Science Explorer Back to mapMap
Discussion
University · Giessen · Germany

Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen

In research, Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen stands highest in Physical Sciences (#3,890 of 10,670 worldwide), Engineering (#4,036 of 5,901 worldwide) and Social Sciences (#7,228 of 9,585 worldwide), 2022-now.

thm.deROR OpenAlex
World rank, 2022-now
#5,760
of 22,385 · #5,518 all time
Rank in Germany
#202
of 795
Research works
1.5k
▲ 12% vs 2018-21
Citations
9.1k
6.2 per fractional work
Top-10% rate
6.3%
all institutions 10.0%
vs its own fields
0.95×
1.00× is exactly expected
Open access
37%
world 40%
International
17%
world 18%
Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen

What is Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen known for in research?

The fields where it stands highest, 2022-now, ranked among every institution above the floor in each field.

FieldWorld rankWhere that sitsTop-10% rateWorksAll time
Physical SciencesDomain #3,890 of 10,670 5.1%251 #4032
EngineeringField #4,036 of 5,901 4.1%139 #4932
Social SciencesDomain #7,228 of 9,585 6.0%101 #6562

Each strip is that field's whole ranked pool, with the notch where Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen sits in it, in the colour of the band that rank falls in. The track under the rate is the rate itself: it carries no average mark, because the average differs by field (from about 6% in Dentistry to 21% in Economics).

Which of those standings moved

The same fields on both windows: where it stood over the whole record, and where it stands in 2022-now. The distance is the story, and it is the one thing the two rank columns above cannot show.

  1. Physical Sciences#4,032 #3,890
  2. Engineering#4,932 #4,036
  3. Social Sciences#6,562 #7,228
all time2022-now, better2022-now, worse

A dot further right is a better standing. Fields it was not ranked in over the whole record are left out.

Which fields of science does Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen work in?

In 2022-now, 57% of research at Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen is in Physical Sciences, 23% in Social Sciences. Its largest fields are Engineering (31%), Computer Science (12%), Business, Management and Accounting (10%). It does 1.4× the world's share of Physical Sciences.

