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Bahrain vs Liechtenstein

On research quality in 2022-now, Bahrain ranks #124 in the world and Liechtenstein #127, of 189 countries. Bahrain stands higher in 6 of the 6 fields both publish in, Liechtenstein in 0.

Research profiles alike: 0.79very similar shapes of research, whatever their size. How it is measured

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Bahrain

World rank, 2022-now
#124
#156 all time
Works, 2022-now
5.7k
fractional
Top-10% rate
9.7%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
46%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: Accounting, Management Information Systems, Health Informatics.

Liechtenstein

World rank, 2022-now
#127
#105 all time
Works, 2022-now
572
fractional
Top-10% rate
9.2%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
31%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: Architecture, Ceramics and Composites, Finance.

Who leads, measure by measure?

Bahrain leads on 5 of 9 measures: research quality, output, top-10% rate, open access and growth. Liechtenstein leads on 3 of 9 measures: excellence for its fields, citations per work and international co-authorship. The two are level on institutions in the world top 100.

Bahrain 51 level3 Liechtenstein
  1. #124Research qualityworld rank of 189 countries, 2022-now#127
  2. 0.81×Excellence for its fieldsits top-10% rate against what its topics predict; 1.00× is as expected0.90×
  3. 5.7kOutputfractional works, 2022-now572
  4. 9.7%Top-10% rateshare of its works among the world's most cited9.2%
  5. 11.0Citations per workall time, per fractional work19.3
  6. 0World top 100institutions it holds among the world's best 1000
  7. 46%Open accessof its works free to read, all time31%
  8. 35%Internationalof its works written with co-authors abroad, all time42%
  9. +59%Growthworks in 2022-25 against 2018-21; half a bar is no change+34%

A rank is drawn as its standing: the longer the bar, the nearer the top. Anything else is drawn against the larger of the two, and two values a hair apart are called level. Quality, excellence and the top-10% rate are explained in the methodology.

Who leads in each field?

Bahrain stands higher in 6 of 6 fields, Liechtenstein in 0. Each bar is that side's standing among all countries ranked in the field: the full bar is first place.

Bahrain 60 Liechtenstein
  1. #74Business, Management and Accounting-
  2. #93Computer Science-
  3. #81Economics, Econometrics and Finance-
  4. #101Engineering-
  5. #117Medicine-
  6. #123Social Sciences-

Standing is the percentile of world rank within each field, 2022-now; the printed number is the rank itself. A dash means the field is too small there to rank. How sides are compared.

The numbers behind each field

Click a heading to sort. The side that does better in a pair of columns is shaded: a lower rank, a higher rate, more works.

Field Bahrain rankLiechtenstein rank Bahrain top 10%Liechtenstein top 10% Bahrain worksLiechtenstein works
Business, Management and Accounting #74 - 14.0% - 615 -
Computer Science #93 - 9.7% - 761 -
Economics, Econometrics and Finance #81 - 12.9% - 258 -
Engineering #101 - 8.0% - 602 -
Medicine #117 - 7.1% - 1.3k -
Social Sciences #123 - 10.1% - 723 -

What is each known for?

The keywords that describe each side's research, by fractional works in 2022-now and weighted toward what it does more of than the world.

