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Topic · Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics

Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics

Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics is a research topic within Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics. Science Explorer counts 37k research works in it since 1950. 9.9% of them reached the world's top 10% most cited for their field and year.

This cluster of papers focuses on the photonics and optoelectronics of lithium niobate crystals, covering a wide range of topics such as optical modulators, photonic crystals, electro-optic effects, nonlinear optics, integrated photonics, frequency conversion, microresonators, and holographic data storage.

  • Lithium Niobate
  • Photonics
  • Optical Modulators
  • Photonic Crystals
  • Electro-optic Effects
  • Nonlinear Optics
  • Integrated Photonics
  • Frequency Conversion
  • Microresonators
  • Holographic Data Storage
Research works
37k
fractional, since 1950
In the world top 10%
3.7k
per year above
Top-10% rate
9.9%
share of its works in the world top 10%
Growth, 2018-21 → 2022-25
+11%
the tick is no change
Largest producer
China
50% of the 10 largest, 2022-now
Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics

Which countries lead Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics research?

By volume, China and the United States publish the most (1.6k and 415 works in 2022-now).

By volume, 2022-now

  1. 1 China 1.6k works
  2. 2 United States 415 works
  3. 3 Russia 312 works
  4. 4 Japan 194 works
  5. 5 India 170 works
  6. 6 Germany 155 works
  7. 7 France 145 works
  8. 8 South Korea 83 works
  9. 9 United Kingdom 76 works
  10. 10 ?? 54 works

How concentrated that is

The same countries as shares of everything the list above accounts for. A node where two countries do two thirds of the work and one spread evenly across twelve read alike as a ranking and not at all alike here.

China: 49.9%United States: 13.0%Russia: 9.7%Japan: 6.1%6 others listed: 21.3%50%largest
China1,596 · 49.9%United States415 · 13.0%Russia312 · 9.7%Japan194 · 6.1%6 others listed682 · 21.3%

Shares of the rows listed above, not of the whole node.

Which institutions lead Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics research?

By volume in 2022-now, Chinese Academy of Sciences publishes the most Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics research, followed by Russian Academy of Sciences and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.

By volume, 2022-now

  1. 1 Chinese Academy of SciencesChina 217 works
  2. 2 Russian Academy of SciencesRussia 117 works
  3. 3 Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueFrance 70 works
  4. 4 Shandong UniversityChina 63 works
  5. 5 University of Chinese Academy of SciencesChina 54 works
  6. 6 Zhejiang UniversityChina 41 works
  7. 7 Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityChina 29 works
  8. 8 Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyChina 27 works
  9. 9 Sun Yat-sen UniversityChina 25 works
  10. 10 Tianjin UniversityChina 23 works

Who are the leading researchers in Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics?

The most-cited researchers publishing on Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics include Zhong Lin Wang, Wei Huang and Ben Zhong Tang.

  1. 1 Zhong Lin Wang United States 491k citations
  2. 2 Wei Huang China 267k citations
  3. 3 Ben Zhong Tang China 261k citations
  4. 4 Kenji Watanabe Japan 237k citations
  5. 5 Takashi Taniguchi Japan 227k citations
  6. 6 Kai You Wang China 224k citations
  7. 7 Mercouri G. Kanatzidis United States 196k citations
  8. 8 Hua Zhang Singapore 196k citations
  9. 9 Zhenan Bao United States 187k citations

Ranked by citations received across their whole record, among researchers with at least three works on this topic.

What are the most cited papers in Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics?

The most cited paper in Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics is "Sensitive measurement of optical nonlinearities using a single beam" (Mansoor Sheik‐Bahae, A. A. Said, Tai‐Huei Wei et al., 1990), with 9,073 citations. Next come "Interactions between Light Waves in a Nonlinear Dielectric" (4,320) and "Interspecimen Comparison of the Refractive Index of Fused Silica*,†" (4,228).

