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Company · Tucson · United States

4D Technology (United States)

ROR OpenAlex
Research works
80
▼ 59% vs 2018-21
Citations
1.6k
19.9 per fractional work
Top-10% rate
9.7%
all institutions 10.0%
Open access
15%
world 40%
International
10%
world 18%
4D Technology (United States)

Not ranked overall: 4D Technology (United States) is under the volume floor below which an excellence rate is noise. Not ranked is not the same as ranked last.

Which fields of science does 4D Technology (United States) work in?

In all years, 92% of research at 4D Technology (United States) is in Physical Sciences, 4% in Life Sciences. Its largest fields are Engineering (51%), Computer Science (21%), Physics and Astronomy (13%). It does 2.2× the world's share of Physical Sciences.

Physical Sciences: 74 fractional works · 92.3% of its workEngineering: 41 fractional works · 51.2% of its workMechanical Engineering: 13 fractional works · 16.4% of its workBiomedical Engineering: 8 fractional works · 9.7% of its workComputational Mechanics: 8 fractional works · 9.5% of its workElectrical and Electronic Engineering: 5 fractional works · 6.7% of its workOcean Engineering: 2 fractional works · 2.4% of its workMedia Technology: 1 fractional works · 1.7% of its workAerospace Engineering: 1 fractional works · 1.4% of its workIndustrial and Manufacturing Engineering: 1 fractional works · 1.3% of its workBuilding and Construction: 0 fractional works · 0.6% of its workMechanics of Materials: 0 fractional works · 0.6% of its workControl and Systems Engineering: 0 fractional works · 0.4% of its workAutomotive Engineering: 0 fractional works · 0.4% of its workCivil and Structural Engineering: 0 fractional works · 0.2% of its workComputer Science: 17 fractional works · 21.3% of its workComputer Vision and Pattern Recognition: 14 fractional works · 17.5% of its workArtificial Intelligence: 1 fractional works · 1.7% of its workComputational Theory and Mathematics: 1 fractional works · 0.8% of its workComputer Networks and Communications: 0 fractional works · 0.6% of its workHardware and Architecture: 0 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSoftware: 0 fractional works · 0.3% of its workPhysics and Astronomy: 10 fractional works · 13.0% of its workAtomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics: 10 fractional works · 11.9% of its workAstronomy and Astrophysics: 0 fractional works · 0.6% of its workInstrumentation: 0 fractional works · 0.5% of its workMaterials Science: 2 fractional works · 2.6% of its workSurfaces, Coatings and Films: 1 fractional works · 1.0% of its workMaterials Chemistry: 1 fractional works · 0.8% of its workElectronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials: 0 fractional works · 0.6% of its workCeramics and Composites: 0 fractional works · 0.2% of its workChemistry: 2 fractional works · 1.9% of its workOrganic Chemistry: 1 fractional works · 0.8% of its workInorganic Chemistry: 0 fractional works · 0.4% of its workSpectroscopy: 0 fractional works · 0.4% of its workSmaller subfields together: 0 fractional works · 0.3% of its workEarth and Planetary Sciences: 1 fractional works · 1.8% of its workGeology: 1 fractional works · 1.1% of its workOceanography: 0 fractional works · 0.4% of its workSmaller subfields together: 0 fractional works · 0.2% of its workEnvironmental Science: 0 fractional works · 0.5% of its workEnvironmental Engineering: 0 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 0 fractional works · 0.3% of its workChemical Engineering: 0 fractional works · 0.1% of its workLife Sciences: 3 fractional works · 3.9% of its workBiochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology: 2 fractional works · 3.1% of its workMolecular Biology: 2 fractional works · 2.0% of its workBiophysics: 1 fractional works · 0.9% of its workCancer Research: 0 fractional works · 0.2% of its workAgricultural and Biological Sciences: 0 fractional works · 0.5% of its workPlant Science: 0 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSoil Science: 0 fractional works · 0.2% of its workNeuroscience: 0 fractional works · 0.3% of its workCellular and Molecular Neuroscience: 0 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSocial Sciences: 2 fractional works · 2.2% of its workBusiness, Management and Accounting: 1 fractional works · 1.8% of its workManagement Information Systems: 1 fractional works · 1.3% of its workStrategy and Management: 0 fractional works · 0.4% of its workSmaller subfields together: 0 fractional works · 0.1% of its workPsychology: 0 fractional works · 0.4% of its workSocial Psychology: 0 fractional works · 0.4% of its workHealth Sciences: 1 fractional works · 1.6% of its workMedicine: 1 fractional works · 1.6% of its workCardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine: 0 fractional works · 0.5% of its workSurgery: 0 fractional works · 0.5% of its workRadiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging: 0 fractional works · 0.4% of its workSmaller subfields together: 0 fractional works · 0.1% of its workALL ITS WORK4D Technology(United States)80fractional works, all years
Life Sciences4%Physical Sciences92%Health Sciences2%Social Sciences2%

Each ring splits the one inside it: the four domains of science, their fields, their subfields. Size is fractional works in all years. Every slice is a page; the interactive view zooms down to single topics and colours each by how much more of it this institution does than the world.

