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Topic · Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics

Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics

Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics is a research topic within Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics. Science Explorer counts 37k research works in it since 1950. 12.2% of them reached the world's top 10% most cited for their field and year.

This cluster of papers focuses on the photonics and optoelectronics of lithium niobate crystals, covering a wide range of topics such as optical modulators, photonic crystals, electro-optic effects, nonlinear optics, integrated photonics, frequency conversion, microresonators, and holographic data storage.

  • Lithium Niobate
  • Photonics
  • Optical Modulators
  • Photonic Crystals
  • Electro-optic Effects
  • Nonlinear Optics
  • Integrated Photonics
  • Frequency Conversion
  • Microresonators
  • Holographic Data Storage
Research works
37k
fractional, since 1950
In the world top 10%
4.6k
per year above
Top-10% rate
12.2%
share of its works in the world top 10%
Growth, 2013–17 → 2018–22
-3%
the tick is no change

Which countries lead Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics research?

By volume, China and the United States publish the most (1.3k and 334 works in 2022–2025).

By volume, 2022–2025

  1. 1 China 1.3k works
  2. 2 United States 334 works
  3. 3 Russia 289 works
  4. 4 Japan 160 works
  5. 5 India 137 works
  6. 6 Germany 127 works
  7. 7 France 125 works
  8. 8 South Korea 71 works
  9. 9 United Kingdom 56 works
  10. 10 ?? 48 works

How concentrated that is

The same countries as shares of everything the list above accounts for. A node where two countries do two thirds of the work and one spread evenly across twelve read alike as a ranking and not at all alike here.

China: 48.5%United States: 12.8%Russia: 11.0%Japan: 6.1%6 others listed: 21.6%49%largest
China1,270 · 48.5%United States334 · 12.8%Russia289 · 11.0%Japan160 · 6.1%6 others listed564 · 21.6%

Shares of the rows listed above, not of the whole node.

Which institutions lead Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics research?

By volume in 2022–2025, Chinese Academy of Sciences publishes the most Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics research, followed by University of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shandong University.

By volume, 2022–2025

  1. 1 Chinese Academy of SciencesChina 63 works
  2. 2 University of Chinese Academy of SciencesChina 42 works
  3. 3 Shandong UniversityChina 38 works
  4. 4 Zhejiang UniversityChina 32 works
  5. 5 Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityChina 24 works
  6. 6 Sun Yat-sen UniversityChina 22 works
  7. 7 Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyChina 22 works
  8. 8 Fujian Normal UniversityChina 21 works
  9. 9 Nankai UniversityChina 20 works
  10. 10 Tianjin UniversityChina 20 works

Who are the leading researchers in Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics?

The most-cited researchers publishing on Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics include Kenji Watanabe and M. Cardona.

  1. 1 Kenji Watanabe Japan 6.4k citations
  2. 2 M. Cardona Germany 4.1k citations

Ranked by citations received across their whole record, among researchers with at least three works on this topic.

Where is Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics research done?

The largest centres of Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics research in 2022–2025 are Beijing (China), Shanghai (China), Moscow (Russia) and Guangzhou (China).

Largest cities, 2022–2025

  1. 1 Beijing China 257 works
  2. 2 Shanghai China 119 works
  3. 3 Moscow Russia 102 works
  4. 4 Guangzhou China 70 works
  5. 5 Jinan China 66 works
  6. 6 Tianjin China 62 works
  7. 7 Nanjing China 53 works
  8. 8 Wuhan China 51 works
  9. 9 Hangzhou China 50 works
  10. 10 Tokyo Japan 48 works
See Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics on the map

Where is the best place to study Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics?

Among universities, judged by research, South China Normal University, Nankai University and Shanxi University score highest, combining excellence, specialisation, size, growth and international reach. Research strength is one signal when choosing where to study; it does not measure teaching.

0%20%40%mean 21.39%fractional works in this node (log) →share in the world top 10% →South China Normal University: 11, 29.7%Nankai University: 20, 25.7%Shanxi University: 9, 27.9%École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne: 12, 19.6%ETH Zurich: 10, 29.4%University of Rochester: 9, 14.8%University of Chinese Academy of Sciences: 42, 9.3%Shandong Normal University: 12, 23.2%Shandong University: 38, 10.1%Zhejiang University: 32, 24.2%South China Normal U…Shanxi UniversityNankai UniversityÉcole Polytechnique …
above the meannear itbelow it

One dot per university in the table below. The upper left is the interesting corner: small places doing unusually strong work.

#UniversityScoreTop 10%SpecialisationWorksGrowth
1 South China Normal UniversityChina 68.229.7%10.4×11 +77.4%
2 Nankai UniversityChina 63.325.7%9.9×20 -27.4%
3 Shanxi UniversityChina 62.827.9%11.7×9 +63.6%
4 École Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneSwitzerland 58.819.6%9.7×12 -11.9%
5 ETH ZurichSwitzerland 58.129.4%4.9×10 +79.5%
6 University of RochesterUnited States 55.514.8%10.6×9 +137.0%
7 University of Chinese Academy of SciencesChina 55.19.3%8.2×42 +69.9%
8 Shandong Normal UniversityChina 54.823.2%15.2×12 -19.8%
9 Shandong UniversityChina 54.210.1%10.4×38 -23.2%
10 Zhejiang UniversityChina 52.024.2%5.3×32 -44.2%

Universities only. Score blends excellence (30%), specialisation (25%), size (20%), growth (15%) and international reach (10%), 2015–2022; growth compares 2010–14 with 2015–19.

Is Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics research growing?

Output in 2018–2022 was 3% lower than in 2013–2017, peaking in 2007.

19801990200020102020
grewheldshrank

The same series as a ribbon — one cell per year, darker for more. The line above answers how much; this answers when.

Which topics inside it are moving

Growth and decline on one axis around a shared zero. Two lists side by side hide the thing that matters: whether the growth dwarfs the decline, or the other way round.