Science Explorer Back to mapMap
Discussion
University · Shenyang · China

Shenyang Agricultural University

In research, Shenyang Agricultural University stands highest in Agricultural and Biological Sciences (#257 of 3,157 worldwide), Plant Science (#148 of 1,317 worldwide) and Life Sciences (#952 of 6,403 worldwide), 2022-now. Relative to its size it is most specialised in Plant Science, Biochemistry and Soil Science (Plant Science is 15.4× its share of world research).

en.syau.edu.cnROR OpenAlex
World rank, 2022-now
#2,329
of 22,385 · #2,871 all time
Rank in China
#421
of 2,481
Research works
12k
▲ 69% vs 2018-21
Citations
113k
9.8 per fractional work
Top-10% rate
15.3%
all institutions 10.0%
vs its own fields
1.33×
1.00× is exactly expected
Open access
32%
world 40%
International
5%
world 18%
Shenyang Agricultural University

What is Shenyang Agricultural University known for in research?

The fields where it stands highest, 2022-now, ranked among every institution above the floor in each field.

FieldWorld rankWhere that sitsTop-10% rateWorksAll time
Agricultural and Biological SciencesField #257 of 3,157 16.0%1,135 #600
Plant ScienceSubfield #148 of 1,317 13.9%720 #429
Life SciencesDomain #952 of 6,403 15.1%1,656 #1473
Physical SciencesDomain #2,032 of 10,670 15.4%696 #3352
Environmental ScienceField #910 of 3,334 16.2%278 #1204
Food ScienceSubfield #179 of 517 18.8%105 #543
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular BiologyField #1,085 of 2,964 13.5%463 #1667
Soil ScienceSubfield #61 of 144 16.5%89 #213
Health SciencesDomain #4,222 of 9,902 17.8%239 #4170
Molecular BiologySubfield #865 of 1,880 12.5%319 #1442

Each strip is that field's whole ranked pool, with the notch where Shenyang Agricultural University sits in it, in the colour of the band that rank falls in. The track under the rate is the rate itself: it carries no average mark, because the average differs by field (from about 6% in Dentistry to 21% in Economics).

Which of those standings moved

The same fields on both windows: where it stood over the whole record, and where it stands in 2022-now. The distance is the story, and it is the one thing the two rank columns above cannot show.

  1. Agricultural and Biological Sciences#600 #257
  2. Plant Science#429 #148
  3. Life Sciences#1,473 #952
  4. Physical Sciences#3,352 #2,032
  5. Environmental Science#1,204 #910
  6. Food Science#543 #179
  7. Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology#1,667 #1,085
  8. Soil Science#213 #61
  9. Health Sciences#4,170 #4,222
  10. Molecular Biology#1,442 #865
all time2022-now, better2022-now, worse

A dot further right is a better standing. Fields it was not ranked in over the whole record are left out.

Which fields of science does Shenyang Agricultural University work in?

In 2022-now, 62% of research at Shenyang Agricultural University is in Life Sciences, 26% in Physical Sciences. Its largest fields are Agricultural and Biological Sciences (43%), Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (17%), Environmental Science (11%). It does 4.7× the world's share of Life Sciences.