Its 4 domains and 14 fields, with their numbers
    1. Engineering4151.2%
    2. Computer Science1721.3%
    3. Physics and Astronomy1013.0%
    4. Materials Science22.6%
    5. Chemistry21.9%
    6. Earth and Planetary Sciences11.8%
    7. Environmental Science00.5%
    8. Chemical Engineering00.1%
    1. Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology23.1%
    2. Agricultural and Biological Sciences00.5%
    3. Neuroscience00.3%
    1. Business, Management and Accounting11.8%
    2. Psychology00.4%
    1. Medicine11.6%
All of science, and how each field's share has moved since 1950: the Science domain explorer

Field profile

Location quotient across every field it publishes in: outside the ring is more than an institution of this size would be expected to publish, inside it is less.

Agricultural and Biological Sciences: 0.33× its world share, 0 worksAgricultural and Bio…Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology: 0.40× its world share, 0 worksBiochemistry, Geneti…Neuroscience: 0.65× its world share, 0 worksNeuroscienceComputer Science: 0.82× its world share, 0 worksComputer ScienceEarth and Planetary Sciences: 2.36× its world share, 0 worksEarth and Planetary …Engineering: 4.41× its world share, 4 worksEngineeringEnvironmental Science: 0.75× its world share, 0 worksEnvironmental ScienceMaterials Science: 1.06× its world share, 0 worksMaterials SciencePhysics and Astronomy: 5.23× its world share, 1 worksPhysics and Astronomy1×world share
more than its size predictsabout as predictedless

Rings at 0.5×, 1× and 2×. Widest outward: Physics and Astronomy, 5.2×. Every wedge is a field page.

All 9 fields, with their numbers
  1. Physics and Astronomy5.23×1 works
  2. Engineering4.41×4 works
  3. Earth and Planetary Sciences2.36×0 works
  4. Materials Science1.06×0 works
  5. Computer Science0.82×0 works
  6. Environmental Science0.75×0 works
  7. Neuroscience0.65×0 works
  8. Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology0.40×0 works
  9. Agricultural and Biological Sciences0.33×0 works

Who are the top researchers at 4D Technology (United States)?

Ranked on the quality score, Neal J. Brock, Michael B. North-Morris and John B. Hayes lead among researchers whose main affiliation is 4D Technology (United States).

  1. 1 Neal J. Brock United States · #1,974,369 worldwide 1.8k citations · 62 works
  2. 2 Michael B. North-Morris United States · #2,171,651 worldwide 915 citations · 17 works
  3. 3 John B. Hayes United States · #2,222,286 worldwide 989 citations · 41 works
  4. 4 James E. Millerd United States · #2,742,589 worldwide 1.6k citations · 78 works
  5. 5 Barry L. Tarmy United States · #3,295,941 worldwide 134 citations · 15 works
All ranked researchers at 4D Technology (United States)

What are the most cited papers from 4D Technology (United States)?

The most cited paper from 4D Technology (United States) is "Pixelated phase-mask dynamic interferometer" (James E. Millerd, Neal J. Brock, John B. Hayes et al., 2004), with 349 citations. Next come "Analysis of a micropolarizer array-based simultaneous phase-shifting interferometer" (256) and "PEPSI: The high‐resolution échelle spectrograph and polarimeter for the Large Binocular Telescope" (171).

Most cited papers
#PaperReleasedCitations
1 Pixelated phase-mask dynamic interferometer James E. Millerd, Neal J. Brock, John B. Hayes et al. · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE Conference paper 2 Aug 2004 349
2 Analysis of a micropolarizer array-based simultaneous phase-shifting interferometer Matt Novak, James E. Millerd, Neal J. Brock et al. · Applied Optics 10 Nov 2005 256
3 PEPSI: The high‐resolution échelle spectrograph and polarimeter for the Large Binocular Telescope K.G. Strassmeier et al. · Astronomische Nachrichten Open access Jun 2015 171
4 The Extreme Ultraviolet Imager Investigation for the IMAGE Mission B. R. Sandel, A. Lyle Broadfoot, Charles C. Curtis et al. · Space Science Reviews 2000 163
5 Liquid crystal polymer full-stokes division of focal plane polarimeter Graham Myhre, Wei-Liang Hsu, Alba Peinado et al. · Optics Express Open access 26 Nov 2012 145
All 56 most cited papers, with filters and sorting

Which keywords describe research at 4D Technology (United States)?

By fractional works in all years, weighted toward what it does more of than the world: Camera Calibration, Structured Light, Dimensional Metrology, Error Compensation, Machine Vision, Image Processing, Roughness Measurement and Surface Characterization.

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's

Size is fractional works in all years in the topics tagged with each word; colour is the word's share of this institution's work against its share of the world's. The 40 words are chosen for being large and distinctive. Each links to the topic it comes from most.

