Advanced Frequency and Time Standards
Advanced Frequency and Time Standards is a research topic within Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics. Science Explorer counts 13k research works in it since 1950. 20.5% of them reached the world's top 10% most cited for their field and year.
This cluster of papers focuses on advancements in optical atomic clock technology, including frequency metrology, stability evaluation, and quantum metrology. It also explores applications in geodesy and the study of fundamental constants.
- Optical Clocks
- Atomic Clocks
- Frequency Metrology
- Lattice Clocks
- Frequency Comparison
- Stability Evaluation
- Quantum Metrology
- Frequency Transfer
- Geodesy
- Fundamental Constants
- Research works
- 13k fractional, since 1950
- In the world top 10%
- 2.7k per year above
- Top-10% rate
- 20.5% share of its works in the world top 10%
- Growth, 2013–17 → 2018–22
- +13% the tick is no change
Which countries lead Advanced Frequency and Time Standards research?
By volume, China and the United States publish the most (643 and 292 works in 2022–2025).
By volume, 2022–2025
- 1 China 643 works
- 2 United States 292 works
- 3 Germany 150 works
- 4 France 94 works
- 5 Russia 75 works
- 6 United Kingdom 69 works
- 7 Japan 62 works
- 8 India 58 works
- 9 Italy 48 works
- 10 Australia 35 works
How concentrated that is
The same countries as shares of everything the list above accounts for. A node where two countries do two thirds of the work and one spread evenly across twelve read alike as a ranking and not at all alike here.
Shares of the rows listed above, not of the whole node.
Which institutions lead Advanced Frequency and Time Standards research?
By volume in 2022–2025, Chinese Academy of Sciences publishes the most Advanced Frequency and Time Standards research, followed by University of Chinese Academy of Sciences and National Time Service Center.
By volume, 2022–2025
- 1 Chinese Academy of SciencesChina 47 works
- 2 University of Chinese Academy of SciencesChina 40 works
- 3 National Time Service CenterChina 31 works
- 4 Peking UniversityChina 26 works
- 5 National Institute of Standards and TechnologyUnited States 25 works
- 6 National University of Defense TechnologyChina 24 works
- 7 Wuhan UniversityChina 22 works
- 8 Beihang UniversityChina 21 works
- 9 Tsinghua UniversityChina 20 works
- 10 Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyChina 18 works
Who are the leading researchers in Advanced Frequency and Time Standards?
The most-cited researchers publishing on Advanced Frequency and Time Standards include K. Liu and P. Zoller.
Ranked by citations received across their whole record, among researchers with at least three works on this topic.
Where is Advanced Frequency and Time Standards research done?
The largest centres of Advanced Frequency and Time Standards research in 2022–2025 are Beijing (China), Wuhan (China), Xi'an (China) and Shanghai (China). Among places with at least 20 works in it, it is an unusually large share of all research in Gaithersburg and Boulder.
Largest cities, 2022–2025
Where it is the local speciality
- GaithersburgUS · 25.3 works72×
- BoulderUS · 27.8 works24×
Location quotient: how much more of its research is in Advanced Frequency and Time Standards than the world average.
Where is the best place to study Advanced Frequency and Time Standards?
Among universities, judged by research, Wuhan University, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Beihang University score highest, combining excellence, specialisation, size, growth and international reach. Research strength is one signal when choosing where to study; it does not measure teaching.
One dot per university in the table below. The upper left is the interesting corner: small places doing unusually strong work.
| # | University | Score | Top 10% | Specialisation | Works | Growth |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Wuhan UniversityChina | 79.1 | 72.6% | 10.3× | 22 | +136.5% |
| 2 | University of Chinese Academy of SciencesChina | 64.6 | 24.2% | 14.0× | 40 | +125.7% |
| 3 | Beihang UniversityChina | 57.2 | 35.8% | 11.0× | 21 | +69.5% |
| 4 | University of Colorado BoulderUnited States | 55.2 | 37.9% | 25.6× | 17 | +37.0% |
| 5 | Leibniz University HannoverGermany | 52.3 | 32.2% | 33.9× | 17 | +24.2% |
| 6 | National University of Defense TechnologyChina | 51.2 | 27.2% | 17.7× | 24 | +44.2% |
| 7 | Peking UniversityChina | 49.2 | 15.4% | 9.8× | 26 | +29.7% |
| 8 | Hefei UniversityChina | 46.8 | 29.9% | 56.6× | 10 | — |
| 9 | Tongji UniversityChina | 39.1 | 65.4% | 3.6× | 8 | +85.3% |
| 10 | Tsinghua UniversityChina | 35.4 | 23.8% | 5.8× | 20 | +37.4% |
Universities only. Score blends excellence (30%), specialisation (25%), size (20%), growth (15%) and international reach (10%), 2015–2022; growth compares 2010–14 with 2015–19.
Is Advanced Frequency and Time Standards research growing?
Output in 2018–2022 was 13% higher than in 2013–2017, peaking in 2025. The fastest-growing topics are Advanced Frequency and Time Standards.
The same series as a ribbon — one cell per year, darker for more. The line above answers how much; this answers when.
Which topics inside it are moving
Growth and decline on one axis around a shared zero. Two lists side by side hide the thing that matters: whether the growth dwarfs the decline, or the other way round.