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Science in Canada

Canada ranks #9 of 192 countries on research quality in 2022–2025 (#7 all time), with 394k research works and 19.9% of them in the world's top 10%.

World rank, 2022–2025
#9
of 192 · #7 all time
Works, 2022–2025
394k
▲ 9% vs 2013–17
Top-10% rate
19.9%
record average 16.5%
In the world top 100
2
24 in the top 1,000
Open access
34%
world 63%

What is Canada strongest at in science?

On research quality in 2022–2025, Canada ranks highest in Medicine (#6 of 155), Computer Science (#6 of 131) and Psychology (#6 of 109). Relative to its size it is most specialised in Public Administration, Medical Terminology and History and Philosophy of Science.

FieldWorld rankWhere that sitsTop-10% rateWorks
MedicineField #6 of 155 18.7%91,420 Institutions
Computer ScienceField #6 of 131 20.8%26,460 Institutions
PsychologyField #6 of 109 21.8%20,145 Institutions
General Health ProfessionsSubfield #5 of 86 21.5%10,833 Institutions
Health ProfessionsField #7 of 108 21.3%16,701 Institutions
Sociology and Political ScienceSubfield #8 of 122 20.3%18,538 Institutions
Social SciencesField #10 of 151 21.1%49,500 Institutions
Control and Systems EngineeringSubfield #5 of 71 16.2%3,413 Institutions
Environmental ScienceField #9 of 125 20.7%21,645 Institutions
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular BiologyField #8 of 108 21.0%21,197 Institutions
Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child HealthSubfield #5 of 67 25.3%3,632 Institutions
EngineeringField #10 of 134 17.6%49,418 Institutions

Where its research is concentrated

Location quotient: how much more — or less — of each node it does than its size predicts. Drawn around 1×, where “twice the world share” and “half of it” are the same distance apart in opposite directions. A volume reading, which on a country axis is largely population and industrial structure.

  1. Public AdministrationSubfield · 527.7 works2.5×
  2. Medical TerminologySubfield · 29.0 works2.5×
  3. History and Philosophy of ScienceSubfield · 1,451.0 works2.4×
  4. Library and Information SciencesSubfield · 179.3 works2.4×
  5. HealthSubfield · 2,663.4 works2.3×
  6. Family PracticeSubfield · 396.8 works2.1×
  7. Neuropsychology and Physiological PsychologySubfield · 261.4 works2.0×
  8. Developmental BiologySubfield · 176.5 works2.0×
← less than its size predicts1×more →

The whole field profile

All 26 fields at once. A specialist and a generalist produce the same ranked list and a completely different shape.

Agricultural and Biological Sciences: 0.63× its world share, 12k worksAgricultural and Bio…Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology: 1.01× its world share, 21k worksBiochemistry, Geneti…Immunology and Microbiology: 1.02× its world share, 4,050 worksImmunology and Micro…Neuroscience: 1.59× its world share, 10k worksNeurosciencePharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics: 0.67× its world share, 926 worksPharmacology, Toxico…Chemical Engineering: 0.73× its world share, 1,011 worksChemical EngineeringChemistry: 0.65× its world share, 4,037 worksChemistryComputer Science: 0.86× its world share, 26k worksComputer ScienceEarth and Planetary Sciences: 1.15× its world share, 7,080 worksEarth and Planetary …Energy: 0.64× its world share, 2,314 worksEnergyEngineering: 0.84× its world share, 49k worksEngineeringEnvironmental Science: 1.11× its world share, 22k worksEnvironmental ScienceMaterials Science: 0.56× its world share, 7,691 worksMaterials ScienceMathematics: 1.04× its world share, 4,812 worksMathematicsPhysics and Astronomy: 0.89× its world share, 7,775 worksPhysics and AstronomyDentistry: 0.48× its world share, 924 worksDentistryHealth Professions: 1.61× its world share, 17k worksHealth ProfessionsMedicine: 1.21× its world share, 91k worksMedicineNursing: 0.96× its world share, 1,856 worksNursingVeterinary: 1.39× its world share, 744 worksVeterinaryArts and Humanities: 1.10× its world share, 12k worksArts and HumanitiesBusiness, Management and Accounting: 0.62× its world share, 7,843 worksBusiness, Management…Decision Sciences: 1.06× its world share, 4,041 worksDecision SciencesEconomics, Econometrics and Finance: 0.90× its world share, 7,582 worksEconomics, Econometr…Psychology: 1.68× its world share, 20k worksPsychologySocial Sciences: 0.99× its world share, 49k worksSocial Sciences1×world share
more than its size predictsabout as predictedless

Rings at 0.5×, 1× and 2×. Widest outward: Psychology, 1.7×. Every wedge is a field page.