Physical Sciences: 283 fractional works · 56.7% of its workEngineering: 156 fractional works · 31.3% of its workElectrical and Electronic Engineering: 31 fractional works · 6.1% of its workMechanical Engineering: 25 fractional works · 5.1% of its workBiomedical Engineering: 17 fractional works · 3.4% of its workIndustrial and Manufacturing Engineering: 16 fractional works · 3.3% of its workMechanics of Materials: 16 fractional works · 3.2% of its workCivil and Structural Engineering: 12 fractional works · 2.4% of its workComputational Mechanics: 10 fractional works · 2.0% of its workBuilding and Construction: 8 fractional works · 1.7% of its workAutomotive Engineering: 6 fractional works · 1.1% of its workMedia Technology: 4 fractional works · 0.9% of its workArchitecture: 3 fractional works · 0.7% of its workAerospace Engineering: 3 fractional works · 0.5% of its workControl and Systems Engineering: 3 fractional works · 0.5% of its workOcean Engineering: 2 fractional works · 0.3% of its workComputer Science: 58 fractional works · 11.6% of its workArtificial Intelligence: 21 fractional works · 4.2% of its workComputational Theory and Mathematics: 8 fractional works · 1.5% of its workInformation Systems: 7 fractional works · 1.5% of its workComputer Networks and Communications: 7 fractional works · 1.3% of its workComputer Vision and Pattern Recognition: 6 fractional works · 1.2% of its workHuman-Computer Interaction: 4 fractional works · 0.8% of its workComputer Science Applications: 2 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSignal Processing: 1 fractional works · 0.3% of its workHardware and Architecture: 1 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 1 fractional works · 0.3% of its workPhysics and Astronomy: 18 fractional works · 3.6% of its workAtomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics: 8 fractional works · 1.6% of its workAstronomy and Astrophysics: 4 fractional works · 0.8% of its workRadiation: 3 fractional works · 0.6% of its workStatistical and Nonlinear Physics: 1 fractional works · 0.2% of its workNuclear and High Energy Physics: 1 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 1 fractional works · 0.2% of its workMathematics: 16 fractional works · 3.3% of its workApplied Mathematics: 5 fractional works · 1.0% of its workStatistics and Probability: 4 fractional works · 0.8% of its workNumerical Analysis: 2 fractional works · 0.5% of its workGeometry and Topology: 2 fractional works · 0.3% of its workAlgebra and Number Theory: 1 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 2 fractional works · 0.5% of its workEnvironmental Science: 14 fractional works · 2.8% of its workEnvironmental Engineering: 7 fractional works · 1.5% of its workGlobal and Planetary Change: 1 fractional works · 0.2% of its workNature and Landscape Conservation: 1 fractional works · 0.2% of its workEcology: 1 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 3 fractional works · 0.7% of its workMaterials Science: 9 fractional works · 1.8% of its workMaterials Chemistry: 3 fractional works · 0.7% of its workPolymers and Plastics: 2 fractional works · 0.4% of its workBiomaterials: 1 fractional works · 0.3% of its workGeneral Materials Science: 1 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 1 fractional works · 0.2% of its workEarth and Planetary Sciences: 4 fractional works · 0.8% of its workGeology: 2 fractional works · 0.3% of its workAtmospheric Science: 1 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 1 fractional works · 0.2% of its workChemistry: 3 fractional works · 0.6% of its workEnergy: 3 fractional works · 0.5% of its workRenewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment: 3 fractional works · 0.5% of its workChemical Engineering: 1 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSocial Sciences: 117 fractional works · 23.4% of its workBusiness, Management and Accounting: 52 fractional works · 10.4% of its workManagement of Technology and Innovation: 14 fractional works · 2.9% of its workStrategy and Management: 14 fractional works · 2.7% of its workOrganizational Behavior and Human Resource Management: 9 fractional works · 1.8% of its workMarketing: 8 fractional works · 1.7% of its workManagement Information Systems: 5 fractional works · 1.0% of its workTourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management: 1 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSocial Sciences: 35 fractional works · 7.1% of its workSociology and Political Science: 18 fractional works · 3.5% of its workEducation: 6 fractional works · 1.3% of its workPolitical Science and International Relations: 5 fractional works · 0.9% of its workLaw: 2 fractional works · 0.5% of its workCommunication: 2 fractional works · 0.3% of its workTransportation: 1 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 2 fractional works · 0.4% of its workArts and Humanities: 12 fractional works · 2.4% of its workLanguage and Linguistics: 3 fractional works · 0.7% of its workMuseology: 2 fractional works · 0.5% of its workHistory and Philosophy of Science: 2 fractional works · 0.4% of its workLiterature and Literary Theory: 2 fractional works · 0.3% of its workPhilosophy: 1 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 2 fractional works · 0.3% of its workEconomics, Econometrics and Finance: 7 fractional works · 1.4% of its workEconomics and Econometrics: 5 fractional works · 1.1% of its workSmaller subfields together: 1 fractional works · 0.3% of its workDecision Sciences: 5 fractional works · 1.0% of its workManagement Science and Operations Research: 3 fractional works · 0.7% of its workInformation Systems and Management: 2 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 0 fractional works · 0.1% of its workPsychology: 5 fractional works · 1.0% of its workSocial Psychology: 2 fractional works · 0.4% of its workDevelopmental and Educational Psychology: 1 fractional works · 0.2% of its workExperimental and Cognitive Psychology: 1 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 1 fractional works · 0.2% of its workHealth Sciences: 60 fractional works · 11.9% of its workMedicine: 50 fractional works · 10.0% of its workPulmonary and Respiratory Medicine: 9 fractional works · 1.8% of its workRadiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging: 8 fractional works · 1.5% of its workCardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine: 6 fractional works · 1.2% of its workSurgery: 5 fractional works · 1.1% of its workPublic Health, Environmental and Occupational Health: 3 fractional works · 0.5% of its workEmergency Medicine: 3 fractional works · 0.5% of its workEpidemiology: 3 fractional works · 0.5% of its workInfectious Diseases: 2 fractional works · 0.4% of its workPhysiology: 1 fractional works · 0.3% of its workOncology: 1 fractional works · 0.3% of its workEndocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism: 1 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 8 fractional works · 1.7% of its workHealth Professions: 8 fractional works · 1.7% of its workGeneral Health Professions: 5 fractional works · 0.9% of its workPhysical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation: 1 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSpeech and Hearing: 1 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 1 fractional works · 0.2% of its workDentistry: 1 fractional works · 0.2% of its workNursing: 1 fractional works · 0.1% of its workLife Sciences: 40 fractional works · 8.0% of its workBiochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology: 23 fractional works · 4.5% of its workMolecular Biology: 16 fractional works · 3.2% of its workGenetics: 4 fractional works · 0.8% of its workBiotechnology: 1 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 2 fractional works · 0.3% of its workNeuroscience: 7 fractional works · 1.4% of its workCognitive Neuroscience: 4 fractional works · 0.9% of its workCellular and Molecular Neuroscience: 1 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 2 fractional works · 0.3% of its workAgricultural and Biological Sciences: 6 fractional works · 1.2% of its workPlant Science: 2 fractional works · 0.4% of its workFood Science: 2 fractional works · 0.4% of its workSmaller subfields together: 2 fractional works · 0.4% of its workImmunology and Microbiology: 3 fractional works · 0.6% of its workMicrobiology: 1 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 2 fractional works · 0.4% of its workPharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics: 2 fractional works · 0.3% of its workALL ITS WORKTechnischeHochschule…499fractional works, 2022-now
Life Sciences8%Physical Sciences57%Health Sciences12%Social Sciences23%