Bahrain

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Machine Learning545▲ 2.5×92 topics
  2. Deep Learning336▲ 1.49×82 topics
  3. Supply Chain Management295▲ 5.0×24 topics
  4. Healthcare290▲ 3.9×25 topics
  5. Epidemiology279◆ 1.07×123 topics
  6. Sustainability279▲ 1.74×78 topics
  7. Artificial Intelligence235▲ 2.5×53 topics
  8. Big Data212▲ 3.4×32 topics
  9. Corporate Governance211▲ 4.4×26 topics
  10. Internet of Things208▲ 3.7×29 topics
  11. Risk Management182▲ 5.8×13 topics
  12. Renewable Energy181▲ 1.91×47 topics
  13. Digital Transformation163▲ 4.6×24 topics
  14. Smart Cities159▲ 9.2×8 topics
  15. IoT154▲ 6.3×18 topics
  16. Organizational Performance153▲ 9.0×9 topics
  17. Security140▲ 3.2×26 topics
  18. Customer Satisfaction133▲ 6.4×10 topics
  19. Social Capital128▲ 3.8×15 topics
  20. Knowledge Management125▲ 3.4×28 topics
  21. Entrepreneurship120▲ 4.6×15 topics
  22. Pedagogy115▲ 3.5×15 topics
  23. Finance110▲ 9.1×4 topics
  24. Financial Stability106▲ 8.4×5 topics
  25. Islamic Banking103▲ 4.2×3 topics
  26. Language Teaching99▲ 5.6×8 topics
  27. Performance Analysis98▲ 7.3×5 topics
  28. Global Financial Crisis96▲ 11×3 topics
  29. Ethical Identity95▲ 12×1 topic
  30. Shariah Supervision95▲ 12×1 topic
  31. Social Media Marketing95▲ 30×1 topic
  32. Critical Thinking92▲ 12×5 topics
  33. Teaching Methods88▲ 8.4×7 topics
  34. Tourism Development88▲ 9.8×2 topics
  35. Digital Education88▲ 9.0×5 topics
  36. Formative Assessment88▲ 16×2 topics
  37. Human Resource Management85▲ 8.4×5 topics
  38. Educational Technologies84▲ 14×2 topics
  39. Artistic Education83▲ 19×1 topic
  40. Student Competencies83▲ 19×1 topic

Liechtenstein

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Cardiovascular Disease32▲ 4.4×26 topics
  2. Machine Learning30▲ 1.40×37 topics
  3. Sustainability30▲ 1.91×35 topics
  4. Inflammation23▲ 1.71×47 topics
  5. Sustainable Development22▲ 2.2×23 topics
  6. Artificial Intelligence21▲ 2.3×27 topics
  7. Big Data20▲ 3.4×12 topics
  8. Atherosclerosis19▲ 10×10 topics
  9. Obesity19▲ 3.8×9 topics
  10. Supply Chain Management17▲ 3.0×13 topics
  11. Clinical Trials17▲ 4.0×7 topics
  12. Human Rights16▲ 2.4×21 topics
  13. Innovation16▲ 2.4×23 topics
  14. Statins16▲ 34×2 topics
  15. Risk Management15▲ 5.0×12 topics
  16. Cardiovascular Disease Prevention15▲ 26×3 topics
  17. Metabolic Syndrome14▲ 2.8×15 topics
  18. Corporate Governance14▲ 3.1×18 topics
  19. Social Capital14▲ 4.2×11 topics
  20. C-Reactive Protein13▲ 27×2 topics
  21. Genetic Variants13▲ 11×3 topics
  22. Cholesterol-lowering12▲ 42×1 topic
  23. LDL Cholesterol12▲ 57×1 topic
  24. Coronary Artery Disease12▲ 16×3 topics
  25. Digital Transformation12▲ 3.5×8 topics
  26. Insulin Resistance11▲ 4.0×7 topics
  27. Urban Development11▲ 4.9×6 topics
  28. Innovation Policy11▲ 18×5 topics
  29. Social Innovation11▲ 11×4 topics
  30. Empowerment10▲ 15×2 topics
  31. Monetary Policy10▲ 6.3×10 topics
  32. Interdisciplinary Research9▲ 16×2 topics
  33. Vascular Function9▲ 14×3 topics
  34. Endothelial Function9▲ 16×2 topics
  35. Digital Social Innovation9▲ 112×1 topic
  36. Epicardial Fat9▲ 32×1 topic
  37. Knowledge Engineering9▲ 112×1 topic
  38. Perivascular Adipose Tissue9▲ 32×1 topic
  39. Cholesterol9▲ 9.7×4 topics
  40. Construction9▲ 10×3 topics

Size is fractional works in the topics tagged with each word; colour is the word's share of the side's work against its share of the world's. Each word links to the topic it comes from most.

How has their output grown?

Bahrain has out-published Liechtenstein every year since 1983, when it overtook it.

still counting1k2kBahrain1,584 in 2025Liechtenstein165 in 20251990200020102020

Fractional works per year.