Life Sciences: 1,887 fractional works · 62.1% of its workAgricultural and Biological Sciences: 1,294 fractional works · 42.6% of its workPlant Science: 815 fractional works · 26.8% of its workFood Science: 118 fractional works · 3.9% of its workSoil Science: 104 fractional works · 3.4% of its workInsect Science: 76 fractional works · 2.5% of its workEcology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics: 59 fractional works · 2.0% of its workAgronomy and Crop Science: 50 fractional works · 1.6% of its workAnimal Science and Zoology: 36 fractional works · 1.2% of its workGeneral Agricultural and Biological Sciences: 17 fractional works · 0.6% of its workAquatic Science: 14 fractional works · 0.5% of its workBiochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology: 526 fractional works · 17.3% of its workMolecular Biology: 363 fractional works · 11.9% of its workGenetics: 45 fractional works · 1.5% of its workCell Biology: 43 fractional works · 1.4% of its workBiotechnology: 22 fractional works · 0.7% of its workCancer Research: 15 fractional works · 0.5% of its workEndocrinology: 11 fractional works · 0.4% of its workBiochemistry: 8 fractional works · 0.3% of its workClinical Biochemistry: 7 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 12 fractional works · 0.4% of its workImmunology and Microbiology: 38 fractional works · 1.2% of its workImmunology: 28 fractional works · 0.9% of its workSmaller subfields together: 10 fractional works · 0.3% of its workNeuroscience: 20 fractional works · 0.7% of its workCellular and Molecular Neuroscience: 9 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 11 fractional works · 0.4% of its workPharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics: 10 fractional works · 0.3% of its workPharmacology: 8 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 2 fractional works · 0.1% of its workPhysical Sciences: 790 fractional works · 26.0% of its workEnvironmental Science: 320 fractional works · 10.5% of its workEcology: 76 fractional works · 2.5% of its workGlobal and Planetary Change: 65 fractional works · 2.1% of its workPollution: 35 fractional works · 1.2% of its workEnvironmental Engineering: 28 fractional works · 0.9% of its workWater Science and Technology: 25 fractional works · 0.8% of its workHealth, Toxicology and Mutagenesis: 21 fractional works · 0.7% of its workNature and Landscape Conservation: 20 fractional works · 0.7% of its workIndustrial and Manufacturing Engineering: 18 fractional works · 0.6% of its workManagement, Monitoring, Policy and Law: 14 fractional works · 0.5% of its workEnvironmental Chemistry: 13 fractional works · 0.4% of its workSmaller subfields together: 4 fractional works · 0.1% of its workEngineering: 251 fractional works · 8.3% of its workBiomedical Engineering: 46 fractional works · 1.5% of its workElectrical and Electronic Engineering: 45 fractional works · 1.5% of its workMechanical Engineering: 44 fractional works · 1.4% of its workCivil and Structural Engineering: 34 fractional works · 1.1% of its workControl and Systems Engineering: 22 fractional works · 0.7% of its workBuilding and Construction: 15 fractional works · 0.5% of its workComputational Mechanics: 8 fractional works · 0.3% of its workMechanics of Materials: 7 fractional works · 0.2% of its workMedia Technology: 7 fractional works · 0.2% of its workOcean Engineering: 7 fractional works · 0.2% of its workAutomotive Engineering: 7 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 9 fractional works · 0.3% of its workMaterials Science: 55 fractional works · 1.8% of its workBiomaterials: 33 fractional works · 1.1% of its workMaterials Chemistry: 15 fractional works · 0.5% of its workSmaller subfields together: 7 fractional works · 0.2% of its workChemistry: 49 fractional works · 1.6% of its workAnalytical Chemistry: 23 fractional works · 0.8% of its workOrganic Chemistry: 16 fractional works · 0.5% of its workSmaller subfields together: 10 fractional works · 0.3% of its workEarth and Planetary Sciences: 41 fractional works · 1.3% of its workAtmospheric Science: 27 fractional works · 0.9% of its workSmaller subfields together: 14 fractional works · 0.5% of its workComputer Science: 39 fractional works · 1.3% of its workArtificial Intelligence: 18 fractional works · 0.6% of its workComputer Vision and Pattern Recognition: 10 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 10 fractional works · 0.3% of its workEnergy: 26 fractional works · 0.8% of its workRenewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment: 19 fractional works · 0.6% of its workEnergy Engineering and Power Technology: 7 fractional works · 0.2% of its workChemical Engineering: 5 fractional works · 0.1% of its workPhysics and Astronomy: 4 fractional works · 0.1% of its workMathematics: 1 fractional works · 0.0% of its workHealth Sciences: 268 fractional works · 8.8% of its workMedicine: 193 fractional works · 6.4% of its workBiochemistry: 43 fractional works · 1.4% of its workPharmacology: 29 fractional works · 0.9% of its workEpidemiology: 17 fractional works · 0.5% of its workPhysiology: 14 fractional works · 0.5% of its workPublic Health, Environmental and Occupational Health: 10 fractional works · 0.3% of its workComplementary and alternative medicine: 9 fractional works · 0.3% of its workPathology and Forensic Medicine: 9 fractional works · 0.3% of its workInfectious Diseases: 8 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSurgery: 7 fractional works · 0.2% of its workEndocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism: 6 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 42 fractional works · 1.4% of its workNursing: 62 fractional works · 2.0% of its workNutrition and Dietetics: 62 fractional works · 2.0% of its workVeterinary: 8 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmall Animals: 6 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 1 fractional works · 0.0% of its workHealth Professions: 4 fractional works · 0.1% of its workDentistry: 1 fractional works · 0.0% of its workSocial Sciences: 94 fractional works · 3.1% of its workSocial Sciences: 37 fractional works · 1.2% of its workSociology and Political Science: 17 fractional works · 0.6% of its workEducation: 9 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 11 fractional works · 0.4% of its workEconomics, Econometrics and Finance: 24 fractional works · 0.8% of its workEconomics and Econometrics: 23 fractional works · 0.8% of its workSmaller subfields together: 1 fractional works · 0.0% of its workBusiness, Management and Accounting: 18 fractional works · 0.6% of its workDecision Sciences: 9 fractional works · 0.3% of its workPsychology: 6 fractional works · 0.2% of its workArts and Humanities: 1 fractional works · 0.0% of its workALL ITS WORKShenyangAgricultural…3,039fractional works, 2022-now
Life Sciences62%Physical Sciences26%Health Sciences9%Social Sciences3%