Each ring splits the one inside it: the four domains of science, their fields, their subfields. Size is fractional works in 2022-now. Every slice is a page; the interactive view zooms down to single topics and colours each by how much more of it this institution does than the world.

Its 4 domains and 25 fields, with their numbers
    1. Engineering15631.3%
    2. Computer Science5811.6%
    3. Physics and Astronomy183.6%
    4. Mathematics163.3%
    5. Environmental Science142.8%
    6. Materials Science91.8%
    7. Earth and Planetary Sciences40.8%
    8. Chemistry30.6%
    9. Energy30.5%
    10. Chemical Engineering10.2%
    1. Business, Management and Accounting5210.4%
    2. Social Sciences357.1%
    3. Arts and Humanities122.4%
    4. Economics, Econometrics and Finance71.4%
    5. Decision Sciences51.0%
    6. Psychology51.0%
    1. Medicine5010.0%
    2. Health Professions81.7%
    3. Dentistry10.2%
    4. Nursing10.1%
    1. Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology234.5%
    2. Neuroscience71.4%
    3. Agricultural and Biological Sciences61.2%
    4. Immunology and Microbiology30.6%
    5. Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics20.3%
All of science, and how each field's share has moved since 1950: the Science domain explorer

Field profile

Location quotient across every field it publishes in: outside the ring is more than an institution of this size would be expected to publish, inside it is less.

Agricultural and Biological Sciences: 0.24× its world share, 6 worksAgricultural and Bio…Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology: 0.85× its world share, 23 worksBiochemistry, Geneti…Immunology and Microbiology: 0.64× its world share, 3 worksImmunology and Micro…Neuroscience: 0.85× its world share, 7 worksNeurosciencePharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics: 0.87× its world share, 2 worksPharmacology, Toxico…Chemical Engineering: 0.49× its world share, 1 worksChemical EngineeringChemistry: 0.41× its world share, 3 worksChemistryComputer Science: 1.50× its world share, 58 worksComputer ScienceEarth and Planetary Sciences: 0.53× its world share, 4 worksEarth and Planetary …Energy: 0.59× its world share, 3 worksEnergyEngineering: 2.09× its world share, 156 worksEngineeringEnvironmental Science: 0.57× its world share, 14 worksEnvironmental ScienceMaterials Science: 0.52× its world share, 9 worksMaterials ScienceMathematics: 2.79× its world share, 16 worksMathematicsPhysics and Astronomy: 1.61× its world share, 18 worksPhysics and AstronomyDentistry: 0.37× its world share, 1 worksDentistryHealth Professions: 0.63× its world share, 8 worksHealth ProfessionsMedicine: 0.52× its world share, 50 worksMedicineNursing: 0.29× its world share, 1 worksNursingArts and Humanities: 0.84× its world share, 12 worksArts and HumanitiesBusiness, Management and Accounting: 3.23× its world share, 52 worksBusiness, Management…Decision Sciences: 1.07× its world share, 5 worksDecision SciencesEconomics, Econometrics and Finance: 0.65× its world share, 7 worksEconomics, Econometr…Psychology: 0.33× its world share, 5 worksPsychologySocial Sciences: 0.56× its world share, 35 worksSocial Sciences1×world share
more than its size predictsabout as predictedless

Rings at 0.5×, 1× and 2×. Widest outward: Business, Management and Accounting, 3.2×. Every wedge is a field page.

All 25 fields, with their numbers
  1. Business, Management and Accounting3.23×52 works
  2. Mathematics2.79×16 works
  3. Engineering2.09×156 works
  4. Physics and Astronomy1.61×18 works
  5. Computer Science1.50×58 works
  6. Decision Sciences1.07×5 works
  7. Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics0.87×2 works
  8. Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology0.85×23 works
  9. Neuroscience0.85×7 works
  10. Arts and Humanities0.84×12 works
  11. Economics, Econometrics and Finance0.65×7 works
  12. Immunology and Microbiology0.64×3 works
  13. Health Professions0.63×8 works
  14. Energy0.59×3 works
  15. Environmental Science0.57×14 works
  16. Social Sciences0.56×35 works
  17. Earth and Planetary Sciences0.53×4 works
  18. Materials Science0.52×9 works
  19. Medicine0.52×50 works
  20. Chemical Engineering0.49×1 works
  21. Chemistry0.41×3 works
  22. Dentistry0.37×1 works
  23. Psychology0.33×5 works
  24. Nursing0.29×1 works
  25. Agricultural and Biological Sciences0.24×6 works

Who are the top researchers at Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen?