Most cited papers
#PaperReleasedCitations
1 Sensitive measurement of optical nonlinearities using a single beam Mansoor Sheik‐Bahae, A. A. Said, Tai‐Huei Wei et al. · IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics Open access Apr 1990 9,073
2 Interactions between Light Waves in a Nonlinear Dielectric John A. Armstrong, N. Bloembergen, Jacques Ducuing et al. · Physical Review Open access 15 Sep 1962 4,320
3 Interspecimen Comparison of the Refractive Index of Fused Silica*,† Irving H. Malitson · Journal of the Optical Society of America Oct 1965 4,228
4 Ferroelectric Ceramics: History and Technology Gene H. Haertling · Journal of the American Ceramic Society Apr 1999 4,057
5 "Special points for Brillouin-zone integrations"—a reply J.D. Pack, Hendrik J. Monkhorst · Physical review. B, Solid state 15 Aug 1977 3,336
All 100 most cited papers, with filters and sorting

Where is Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics research done?

The largest centres of Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics research in 2022-now are Beijing (China), Shanghai (China), Moscow (Russia) and Guangzhou (China). Among places with at least 20 works in it, it is an unusually large share of all research in Jinan.

Largest cities, 2022-now

  1. 1 BeijingChina 316 works
  2. 2 ShanghaiChina 146 works
  3. 3 MoscowRussia 109 works
  4. 4 GuangzhouChina 81 works
  5. 5 JinanChina 76 works
  6. 6 TianjinChina 73 works
  7. 7 NanjingChina 65 works
  8. 8 WuhanChina 65 works
  9. 9 HangzhouChina 61 works
  10. 10 TokyoJapan 60 works

Where it is the local speciality

  1. Jinan20.2 works95×
← less than its size predicts1×more →

Location quotient: how much more of its research is in Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics than the world average.

See Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics on the map

Where is the best place to study Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics?

Among universities, judged by research, Zhejiang University, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences and South China Normal University score highest, combining excellence, specialisation, size, growth and international reach. Research strength is one signal when choosing where to study; it does not measure teaching.

0%20%40%mean 17.72%fractional works in this field (log) →share of work in the world top 10% →South China Normal U…Zhejiang UniversityUniversity of Chines…Shandong University
above the meannear itbelow it

One dot per university in the first ten of the table below, at the default weights. The upper left is the interesting corner: small places doing unusually strong work.

Excellenceshare of its work in the world top 10%, 2022-now and all time averaged
40%
Specialisationhow much of its work is in this field, counted up to 10× the world share
10%
Sizeits output in this field, on a log scale
30%
Growthoutput growth, counted from -20% to +20%
10%
Internationalshare of its work with a co-author abroad
10%
Each slider sets a weight; the share it gets of the score is beside it.
#UniversityScoreTop 10%SpecialisationWorksGrowth
1Zhejiang UniversityChina 72.423.0%4.6×41 +312.8%
2University of Chinese Academy of SciencesChina 70.712.7%9.9×54 +81.2%
3South China Normal UniversityChina 68.330.9%11.0×13 +154.7%
4Shandong UniversityChina 64.79.3%14.5×63 +18.1%
5Stanford UniversityUnited States 62.115.6%4.2×21 +68.4%
6Sun Yat-sen UniversityChina 59.520.4%3.5×25 +15.0%
7University of Science and Technology of ChinaChina 58.212.8%5.8×23 +111.9%
8Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyChina 57.818.8%4.5×27 +92.8%
9Nankai UniversityChina 57.720.0%9.8×22 +46.7%
10École Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneSwitzerland 56.513.7%10.3×14 +41.3%

Universities only. The score blends excellence (40%), size (30%), specialisation (10%), growth (10%), international reach (10%), 2022-now; growth compares 2018-21 with 2022-25 and counts up to +20%, since a jump from a small base is mostly noise.

Every institution in Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics, country by country

Is Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics research growing?

Output in 2022-2025 was 11% higher than in 2018-2021, peaking in 2007. The fastest-growing topics are Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics.

still counting19801990200020102020
grewheldshrank

The same series as a ribbon: one cell per year, darker for more. The line above answers how much; this answers when.

Its share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share: all of science grows. This is Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics as a percentage of every work published that year, 0.014% in 2024.

still counting0.050%0.10%Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics0.016% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works of Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

Year by year.

still counting5%10%15%Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics9.5% in 2025200020102020

Of each year's works in it, the share that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. A field is the world for its own topics, so there is no other line to hold it against.

Which topics inside it are moving

Growth and decline on one axis around a shared zero. Two lists side by side hide the thing that matters: whether the growth dwarfs the decline, or the other way round.

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