Each ring splits the one inside it: the four domains of science, their fields, their subfields. Size is fractional works in 2022-now. Every slice is a page; the interactive view zooms down to single topics and colours each by how much more of it this institution does than the world.

Its 4 domains and 26 fields, with their numbers
  1. Life Sciences1,88762.1%
    1. Agricultural and Biological Sciences1,29442.6%
    2. Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology52617.3%
    3. Immunology and Microbiology381.2%
    4. Neuroscience200.7%
    5. Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics100.3%
    1. Environmental Science32010.5%
    2. Engineering2518.3%
    3. Materials Science551.8%
    4. Chemistry491.6%
    5. Earth and Planetary Sciences411.3%
    6. Computer Science391.3%
    7. Energy260.8%
    8. Chemical Engineering50.1%
    9. Physics and Astronomy40.1%
    10. Mathematics10.0%
    1. Medicine1936.4%
    2. Nursing622.0%
    3. Veterinary80.3%
    4. Health Professions40.1%
    5. Dentistry10.0%
    1. Social Sciences371.2%
    2. Economics, Econometrics and Finance240.8%
    3. Business, Management and Accounting180.6%
    4. Decision Sciences90.3%
    5. Psychology60.2%
    6. Arts and Humanities10.0%
All of science, and how each field's share has moved since 1950: the Science domain explorer

What does Shenyang Agricultural University specialise in?

Where its research is concentrated relative to its size: Plant Science takes 15.4× the share of its output that it takes of world research.

  1. Plant ScienceSubfield · 815.2 works15×
  2. BiochemistrySubfield · 43.0 works11×
  3. Soil ScienceSubfield · 104.3 works11×
  4. Agricultural and Biological SciencesField · 1,293.6 works9.0×
  5. Insect ScienceSubfield · 75.6 works8.8×
  6. Agronomy and Crop ScienceSubfield · 49.7 works6.9×
  7. Animal Science and ZoologySubfield · 36.3 works5.4×
  8. Food ScienceSubfield · 118.0 works5.1×
← less than its size predicts1×more →

Location quotient, a volume reading rather than an impact one. It surfaces small, lopsided specialities.

Field profile

Location quotient across every field it publishes in: outside the ring is more than an institution of this size would be expected to publish, inside it is less.

