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Topic · Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics

Gyrotron and Vacuum Electronics Research

Gyrotron and Vacuum Electronics Research is a research topic within Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics. Science Explorer counts 32k research works in it since 1950. 10.0% of them reached the world's top 10% most cited for their field and year.

This cluster of papers focuses on the development, theory, and applications of high-power vacuum electronic sources, particularly in the terahertz frequency range. It covers topics such as gyrotrons, plasma physics, microwave generation, electron cyclotron masers, traveling-wave tubes, dynamic nuclear polarization, space-charge-limited flow, and high-power microwave devices.

  • Vacuum Electronics
  • High Power Terahertz Sources
  • Gyrotrons
  • Plasma Physics
  • Microwave Generation
  • Electron Cyclotron Masers
  • Traveling-Wave Tubes
  • Dynamic Nuclear Polarization
  • Space-Charge-Limited Flow
  • High-Power Microwave Devices
Research works
32k
fractional, since 1950
In the world top 10%
3.2k
per year above
Top-10% rate
10.0%
share of its works in the world top 10%
Growth, 2018-21 → 2022-25
-9%
the tick is no change
Largest producer
China
42% of the 10 largest, 2022-now
Gyrotron and Vacuum Electronics Research

Which countries lead Gyrotron and Vacuum Electronics Research research?

By volume, China and Russia publish the most (1.2k and 460 works in 2022-now).

By volume, 2022-now

  1. 1 China 1.2k works
  2. 2 Russia 460 works
  3. 3 United States 419 works
  4. 4 India 202 works
  5. 5 Germany 130 works
  6. 6 Japan 115 works
  7. 7 France 70 works
  8. 8 Italy 69 works
  9. 9 Ukraine 68 works
  10. 10 United Kingdom 62 works

How concentrated that is

The same countries as shares of everything the list above accounts for. A node where two countries do two thirds of the work and one spread evenly across twelve read alike as a ranking and not at all alike here.

China: 42.5%Russia: 16.6%United States: 15.1%India: 7.3%6 others listed: 18.6%42%largest
China1,179 · 42.5%Russia460 · 16.6%United States419 · 15.1%India202 · 7.3%6 others listed515 · 18.6%

Shares of the rows listed above, not of the whole node.

Which institutions lead Gyrotron and Vacuum Electronics Research research?

By volume in 2022-now, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China publishes the most Gyrotron and Vacuum Electronics Research research, followed by Russian Academy of Sciences and Chinese Academy of Sciences.

By volume, 2022-now

  1. 1 University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChina 283 works
  2. 2 Russian Academy of SciencesRussia 248 works
  3. 3 Chinese Academy of SciencesChina 142 works
  4. 4 National University of Defense TechnologyChina 62 works
  5. 5 Helmholtz Association of German Research CentresGermany 48 works
  6. 6 Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchIndia 30 works
  7. 7 Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityChina 30 works
  8. 8 Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueFrance 29 works
  9. 9 Shenzhen UniversityChina 27 works
  10. 10 Northwest Institute of Nuclear TechnologyChina 26 works

Who are the leading researchers in Gyrotron and Vacuum Electronics Research?

The most-cited researchers publishing on Gyrotron and Vacuum Electronics Research include M. Shoji, Xiaogang Wang and Kenji Watanabe.

  1. 1 M. Shoji Japan 806k citations
  2. 2 Xiaogang Wang China 260k citations
  3. 3 Kenji Watanabe Japan 237k citations
  4. 4 Takashi Taniguchi Japan 227k citations
  5. 5 Kai You Wang China 224k citations
  6. 6 Frede Blaabjerg Denmark 203k citations
  7. 7 Hua Zhang Singapore 196k citations
  8. 8 Qiang Zhang China 184k citations

Ranked by citations received across their whole record, among researchers with at least three works on this topic.

What are the most cited papers in Gyrotron and Vacuum Electronics Research?

The most cited paper in Gyrotron and Vacuum Electronics Research is "Supercoiling of the DNA template during transcription." (Leroy F. Liu, J C Wang, 1987), with 2,022 citations. Next come "The 2017 terahertz science and technology roadmap" (1,513) and "Frequency-Independent and Frequency-Dependent Nonlinear Models of TWT Amplifiers" (1,491).