Ranked on the quality score, Günther Martin, Ulrich Vossebein and Christin Katharina Kreutz lead among researchers whose main affiliation is Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen.

  1. 1 Günther Martin Germany · #1,314,661 worldwide 1.7k citations · 171 works
  2. 2 Ulrich Vossebein Germany · #1,968,023 worldwide 355 citations · 141 works
  3. 3 Christin Katharina Kreutz Germany · #2,016,947 worldwide 184 citations · 66 works
  4. 4 Gabriele Hildmann Germany · #2,208,565 worldwide 121 citations · 47 works
  5. 5 Uwe Probst Germany · #2,291,943 worldwide 638 citations · 111 works
  6. 6 Peter F. Orlowski Germany · #2,356,436 worldwide 39 citations · 96 works
  7. 7 Stefan Kolling Germany · #2,390,177 worldwide 2.5k citations · 98 works
  8. 8 Peter Römisch Germany · #2,480,405 worldwide 41 citations · 61 works
  9. 9 Jasmin Leber Germany · #2,743,838 worldwide 470 citations · 19 works
  10. 10 Rudolf Griemert Germany · #2,837,903 worldwide 42 citations · 64 works
All ranked researchers at Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen

What are the most cited papers from Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen?

The most cited paper from Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen is "NeuroKit2: A Python toolbox for neurophysiological signal processing" (Dominique Makowski, Tam N. Pham, Zen Juen Lau et al., 2021), with 1,405 citations. Next come "Chemo-mechanical expansion of lithium electrode materials – on the route to mechanically optimized all-solid-state batteries" (879) and "Organization of high-level visual cortex in human infants" (359).

Most cited papers
#PaperReleasedCitations
1 NeuroKit2: A Python toolbox for neurophysiological signal processing Dominique Makowski, Tam N. Pham, Zen Juen Lau et al. · Behavior Research Methods Open access 2 Feb 2021 1,405
2 Chemo-mechanical expansion of lithium electrode materials – on the route to mechanically optimized all-solid-state batteries Raimund Koerver, Wenbo Zhang, Lea de Biasi et al. · Energy & Environmental Science 2018 879
3 Organization of high-level visual cortex in human infants Ben Deen, Hilary Richardson, Daniel D. Dilks et al. · Nature Communications Open access 10 Jan 2017 359
4 The size, shape, density and ring of the dwarf planet Haumea from a stellar occultation José Luis Ortiz et al. · Nature Open access Oct 2017 263
5 Toxin Genes and Other Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Milk of Cows with Mastitis Ömer Akineden, C. Annemüller, Abdulwahed Ahmed Hassan et al. · Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology Open access Sep 2001 230
All 60 most cited papers, with filters and sorting

Which keywords describe research at Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen?

By fractional works in 2022-now, weighted toward what it does more of than the world: Customer Experience, Digital Transformation, Sustainable Development, Big Data, Mobile Health, Business Models, Technology Innovation and Artificial Intelligence.

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's

Size is fractional works in 2022-now in the topics tagged with each word; colour is the word's share of this institution's work against its share of the world's. The 40 words are chosen for being large and distinctive. Each links to the topic it comes from most.