Agricultural and Biological Sciences: 8.96× its world share, 1,294 worksAgricultural and Bio…Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology: 3.24× its world share, 526 worksBiochemistry, Geneti…Immunology and Microbiology: 1.23× its world share, 38 worksImmunology and Micro…Neuroscience: 0.41× its world share, 20 worksNeurosciencePharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics: 0.89× its world share, 10 worksPharmacology, Toxico…Chemical Engineering: 0.43× its world share, 4 worksChemical EngineeringChemistry: 1.02× its world share, 49 worksChemistryComputer Science: 0.17× its world share, 39 worksComputer ScienceEarth and Planetary Sciences: 0.85× its world share, 41 worksEarth and Planetary …Energy: 0.92× its world share, 26 worksEnergyEngineering: 0.55× its world share, 251 worksEngineeringEnvironmental Science: 2.12× its world share, 320 worksEnvironmental ScienceMaterials Science: 0.52× its world share, 55 worksMaterials ScienceMathematics: 0.03× its world share, 1 worksMathematicsPhysics and Astronomy: 0.06× its world share, 4 worksPhysics and AstronomyDentistry: 0.10× its world share, 1 worksDentistryHealth Professions: 0.05× its world share, 4 worksHealth ProfessionsMedicine: 0.33× its world share, 193 worksMedicineNursing: 4.18× its world share, 62 worksNursingVeterinary: 1.86× its world share, 8 worksVeterinaryArts and Humanities: 0.01× its world share, 1 worksArts and HumanitiesBusiness, Management and Accounting: 0.18× its world share, 18 worksBusiness, Management…Decision Sciences: 0.29× its world share, 8 worksDecision SciencesEconomics, Econometrics and Finance: 0.37× its world share, 24 worksEconomics, Econometr…Psychology: 0.06× its world share, 6 worksPsychologySocial Sciences: 0.10× its world share, 37 worksSocial Sciences1×world share
more than its size predictsabout as predictedless

Rings at 0.5×, 1× and 2×. Widest outward: Agricultural and Biological Sciences, 9.0×. Every wedge is a field page.

All 26 fields, with their numbers
  1. Agricultural and Biological Sciences8.96×1,294 works
  2. Nursing4.18×62 works
  3. Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology3.24×526 works
  4. Environmental Science2.12×320 works
  5. Veterinary1.86×8 works
  6. Immunology and Microbiology1.23×38 works
  7. Chemistry1.02×49 works
  8. Energy0.92×26 works
  9. Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics0.89×10 works
  10. Earth and Planetary Sciences0.85×41 works
  11. Engineering0.55×251 works
  12. Materials Science0.52×55 works
  13. Chemical Engineering0.43×4 works
  14. Neuroscience0.41×20 works
  15. Economics, Econometrics and Finance0.37×24 works
  16. Medicine0.33×193 works
  17. Decision Sciences0.29×8 works
  18. Business, Management and Accounting0.18×18 works
  19. Computer Science0.17×39 works
  20. Dentistry0.10×1 works
  21. Social Sciences0.10×37 works
  22. Physics and Astronomy0.06×4 works
  23. Psychology0.06×6 works
  24. Health Professions0.05×4 works
  25. Mathematics0.03×1 works
  26. Arts and Humanities0.01×1 works

Who are the top researchers at Shenyang Agricultural University?

Ranked on the quality score, Jun‐Bo Luan, Jun Meng and Feng Wang lead among researchers whose main affiliation is Shenyang Agricultural University.

  1. 1 Jun‐Bo Luan China · #79,938 worldwide 4k citations · 82 works
  2. 2 Jun Meng China · #103,271 worldwide 7k citations · 172 works
  3. 3 Feng Wang China · #142,769 worldwide 4.1k citations · 103 works
  4. 4 Xin Zhou China · #182,469 worldwide 8.4k citations · 77 works
  5. 5 Aide Wang China · #191,842 worldwide 3.5k citations · 110 works
  6. 6 Tong Li China · #196,531 worldwide 3.2k citations · 135 works
  7. 7 Qian Zhou China · #224,456 worldwide 4.3k citations · 120 works
  8. 8 Chao Zhong China · #271,213 worldwide 4.8k citations · 149 works
  9. 9 Jingkuan Wang China · #300,719 worldwide 6.5k citations · 217 works
  10. 10 Tianlai Li China · #302,979 worldwide 3.8k citations · 166 works
All ranked researchers at Shenyang Agricultural University

What are the most cited papers from Shenyang Agricultural University?

