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Topic · Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Particle Accelerators and Free-Electron Lasers

Particle Accelerators and Free-Electron Lasers is a research topic within Electrical and Electronic Engineering. Science Explorer counts 31k research works in it since 1950. 10.1% of them reached the world's top 10% most cited for their field and year.

This cluster of papers covers advancements in free-electron laser technology, including the generation of coherent radiation in the X-ray and terahertz regions, electron acceleration using dielectric structures, self-seeding techniques, harmonic generation, and the use of energy recovery linacs. It also explores applications such as synchrotron radiation and terahertz sources.

  • Free-Electron Lasers
  • X-Ray
  • Coherent Radiation
  • Electron Acceleration
  • Terahertz Radiation
  • Self-Seeding
  • Harmonic Generation
  • Dielectric Accelerators
  • Synchrotron Radiation
  • Energy Recovery Linac
Research works
31k
fractional, since 1950
In the world top 10%
3.1k
per year above
Top-10% rate
10.1%
share of its works in the world top 10%
Growth, 2018-21 → 2022-25
-12%
the tick is no change
Largest producer
United States
25% of the 10 largest, 2022-now
Particle Accelerators and Free-Electron Lasers

Which countries lead Particle Accelerators and Free-Electron Lasers research?

By volume, the United States and China publish the most (615 and 591 works in 2022-now).

By volume, 2022-now

  1. 1 United States 615 works
  2. 2 China 591 works
  3. 3 Germany 255 works
  4. 4 Russia 235 works
  5. 5 Japan 173 works
  6. 6 Switzerland 154 works
  7. 7 Italy 136 works
  8. 8 France 121 works
  9. 9 United Kingdom 89 works
  10. 10 India 70 works

How concentrated that is

The same countries as shares of everything the list above accounts for. A node where two countries do two thirds of the work and one spread evenly across twelve read alike as a ranking and not at all alike here.

United States: 25.2%China: 24.2%Germany: 10.4%Russia: 9.6%6 others listed: 30.4%25%largest
United States615 · 25.2%China591 · 24.2%Germany255 · 10.4%Russia235 · 9.6%6 others listed742 · 30.4%

Shares of the rows listed above, not of the whole node.

Which institutions lead Particle Accelerators and Free-Electron Lasers research?

By volume in 2022-now, Chinese Academy of Sciences publishes the most Particle Accelerators and Free-Electron Lasers research, followed by Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres and European Organization for Nuclear Research.

By volume, 2022-now

  1. 1 Chinese Academy of SciencesChina 236 works
  2. 2 Helmholtz Association of German Research CentresGermany 121 works
  3. 3 European Organization for Nuclear ResearchSwitzerland 107 works
  4. 4 Fermi National Accelerator LaboratoryUnited States 106 works
  5. 5 Russian Academy of SciencesRussia 93 works
  6. 6 Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueFrance 73 works
  7. 7 Brookhaven National LaboratoryUnited States 50 works
  8. 8 University of Chinese Academy of SciencesChina 49 works
  9. 9 Stanford UniversityUnited States 49 works
  10. 10 High Energy Accelerator Research OrganizationJapan 37 works

Who are the leading researchers in Particle Accelerators and Free-Electron Lasers?

The most-cited researchers publishing on Particle Accelerators and Free-Electron Lasers include M. Weber, Xiaogang Wang and P. Jackson.

  1. 1 M. Weber Israel 267k citations
  2. 2 Xiaogang Wang China 260k citations
  3. 3 P. Jackson France 230k citations
  4. 4 Takashi Taniguchi Japan 227k citations
  5. 5 A. Meyer France 224k citations
  6. 6 Kai You Wang China 224k citations
  7. 7 G. Mitselmakher France 223k citations
  8. 8 E. Rossi France 221k citations
  9. 9 L. Li France 211k citations
  10. 10 A. J. Beddall France 211k citations

Ranked by citations received across their whole record, among researchers with at least three works on this topic.

What are the most cited papers in Particle Accelerators and Free-Electron Lasers?

The most cited paper in Particle Accelerators and Free-Electron Lasers is "On Gauge Invariance and Vacuum Polarization" (Julian Schwinger, 1951), with 7,183 citations. Next come "New tools for automated high-resolution cryo-EM structure determination in RELION-3" (5,552) and "Electromagnetic extraction of energy from Kerr black holes" (5,162).

Most cited papers
#PaperReleasedCitations
1 On Gauge Invariance and Vacuum Polarization Julian Schwinger · Physical Review Jun 1951 7,183
2 New tools for automated high-resolution cryo-EM structure determination in RELION-3 Jasenko Zivanov, Takanori Nakane, Björn O. Forsberg et al. · eLife Open access 9 Nov 2018 5,552
3 Electromagnetic extraction of energy from Kerr black holes Roger D. Blandford, R. L. Znajek · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Jul 1977 5,162
4 The EvtGen particle decay simulation package David Lange · Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment Apr 2001 3,929
5 First lasing and operation of an ångstrom-wavelength free-electron laser P. Emma et al. · Nature Photonics Aug 2010 3,166
All 99 most cited papers, with filters and sorting

Where is Particle Accelerators and Free-Electron Lasers research done?