All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Camera Calibration13▲ 421×1 topic
  2. Structured Light13▲ 270×1 topic
  3. Dimensional Metrology12▲ 411×1 topic
  4. Error Compensation12▲ 411×1 topic
  5. Machine Vision9▲ 58×3 topics
  6. Image Processing8▲ 33×2 topics
  7. Roughness Measurement7▲ 311×1 topic
  8. Surface Characterization7▲ 227×1 topic
  9. Biomedical Applications7▲ 8.0×5 topics
  10. Deep Learning6▲ 3.6×5 topics
  11. Digital Holographic Microscopy5▲ 497×1 topic
  12. Quantitative Phase Imaging5▲ 497×1 topic
  13. Remote Sensing4▲ 4.1×4 topics
  14. Nonlinear Optics3▲ 23×4 topics
  15. Imaging Spectroscopy2▲ 166×1 topic
  16. Polarimetry2▲ 166×1 topic
  17. Microresonators2▲ 20×3 topics
  18. Adaptive Optics2▲ 105×1 topic
  19. Fiber Lasers2▲ 15×3 topics
  20. Wavefront Sensing2▲ 105×1 topic
  21. Depth Estimation1▲ 18×2 topics
  22. Frequency Conversion1▲ 16×3 topics
  23. In Vivo Imaging1▲ 18×2 topics
  24. 3D Reconstruction1▲ 23×2 topics
  25. Optical Modulators1▲ 7.6×2 topics
  26. Photonic Crystals1▲ 9.7×2 topics
  27. Point Clouds1▲ 23×2 topics
  28. Attosecond Physics1▲ 32×1 topic
  29. Breath Analysis1▲ 9.8×2 topics
  30. High-Harmonic Generation1▲ 32×1 topic
  31. Microfluidics1▲ 16×2 topics
  32. Optical Frequency Combs1▲ 18×1 topic
  33. Raman Lasers1▲ 7.8×2 topics
  34. Ultrafast Lasers1▲ 18×1 topic
  35. Analytics1▲ 23×1 topic
  36. Autofocusing1▲ 37×1 topic
  37. Electronic Nose1▲ 15×1 topic
  38. High-Resolution Imaging1▲ 21×1 topic
  39. Microscopy1▲ 21×1 topic
  40. Optical Coherence Tomography1▲ 11×1 topic

Which research topics does 4D Technology (United States) publish most on?

By volume in 2022-now: Optical Wireless Communication Technologies, Solid State Laser Technologies, Optical Systems and Laser Technology and Advanced Measurement and Metrology Techniques.

Optical Wireless Communi…0Optical Wireless Communication Technologies: 0 fractional worksSolid State Laser Techno…0Solid State Laser Technologies: 0 fractional worksOptical Systems and Laser Technology: 0 fractional worksAdvanced Measurement and…0Advanced Measurement and Metrology Techniques: 0 fractional worksAdaptive optics and wave…0Adaptive optics and wavefront sensing: 0 fractional works3D Shape Modeling and An…03D Shape Modeling and Analysis: 0 fractional worksSurface Roughness and Op…0Surface Roughness and Optical Measurements: 0 fractional worksOptical measurement and interference techniques: 0 fractional worksLuminescence Properties of Advanced Materials: 0 fractional worksLaser Design and Applications: 0 fractional works
Electrical and Electronic EngineeringMechanical EngineeringAtomic and Molecular Physics, and OpticsComputational Mechanics2 others

Area is fractional works; colour is the subfield each topic belongs to.

  1. 1 Optical Wireless Communication Technologies Electrical and Electronic Engineering 0 works
  2. 2 Solid State Laser Technologies Electrical and Electronic Engineering 0 works
  3. 3 Optical Systems and Laser Technology Electrical and Electronic Engineering 0 works
  4. 4 Advanced Measurement and Metrology Techniques Mechanical Engineering 0 works
  5. 5 Adaptive optics and wavefront sensing Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics 0 works
  6. 6 3D Shape Modeling and Analysis Computational Mechanics 0 works
  7. 7 Surface Roughness and Optical Measurements Computational Mechanics 0 works
  8. 8 Optical measurement and interference techniques Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 0 works
  9. 9 Luminescence Properties of Advanced Materials Materials Chemistry 0 works
  10. 10 Laser Design and Applications Electrical and Electronic Engineering 0 works

How open and international is its research?

Against the world's own shares: the tick on each track. Both are shares of its output, so they sit on one scale and can be read against each other as well as against the world.

openly available15.1%not open84.9%

World: 40% of research is openly available.

with international co-authors10.0%domestic only90.0%

World: 18% is written across borders.

How has 4D Technology (United States)'s research output changed?

Output in 2022-2025 was 59% lower than in 2018-2021.

still counting1990200020102020
grewheldshrank

The same series as a ribbon: one cell per year, darker for more. The line above answers how much; this answers when.

Its share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share: all of science grows. This is 4D Technology (United States) as a percentage of every work published that year, 0.000010% in 2024.

still counting0.00020%0.00040%4D Technology (United States)0.000052% in 20251990200020102020

Fractional works of 4D Technology (United States) over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

Other research institutions in Tucson

All research institutions in Tucson

Research measures only: rankings here say nothing about teaching, admissions or student experience. Comparable institutions and collaboration partners have tabs of their own, above.

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