The most cited paper from Shenyang Agricultural University is "Fungal Small RNAs Suppress Plant Immunity by Hijacking Host RNA Interference Pathways" (Arne Weiberg, Ming Wang, Feng-Mao Lin et al., 2013), with 1,380 citations. Next come "Technologies and perspectives for achieving carbon neutrality" (1,327) and "Dryland climate change: Recent progress and challenges" (957).

Most cited papers
#PaperReleasedCitations
1 Fungal Small RNAs Suppress Plant Immunity by Hijacking Host RNA Interference Pathways Arne Weiberg, Ming Wang, Feng-Mao Lin et al. · Science Open access 3 Oct 2013 1,380
2 Technologies and perspectives for achieving carbon neutrality Fang Wang et al. · The Innovation Open access 29 Oct 2021 1,327
3 Dryland climate change: Recent progress and challenges Jianping Huang et al. · Reviews of Geophysics 19 Jul 2017 957
4 Signal transduction during cold, salt, and drought stresses in plants Guotao Huang, Shiliang Ma, Li-Ping Bai et al. · Molecular Biology Reports 14 May 2011 925
5 Long-term nutrient inputs shift soil microbial functional profiles of phosphorus cycling in diverse agroecosystems Zhongmin Dai, Guofei Liu, Huaihai Chen et al. · The ISME Journal Open access 11 Dec 2019 809
All 60 most cited papers, with filters and sorting

Which keywords describe research at Shenyang Agricultural University?

By fractional works in 2022-now, weighted toward what it does more of than the world: Gene Expression, Climate Change, Transcription Factors, Antioxidants, Genetic Regulation, Oxidative Stress, Epigenetic Regulation and Metabolism.

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's

Size is fractional works in 2022-now in the topics tagged with each word; colour is the word's share of this institution's work against its share of the world's. The 40 words are chosen for being large and distinctive. Each links to the topic it comes from most.

All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Climate Change266▲ 3.2×69 topics
  2. Gene Expression187▲ 9.8×16 topics
  3. Transcription Factors172▲ 44×5 topics
  4. Oxidative Stress159▲ 3.2×52 topics
  5. Antioxidants126▲ 9.4×13 topics
  6. Genetic Regulation105▲ 21×4 topics
  7. Metabolism104▲ 6.5×26 topics
  8. Epigenetic Regulation98▲ 15×5 topics
  9. Anthocyanins93▲ 44×2 topics
  10. Regulation92▲ 5.7×14 topics
  11. Microbial Communities91▲ 6.9×10 topics
  12. MicroRNA88▲ 24×2 topics
  13. Development87▲ 8.0×8 topics
  14. Ecosystem Functioning86▲ 14×6 topics
  15. Auxin85▲ 59×1 topic
  16. Plant85▲ 59×1 topic
  17. Antioxidant Activity84▲ 4.5×23 topics
  18. Signal Transduction84▲ 18×5 topics
  19. Metabolic Pathways82▲ 49×3 topics
  20. Aroma Compounds79▲ 29×3 topics
  21. Plant Development78▲ 39×3 topics
  22. Flavonoids77▲ 9.9×11 topics
  23. Drought Resistance74▲ 25×4 topics
  24. Flavonoid Biosynthesis73▲ 80×1 topic
  25. MYB73▲ 80×1 topic
  26. Reactive Oxygen Species73▲ 5.8×12 topics
  27. Soil Fertility71▲ 10×7 topics
  28. Plant Immunity69▲ 24×2 topics
  29. Rhizosphere Interactions68▲ 26×2 topics
  30. Plant Responses67▲ 28×2 topics
  31. Soil Carbon Sequestration67▲ 28×2 topics
  32. Modified Atmosphere Packaging65▲ 25×2 topics
  33. Polyphenols65▲ 12×5 topics
  34. Biochar Application62▲ 20×2 topics
  35. Nutrient Limitation62▲ 18×2 topics
  36. Nitrogen Cycle62▲ 30×1 topic
  37. Organic Matter Dynamics62▲ 30×1 topic
  38. QTL Mapping62▲ 18×6 topics
  39. Root Exudates62▲ 28×2 topics
  40. Horticultural Crops62▲ 26×3 topics

Which research topics does Shenyang Agricultural University publish most on?