Which keywords describe research in Canada?

By fractional works in 2022–2025, weighted toward what it does more of than the world: Epidemiology, Climate Change, Mental Health, Machine Learning, Public Health, Deep Learning, Inflammation and Quality of Life.

▲ more of its work than of the world’s◆ about the world’s share▼ less than the world’s

Size is fractional works in 2022–2025 in the topics tagged with each word; colour is the word's share of this country's work against its share of the world's. The 40 words are chosen for being large and distinctive. Each links to the topic it comes from most.

All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Epidemiology19k▲ 1.21×140 topics
  2. Climate Change14k▲ 1.28×132 topics
  3. Machine Learning12k◆ 0.91×97 topics
  4. Deep Learning11k▼ 0.84×85 topics
  5. Mental Health9,726▲ 1.69×48 topics
  6. Inflammation8,543◆ 1.04×83 topics
  7. Globalization8,105◆ 1.05×183 topics
  8. Public Health7,913▲ 1.38×77 topics
  9. Sustainability7,387▼ 0.77×140 topics
  10. Quality of Life7,202▲ 1.27×61 topics
  11. Depression5,820▲ 1.68×26 topics
  12. Oxidative Stress5,672◆ 0.88×63 topics
  13. Risk Factors5,515▲ 1.27×37 topics
  14. Cardiovascular Disease5,383▲ 1.23×39 topics
  15. Treatment5,304◆ 1.11×52 topics
  16. Environmental Impact5,084▼ 0.76×74 topics
  17. Neural Networks4,964▼ 0.82×42 topics
  18. Identity4,800▲ 1.68×79 topics
  19. COVID-194,631▼ 0.86×34 topics
  20. Healthcare4,496◆ 1.01×44 topics
  21. Social Justice3,970▲ 1.72×54 topics
  22. History3,857▲ 1.40×66 topics
  23. Clinical Trials3,805▲ 1.44×19 topics
  24. Genetics3,801▲ 1.38×27 topics
  25. Gender3,534▲ 1.66×58 topics
  26. Neurological Disorders3,494▲ 1.56×20 topics
  27. Anxiety3,481▲ 1.87×12 topics
  28. Social Support3,331▲ 1.52×20 topics
  29. Nationalism3,328▲ 1.83×34 topics
  30. Primary Care3,276▲ 2.2×15 topics
  31. Mortality3,224▲ 1.42×13 topics
  32. Aging3,222▲ 1.52×19 topics
  33. Resilience3,202▲ 1.69×19 topics
  34. Community Engagement3,191▲ 2.5×22 topics
  35. Prevalence2,966▲ 1.85×15 topics
  36. Adolescents2,808▲ 1.92×11 topics
  37. Ethical Considerations2,714▲ 2.0×21 topics
  38. Health Equity2,546▲ 2.4×6 topics
  39. Health Disparities2,429▲ 2.4×9 topics
  40. Immigration2,049▲ 4.6×9 topics

How many world-class institutions does Canada hold?

Average quality and elite capacity disagree by construction, and both are worth knowing: the first is decided by a country’s whole institution population, the second counts the institutions it holds at the top. One square per institution.

in the world top 50151st to 100th1101st to 500th10501st to 1,000th12

Bands are exclusive, so the squares add up to 24 — the institutions it holds in the world top 1,000 — and not to four times it.

Which universities in Canada lead research?

University of Toronto, University of British Columbia and McGill University rank highest in Canada on research quality in 2022–2025.

0%10%20%mean 20.88%fractional works (log) →share in the world top 10% →University of Toronto: 29k, 21.9%University of British Columbia: 20k, 22.7%McGill University: 15k, 22.2%University of Alberta: 18k, 20.2%University of Waterloo: 11k, 20.9%University of Calgary: 13k, 20.8%Western University: 11k, 21.1%McMaster University: 11k, 20.1%University of Ottawa: 11k, 20.2%Université de Montréal: 8,469, 18.4%Dalhousie University: 7,255, 21.1%Queen's University: 7,975, 18.6%University of Victoria: 4,605, 22.9%University of Saskatchewan: 6,077, 20.1%Simon Fraser University: 5,708, 22.0%University of Britis…McGill UniversityUniversity of TorontoUniversity of Alberta
above the meannear itbelow it

One dot per institution in the list below. The upper left is the interesting corner.