The largest centres of Particle Accelerators and Free-Electron Lasers research in 2022-now are Beijing (China), Geneva (Switzerland), Batavia (United States) and Hamburg (Germany). Among places with at least 20 works in it, it is an unusually large share of all research in Schenefeld, Batavia and Tsukuba.

Largest cities, 2022-now

  1. 1 BeijingChina 235 works
  2. 2 GenevaSwitzerland 110 works
  3. 3 BataviaUnited States 107 works
  4. 4 HamburgGermany 82 works
  5. 5 MoscowRussia 75 works
  6. 6 HefeiChina 65 works
  7. 7 NovosibirskRussia 58 works
  8. 8 UptonUnited States 50 works
  9. 9 Menlo ParkUnited States 42 works
  10. 10 PudongChina 39 works

Where it is the local speciality

  1. SchenefeldDE · 24.3 works592×
  2. BataviaUS · 107.0 works464×
  3. TsukubaJP · 37.0 works213×
  4. UptonUS · 50.1 works187×
  5. Newport NewsUS · 25.0 works178×
  6. DubnaRU · 29.9 works114×
  7. VilligenCH · 24.5 works106×
  8. Menlo ParkUS · 41.9 works101×
← less than its size predicts1×more →

Location quotient: how much more of its research is in Particle Accelerators and Free-Electron Lasers than the world average.

See Particle Accelerators and Free-Electron Lasers on the map

Where is the best place to study Particle Accelerators and Free-Electron Lasers?

Among universities, judged by research, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Stanford University and National University of Defense Technology score highest, combining excellence, specialisation, size, growth and international reach. Research strength is one signal when choosing where to study; it does not measure teaching.

0%10%20%30%mean 15.83%fractional works in this field (log) →share of work in the world top 10% →National University …Stanford UniversityUniversity of Chines…University of Scienc…
above the meannear itbelow it

One dot per university in the first ten of the table below, at the default weights. The upper left is the interesting corner: small places doing unusually strong work.

Excellenceshare of its work in the world top 10%, 2022-now and all time averaged
40%
Specialisationhow much of its work is in this field, counted up to 10× the world share
10%
Sizeits output in this field, on a log scale
30%
Growthoutput growth, counted from -20% to +20%
10%
Internationalshare of its work with a co-author abroad
10%
Each slider sets a weight; the share it gets of the score is beside it.
#UniversityScoreTop 10%SpecialisationWorksGrowth
1University of Chinese Academy of SciencesChina 73.313.7%12.1×49 +20.5%
2Stanford UniversityUnited States 73.018.3%13.4×48 -44.3%
3National University of Defense TechnologyChina 59.926.8%5.3×10 +229.1%
4University of Science and Technology of ChinaChina 57.610.8%10.6×31 +42.3%
5Tsinghua UniversityChina 56.217.0%4.2×24 -3.2%
6Peking UniversityChina 50.820.3%2.7×14 +30.2%
7Universität HamburgGermany 49.519.9%5.5×10 -40.6%
8Université Paris-SaclayFrance 49.210.2%6.1×10 +47.1%
9University of California, Los AngelesUnited States 45.615.3%3.8×11 -12.0%
10University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChina 44.46.0%8.0×22 +190.6%

Universities only. The score blends excellence (40%), size (30%), specialisation (10%), growth (10%), international reach (10%), 2022-now; growth compares 2018-21 with 2022-25 and counts up to +20%, since a jump from a small base is mostly noise.

Every institution in Particle Accelerators and Free-Electron Lasers, country by country

Is Particle Accelerators and Free-Electron Lasers research growing?

Output in 2022-2025 was 12% lower than in 2018-2021, peaking in 2002.

still counting19801990200020102020
grewheldshrank

The same series as a ribbon: one cell per year, darker for more. The line above answers how much; this answers when.

Its share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share: all of science grows. This is Particle Accelerators and Free-Electron Lasers as a percentage of every work published that year, 0.013% in 2024.

still counting0.050%0.10%0.15%Particle Accelerators and Free-Electron Lasers0.012% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works of Particle Accelerators and Free-Electron Lasers over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

Year by year.

still counting5%10%15%Particle Accelerators and Free-Electron Lasers9.6% in 2025200020102020

Of each year's works in it, the share that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. A field is the world for its own topics, so there is no other line to hold it against.

Which topics inside it are moving

Growth and decline on one axis around a shared zero. Two lists side by side hide the thing that matters: whether the growth dwarfs the decline, or the other way round.

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