All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Sustainable Development28▲ 3.5×15 topics
  2. Sustainability24▲ 2.0×33 topics
  3. Artificial Intelligence22▲ 3.0×17 topics
  4. Big Data21▲ 4.3×13 topics
  5. Digital Transformation20▲ 7.6×7 topics
  6. Customer Experience20▲ 25×4 topics
  7. Renewable Energy16▲ 2.3×16 topics
  8. E-commerce16▲ 5.5×4 topics
  9. Mobile Health15▲ 20×2 topics
  10. Business Models14▲ 38×1 topic
  11. Technology Innovation14▲ 82×1 topic
  12. Customer Relationship Management13▲ 19×2 topics
  13. Fracture Mechanics12▲ 39×3 topics
  14. Additive Manufacturing11▲ 7.2×5 topics
  15. Investment Decisions11▲ 18×2 topics
  16. Information Technology11▲ 4.6×4 topics
  17. Composite Structures10▲ 47×2 topics
  18. Digital Capital10▲ 118×1 topic
  19. Value Chains10▲ 118×1 topic
  20. Renewable Resources10▲ 11×4 topics
  21. Software Engineering10▲ 22×2 topics
  22. Finite Element Model9▲ 81×2 topics
  23. Flexible Automation9▲ 74×1 topic
  24. Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems9▲ 74×1 topic
  25. Structural Analysis9▲ 21×3 topics
  26. Thermal Management9▲ 5.8×5 topics
  27. Finite Element Analysis9▲ 8.1×7 topics
  28. Automotive Engineering8▲ 203×1 topic
  29. Lightweight Materials8▲ 203×1 topic
  30. Engineering8▲ 37×4 topics
  31. Quantum Information8▲ 14×2 topics
  32. Failure Analysis8▲ 18×4 topics
  33. Materials Science8▲ 40×3 topics
  34. Vibration Analysis8▲ 6.0×3 topics
  35. Fluid Dynamics8▲ 11×2 topics
  36. Mathematical Modeling8▲ 17×1 topic
  37. Turbine Technology8▲ 88×1 topic
  38. Blast Loading7▲ 35×2 topics
  39. Laminated Glass7▲ 117×1 topic
  40. Structural Adhesives7▲ 117×1 topic

Which research topics does Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen publish most on?

By volume in 2022-now: Digital Innovation in Industries, Corporate Governance and Management, Flexible and Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems and Engineering and Materials Science Studies.

Digital Innovation in Industries: 14 fractional worksCorporate Governance and Management: 10 fractional worksFlexible and Reconfigura…9Flexible and Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems: 9 fractional worksEngineering and Material…8Engineering and Materials Science Studies: 8 fractional worksPhysics and Engineering Research Articles: 8 fractional worksStructural Analysis of Composite Materials: 7 fractional worksMechanical Behavior of C…5Mechanical Behavior of Composites: 5 fractional worksCorporate Management and Leadership: 5 fractional worksConsumer Retail Behavior Studies: 5 fractional worksQuantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture: 4 fractional works
Management of Technology and InnovationStrategy and ManagementIndustrial and Manufacturing EngineeringMechanical Engineering5 others

Area is fractional works; colour is the subfield each topic belongs to.

  1. 1 Digital Innovation in Industries Management of Technology and Innovation 14 works
  2. 2 Corporate Governance and Management Strategy and Management 10 works
  3. 3 Flexible and Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering 9 works
  4. 4 Engineering and Materials Science Studies Mechanical Engineering 8 works
  5. 5 Physics and Engineering Research Articles Computational Mechanics 8 works
  6. 6 Structural Analysis of Composite Materials Mechanical Engineering 7 works
  7. 7 Mechanical Behavior of Composites Mechanics of Materials 5 works
  8. 8 Corporate Management and Leadership Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management 5 works
  9. 9 Consumer Retail Behavior Studies Marketing 5 works
  10. 10 Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture Artificial Intelligence 4 works

How open and international is its research?

Against the world's own shares: the tick on each track. Both are shares of its output, so they sit on one scale and can be read against each other as well as against the world.

openly available37.3%not open62.7%

World: 40% of research is openly available.

with international co-authors17.3%domestic only82.7%

World: 18% is written across borders.

How has Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen's research output changed?

Output in 2022-2025 was 12% higher than in 2018-2021.

still counting1990200020102020
grewheldshrank

The same series as a ribbon: one cell per year, darker for more. The line above answers how much; this answers when.

Its share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share: all of science grows. This is Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen as a percentage of every work published that year, 0.0017% in 2024.

still counting0.0020%0.0040%Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen0.0015% in 20251990200020102020

Fractional works of Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

Year by year, against all institutions in the same year.

still counting5%10%15%all institutions10.0% in 2025Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen7.1% in 20252020

Of each year's output, the share that reached the world's 10% most cited for its field and year. Peak 7.9% in 2015.

Other research institutions in Giessen

All research institutions in Giessen

Share Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen's ranking

Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen on Science Explorer

A card with Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen's standing and the fields it leads in, for a post or a slide. A link to this page previews as the same card.

Download the card

1200 × 630 PNG, sized for social posts, drawn from the latest snapshot.

Badges for a website1Each links back here and updates with every snapshot

Research measures only: rankings here say nothing about teaching, admissions or student experience. Comparable institutions and collaboration partners have tabs of their own, above.

Discussion

Ask a question or share a note about Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen. Keep it to the research: no personal attacks, advertising or links. Any reader can report a post, which collapses it for everyone until it is opened.