  1. 1University of TorontoUniversity · Toronto · #42 worldwide21.9% top 10% · 29k works
  2. 2University of British ColumbiaUniversity · Vancouver · #91 worldwide22.7% top 10% · 20k works
  3. 3McGill UniversityUniversity · Montreal · #123 worldwide22.2% top 10% · 15k works
  4. 4University of AlbertaUniversity · Edmonton · #146 worldwide20.2% top 10% · 18k works
  5. 5University of WaterlooUniversity · Waterloo · #175 worldwide20.9% top 10% · 11k works
  6. 6University of CalgaryUniversity · Calgary · #207 worldwide20.8% top 10% · 13k works
  7. 7Western UniversityUniversity · London · #290 worldwide21.1% top 10% · 11k works
  8. 8McMaster UniversityUniversity · Hamilton · #292 worldwide20.1% top 10% · 11k works
  9. 9University of OttawaUniversity · Ottawa · #313 worldwide20.2% top 10% · 11k works
  10. 10Université de MontréalUniversity · Montreal · #418 worldwide18.4% top 10% · 8.5k works
  11. 11Dalhousie UniversityUniversity · Halifax · #446 worldwide21.1% top 10% · 7.3k works
  12. 12Queen's UniversityUniversity · Kingston · #458 worldwide18.6% top 10% · 8k works
  13. 13University of VictoriaUniversity · Victoria · #595 worldwide22.9% top 10% · 4.6k works
  14. 14University of SaskatchewanUniversity · Saskatoon · #608 worldwide20.1% top 10% · 6.1k works
  15. 15Simon Fraser UniversityUniversity · Burnaby · #643 worldwide22.0% top 10% · 5.7k works

The track on each row is its top-10% rate; the tick is the world’s rate in this record, 16.5% — teal above it, red below.

All ranked institutions in Canada

Who are the top researchers in Canada?

David Moher, Yoshua Bengio and Gordon Guyatt rank highest among researchers based in Canada.

  1. 1 David Moher · #1 worldwide 38k citations · 235 works
  2. 2 Yoshua Bengio · #4 worldwide 17k citations · 298 works
  3. 3 Gordon Guyatt · #11 worldwide 6.8k citations · 254 works
  4. 4 Jeremy Grimshaw · #68 worldwide 14k citations · 133 works
  5. 5 Lisa Hartling · #92 worldwide 5k citations · 144 works
  6. 6 M. Halpern · #96 worldwide 7k citations · 144 works
  7. 7 Holger J. Schünemann · #160 worldwide 3.9k citations · 122 works
  8. 8 Marcello Tonelli · #200 worldwide 5.9k citations · 113 works
  9. 9 Kenneth Rockwood · #519 worldwide 2k citations · 140 works
  10. 10 Subodh Verma · #542 worldwide 2k citations · 135 works
Top researchers in Canada

Which cities in Canada are research hubs?

  1. 1 Toronto Canada 472k works
  2. 2 Montreal Canada 422k works
  3. 3 Ottawa Canada 290k works
  4. 4 Vancouver Canada 214k works
  5. 5 Edmonton Canada 164k works
  6. 6 Calgary Canada 124k works
  7. 7 Waterloo Canada 106k works
  8. 8 Québec Canada 103k works
  9. 9 London Canada 102k works
  10. 10 Hamilton Canada 98k works
  11. 11 Winnipeg Canada 89k works
  12. 12 Kingston Canada 75k works

How much of it is in the largest

The same cities as shares of everything these twelve account for.

Toronto: 20.9%Montreal: 18.7%Ottawa: 12.9%Vancouver: 9.5%8 others listed: 38.1%21%largest
Toronto472k · 20.9%Montreal422k · 18.7%Ottawa290k · 12.9%Vancouver214k · 9.5%8 others listed861k · 38.1%

Shares of the rows listed above, not of the whole node.

How open and international is Canada's research?

34% of its research is openly available (world: 40%), and 23% is written with international co-authors (world: 18%).

openly available33.8%not open66.2%

World: 63% of research is openly available.

with international co-authors23.0%domestic only77.0%

World: 22% is written across borders.

How has Canada's research grown?

Output in 2018–2022 was 9% higher than in 2013–2017.

1990200020102020
grewheldshrank

The same series as a ribbon — one cell per year, darker for more. The line above answers how much; this answers when.

Research fields in Canada