
Citations
1.6k
19.9 per fractional work
Top-10% rate
6.6%
record average 16.5%
Open access
15%
world 28%

Not ranked overall: 4D Technology (United States) is under the volume floor below which an excellence rate is noise. Not ranked is not the same as ranked last.

Field profile

Location quotient across every field it publishes in: outside the ring is more than an institution of this size would be expected to publish, inside it is less.

Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology: 0.42× its world share, 0 worksBiochemistry, Geneti…Neuroscience: 0.68× its world share, 0 worksNeuroscienceComputer Science: 0.86× its world share, 0 worksComputer ScienceEarth and Planetary Sciences: 1.42× its world share, 0 worksEarth and Planetary …Engineering: 4.63× its world share, 4 worksEngineeringEnvironmental Science: 0.45× its world share, 0 worksEnvironmental ScienceMaterials Science: 1.11× its world share, 0 worksMaterials SciencePhysics and Astronomy: 5.50× its world share, 1 worksPhysics and Astronomy1×world share
more than its size predictsabout as predictedless

Rings at 0.5×, 1× and 2×. Widest outward: Physics and Astronomy, 5.5×. Every wedge is a field page.

Who are the top researchers at 4D Technology (United States)?

Ranked on the composite score, James E. Millerd and Neal Brock lead among researchers whose main affiliation is 4D Technology (United States).

  1. 1 James E. Millerd United States · #207,621 worldwide 70 citations · 24 works
  2. 2 Neal Brock United States · #317,394 worldwide 95 citations · 20 works
All ranked researchers at 4D Technology (United States)

Which keywords describe research at 4D Technology (United States)?

By fractional works in all years, weighted toward what it does more of than the world: Camera Calibration, Structured Light, Dimensional Metrology, Error Compensation, Machine Vision, Image Processing, Roughness Measurement and Surface Characterization.

▲ more of its work than of the world’s◆ about the world’s share▼ less than the world’s

Size is fractional works in all years in the topics tagged with each word; colour is the word's share of this institution's work against its share of the world's. The 40 words are chosen for being large and distinctive. Each links to the topic it comes from most.

All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Camera Calibration13▲ 421×1 topic
  2. Structured Light13▲ 270×1 topic
  3. Dimensional Metrology12▲ 411×1 topic
  4. Error Compensation12▲ 411×1 topic
  5. Machine Vision9▲ 58×3 topics
  6. Image Processing8▲ 33×2 topics
  7. Roughness Measurement7▲ 311×1 topic
  8. Surface Characterization7▲ 227×1 topic
  9. Biomedical Applications7▲ 8.0×5 topics
  10. Deep Learning6▲ 3.6×5 topics
  11. Digital Holographic Microscopy5▲ 497×1 topic
  12. Quantitative Phase Imaging5▲ 497×1 topic
  13. Remote Sensing4▲ 4.1×4 topics
  14. Nonlinear Optics3▲ 23×4 topics
  15. Imaging Spectroscopy2▲ 166×1 topic
  16. Polarimetry2▲ 166×1 topic
  17. Microresonators2▲ 20×3 topics
  18. Adaptive Optics2▲ 105×1 topic
  19. Fiber Lasers2▲ 15×3 topics
  20. Wavefront Sensing2▲ 105×1 topic
  21. Depth Estimation1▲ 18×2 topics
  22. Frequency Conversion1▲ 16×3 topics
  23. In Vivo Imaging1▲ 18×2 topics
  24. 3D Reconstruction1▲ 23×2 topics
  25. Optical Modulators1▲ 7.6×2 topics
  26. Photonic Crystals1▲ 9.7×2 topics
  27. Point Clouds1▲ 23×2 topics
  28. Attosecond Physics1▲ 32×1 topic
  29. Breath Analysis1▲ 9.8×2 topics
  30. High-Harmonic Generation1▲ 32×1 topic
  31. Microfluidics1▲ 16×2 topics
  32. Optical Frequency Combs1▲ 18×1 topic
  33. Raman Lasers1▲ 7.8×2 topics
  34. Ultrafast Lasers1▲ 18×1 topic
  35. Analytics1▲ 23×1 topic
  36. Autofocusing1▲ 37×1 topic
  37. Electronic Nose1▲ 15×1 topic
  38. High-Resolution Imaging1▲ 21×1 topic
  39. Microscopy1▲ 21×1 topic
  40. Optical Coherence Tomography1▲ 11×1 topic

Which research topics does 4D Technology (United States) publish most on?

By volume in 2022–2025: Adaptive optics and wavefront sensing, Surface Roughness and Optical Measurements, Optical Wireless Communication Technologies and Optical Systems and Laser Technology.

Adaptive optics and wave…0Adaptive optics and wavefront sensing: 0 fractional worksSurface Roughness and Op…0Surface Roughness and Optical Measurements: 0 fractional worksOptical Wireless Communication Technologies: 0 fractional worksOptical Systems and Lase…0Optical Systems and Laser Technology: 0 fractional worksSolid State Laser Techno…0Solid State Laser Technologies: 0 fractional works3D Shape Modeling and An…03D Shape Modeling and Analysis: 0 fractional worksAdvanced Measurement and…0Advanced Measurement and Metrology Techniques: 0 fractional worksOptical measurement and interference techniques: 0 fractional worksLuminescence Properties of Advanced Materials: 0 fractional worksLaser Design and Applications: 0 fractional works
Atomic and Molecular Physics, and OpticsComputational MechanicsElectrical and Electronic EngineeringMechanical Engineering2 others

Area is fractional works; colour is the subfield each topic belongs to.

  1. 1 Adaptive optics and wavefront sensing Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics 0 works
  2. 2 Surface Roughness and Optical Measurements Computational Mechanics 0 works
  3. 3 Optical Wireless Communication Technologies Electrical and Electronic Engineering 0 works
  4. 4 Optical Systems and Laser Technology Electrical and Electronic Engineering 0 works
  5. 5 Solid State Laser Technologies Electrical and Electronic Engineering 0 works
  6. 6 3D Shape Modeling and Analysis Computational Mechanics 0 works
  7. 7 Advanced Measurement and Metrology Techniques Mechanical Engineering 0 works
  8. 8 Optical measurement and interference techniques Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 0 works
  9. 9 Luminescence Properties of Advanced Materials Materials Chemistry 0 works
  10. 10 Laser Design and Applications Electrical and Electronic Engineering 0 works

How open and international is its research?

Against the world’s own shares — the tick on each track. Both are shares of its output, so they sit on one scale and can be read against each other as well as against the world.

openly available15.1%not open84.9%

World: 28% of research is openly available.

with international co-authors10.0%domestic only90.0%

World: 19% is written across borders.

How has 4D Technology (United States)'s research output changed?

Output in 2018–2022 was 27% lower than in 2013–2017.

1990200020102020
grewheldshrank

The same series as a ribbon — one cell per year, darker for more. The line above answers how much; this answers when.

Other research institutions in Tucson

All research institutions in Tucson

Research measures only: rankings here say nothing about teaching, admissions or student experience. Comparable institutions and collaboration partners are in the interactive view on the map.