Most cited papers
#PaperReleasedCitations
1 Supercoiling of the DNA template during transcription. Leroy F. Liu, J C Wang · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Open access Oct 1987 2,022
2 The 2017 terahertz science and technology roadmap Sukhdeep Dhillon et al. · Journal of Physics D Applied Physics Open access 4 Jan 2017 1,513
3 Frequency-Independent and Frequency-Dependent Nonlinear Models of TWT Amplifiers Adel A. M. Saleh · IEEE Transactions on Communications Nov 1981 1,491
4 A unifying view of the spectral energy distributions of blazars G. Fossati, L. Maraschi, A. Celotti et al. · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Open access Sep 1998 1,305
5 Cyclotron Resonance of Electrons and Holes in Silicon and Germanium Crystals G. Dresselhaus, Arthur F. Kip, CHARLES KITTEL · Physical Review 15 Apr 1955 1,254
All 100 most cited papers, with filters and sorting

Where is Gyrotron and Vacuum Electronics Research research done?

The largest centres of Gyrotron and Vacuum Electronics Research research in 2022-now are Chengdu (China), Beijing (China), Moscow (Russia) and Nizhny Novgorod (Russia). Among places with at least 20 works in it, it is an unusually large share of all research in Batavia, Nizhny Novgorod and Pilāni.

Largest cities, 2022-now

  1. 1 ChengduChina 311 works
  2. 2 BeijingChina 268 works
  3. 3 MoscowRussia 159 works
  4. 4 Nizhny NovgorodRussia 105 works
  5. 5 Xi'anChina 83 works
  6. 6 ChangshaChina 66 works
  7. 7 NanjingChina 59 works
  8. 8 TomskRussia 47 works
  9. 9 WuhanChina 46 works
  10. 10 KharkivUkraine 41 works

Where it is the local speciality

  1. BataviaUS · 22.7 works88×
  2. Nizhny NovgorodRU · 104.7 works74×
  3. PilāniIN · 26.2 works37×
  4. TomskRU · 47.3 works31×
← less than its size predicts1×more →

Location quotient: how much more of its research is in Gyrotron and Vacuum Electronics Research than the world average.

See Gyrotron and Vacuum Electronics Research on the map

Where is the best place to study Gyrotron and Vacuum Electronics Research?

Among universities, judged by research, National University of Defense Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China and Xi'an Jiaotong University score highest, combining excellence, specialisation, size, growth and international reach. Research strength is one signal when choosing where to study; it does not measure teaching.

0%10%20%30%mean 16.82%fractional works in this field (log) →share of work in the world top 10% →Purdue University We…National University …Xi'an Jiaotong Unive…University of Electr…
above the meannear itbelow it

One dot per university in the first ten of the table below, at the default weights. The upper left is the interesting corner: small places doing unusually strong work.

Excellenceshare of its work in the world top 10%, 2022-now and all time averaged
40%
Specialisationhow much of its work is in this field, counted up to 10× the world share
10%
Sizeits output in this field, on a log scale
30%
Growthoutput growth, counted from -20% to +20%
10%
Internationalshare of its work with a co-author abroad
10%
Each slider sets a weight; the share it gets of the score is beside it.
#UniversityScoreTop 10%SpecialisationWorksGrowth
1National University of Defense TechnologyChina 69.117.0%29.3×62 +37.9%
2University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChina 67.89.2%91.7×283 +19.0%
3Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityChina 58.815.0%6.2×30 +34.3%
4Purdue University West LafayetteUnited States 57.822.6%3.9×10 +3.2%
5Shenzhen UniversityChina 55.57.4%13.5×28 +47.2%
6Tianjin UniversityChina 54.422.0%3.3×11 +304.2%
7Tsinghua UniversityChina 53.725.5%3.4×22 -29.2%
8University of California, IrvineUnited States 51.615.3%5.4×9 +76.1%
9Xidian UniversityChina 51.116.1%6.5×13 +13.5%
10Naval University of EngineeringChina 48.718.1%24.2×10 +100.6%

Universities only. The score blends excellence (40%), size (30%), specialisation (10%), growth (10%), international reach (10%), 2022-now; growth compares 2018-21 with 2022-25 and counts up to +20%, since a jump from a small base is mostly noise.

Every institution in Gyrotron and Vacuum Electronics Research, country by country

Is Gyrotron and Vacuum Electronics Research research growing?

Output in 2022-2025 was 9% lower than in 2018-2021, peaking in 2002.

still counting19801990200020102020
grewheldshrank

The same series as a ribbon: one cell per year, darker for more. The line above answers how much; this answers when.

Its share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share: all of science grows. This is Gyrotron and Vacuum Electronics Research as a percentage of every work published that year, 0.015% in 2024.

still counting0.050%0.10%Gyrotron and Vacuum Electronics Research0.012% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works of Gyrotron and Vacuum Electronics Research over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

Year by year.

still counting5%10%15%Gyrotron and Vacuum Electronics Research9.9% in 2025200020102020

Of each year's works in it, the share that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. A field is the world for its own topics, so there is no other line to hold it against.

Which topics inside it are moving

Growth and decline on one axis around a shared zero. Two lists side by side hide the thing that matters: whether the growth dwarfs the decline, or the other way round.

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