By volume in 2022-now: Plant Molecular Biology Research, Plant Gene Expression Analysis, Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics and Plant-Microbe Interactions and Immunity.

Plant Molecular Biology …85Plant Molecular Biology Research: 85 fractional worksPlant Gene Expression An…73Plant Gene Expression Analysis: 73 fractional worksSoil Carbon and Nitrogen…62Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics: 62 fractional worksPlant-Microbe Interactio…51Plant-Microbe Interactions and Immunity: 51 fractional worksPlant Stress Responses and Tolerance: 50 fractional worksPlant nutrient uptake and metabolism: 48 fractional worksPostharvest Quality and …47Postharvest Quality and Shelf Life Management: 47 fractional worksPhytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities: 35 fractional worksPlant Reproductive Biology: 30 fractional worksPhotosynthetic Processes and Mechanisms: 28 fractional works
Plant ScienceMolecular BiologySoil ScienceBiochemistry

Area is fractional works; colour is the subfield each topic belongs to.

  1. 1 Plant Molecular Biology Research Plant Science 85 works
  2. 2 Plant Gene Expression Analysis Molecular Biology 73 works
  3. 3 Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics Soil Science 62 works
  4. 4 Plant-Microbe Interactions and Immunity Plant Science 51 works
  5. 5 Plant Stress Responses and Tolerance Plant Science 50 works
  6. 6 Plant nutrient uptake and metabolism Plant Science 48 works
  7. 7 Postharvest Quality and Shelf Life Management Plant Science 47 works
  8. 8 Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities Biochemistry 35 works
  9. 9 Plant Reproductive Biology Molecular Biology 30 works
  10. 10 Photosynthetic Processes and Mechanisms Molecular Biology 28 works

How open and international is its research?

Against the world's own shares: the tick on each track. Both are shares of its output, so they sit on one scale and can be read against each other as well as against the world.

openly available32.1%not open67.9%

World: 40% of research is openly available.

with international co-authors5.4%domestic only94.6%

World: 18% is written across borders.

How has Shenyang Agricultural University's research output changed?

Output in 2022-2025 was 69% higher than in 2018-2021.

still counting1990200020102020
grewheldshrank

The same series as a ribbon: one cell per year, darker for more. The line above answers how much; this answers when.

Its share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share: all of science grows. This is Shenyang Agricultural University as a percentage of every work published that year, 0.012% in 2024.

still counting0.010%0.020%0.030%Shenyang Agricultural University0.013% in 20251990200020102020

Fractional works of Shenyang Agricultural University over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

Year by year, against all institutions in the same year.

still counting10%20%Shenyang Agricultural University16.3% in 2025all institutions10.0% in 202520102020

Of each year's output, the share that reached the world's 10% most cited for its field and year. Peak 16.8% in 2024.

Other research institutions in Shenyang

All research institutions in Shenyang

Share Shenyang Agricultural University's ranking

Shenyang Agricultural University on Science Explorer

A card with Shenyang Agricultural University's standing and the fields it leads in, for a post or a slide. A link to this page previews as the same card.

Download the card

1200 × 630 PNG, sized for social posts, drawn from the latest snapshot.

Badges for a website2Each links back here and updates with every snapshot

Its overall standing, then the domains, fields and subfields where Shenyang Agricultural University is in the world's top ten or its top 1%. Each has an image of its own.

Overall

Fields

Research measures only: rankings here say nothing about teaching, admissions or student experience. Comparable institutions and collaboration partners have tabs of their own, above.

Discussion

Ask a question or share a note about Shenyang Agricultural University. Keep it to the research: no personal attacks, advertising or links. Any reader can report a post, which collapses it for everyone until it is opened.