Their share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share, because all of science grows. Each line is a side as a percentage of every work published that year.

still counting0.010%0.020%0.030%Bahrain0.027% in 2025Liechtenstein0.0028% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

The share of each side's works, year by year, that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. The average of all institutions is 10.0% (why not 10%).

still counting10%20%30%Bahrain9.3% in 2025Liechtenstein7.9% in 2025200020102020

A year with under 1% of the side's peak output is left out: a rate over a handful of papers says nothing. The latest years are still being cited.

Who holds more of the world's best institutions?

A country's average quality and the number of institutions it holds at the very top can disagree, and both are worth knowing. The counts are nested: an institution in the top 50 is also in the top 100.

Bahrain 05 level0 Liechtenstein
  1. 0In the world top 500
  2. 0In the top 1000
  3. 0In the top 5000
  4. 0In the top 1,0000
  5. #51Elite capacityrank among 204 countries#51

Institutions ranked on research quality, 2022-now. Elite capacity counts a country's institutions by their worldwide rank, weighted so a place at #1 counts for more than one at #480.

Which publishes more research, Bahrain or Liechtenstein?

Bahrain publishes 9.9× as much research as Liechtenstein in 2022-now (5.7k against 572 fractional works).

Whose research has more impact, Bahrain or Liechtenstein?

9.7% of Bahrain's research reaches the world's top 10% most cited, against 9.2% for Liechtenstein.

Is Bahrain or Liechtenstein growing faster?

Output in 2022-25 was +59% against 2018-21 for Bahrain, and +34% for Liechtenstein.

Which has more open access research, Bahrain or Liechtenstein?

46% of Bahrain's research is free to read, against 31% of Liechtenstein's.

Which has more world-class institutions, Bahrain or Liechtenstein?

Bahrain holds 0 of the world's top 100 research institutions and Liechtenstein 0; in the top 1,000 it is 0 against 0.

Which institutions lead in each country?

The highest-ranked institutions on each side on research quality, 2022-now. The percentage is each institution's own top-10% rate: the share of its works that are among the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. Every figure stands alone, so they do not add up to 100%.

Bahrain

  1. 1Applied Science University14.1% top 10% · 533 works
  2. 2Kingdom University8.5% top 10% · 468 works
  3. 3University College of Bahrain7.5% top 10% · 592 works
  4. 4University of Bahrain8.5% top 10% · 1.4k works
  5. 5Ahlia University14.8% top 10% · 485 works
  6. 6Bahrain Polytechnic9.0% top 10% · 203 works

Liechtenstein

  1. 1University of Liechtenstein14.1% top 10% · 207 works
  2. 2Hilti (Liechtenstein)7.5% top 10% · 128 works
  3. 3Private University in the Principality of Liechtenstein3.8% top 10% · 154 works

The number is the rank inside the country. The track on each row is the top-10% rate; the tick is the average of all institutions, 10.0% (how it is set): teal above it, red below. The ranking is the quality score, which compares the rate with what each institution's own topics predict and adds a small reward for size, so the rates do not fall in order.

Who are the top researchers on each side?

The most cited researchers on each side, among those ranked.

Bahrain

  1. 1 Randah R Hamadeh #16,228 worldwide 176k citations · 179 works
  2. 2 Abdalmuttaleb M. A. Musleh Al-Sartawi #23,470 worldwide 5.3k citations · 127 works
  3. 3 Amina Mohammed Buallay #30,646 worldwide 4.1k citations · 66 works
  4. 4 Nishad Nawaz #69,709 worldwide 2.8k citations · 156 works
  5. 5 Alexandra E. Butler #128,628 worldwide 20k citations · 347 works

Liechtenstein

  1. 1 Siegward D. Heintze #83,267 worldwide 7.5k citations · 83 works
  2. 2 Jan vom Brocke #87,905 worldwide 18k citations · 470 works
  3. 3 Matthias Filser #104,999 worldwide 3.4k citations · 52 works
  4. 4 Giovanni Apruzzese #220,379 worldwide 1.7k citations · 80 works
  5. 5 Wolfram Höland #343,000 worldwide 5.6k citations · 116 works