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Subfield · Computer Science

Computer Science Applications research

Computer Science Applications is a subfield of Computer Science. Science Explorer counts 181k research works in it since 1950. 10.0% of them reached the world's top 10% most cited for their field and year.

In short: study of computation.

Research works
181k
fractional, since 1950
In the world top 10%
18k
per year above
Top-10% rate
10.0%
share of its works in the world top 10%
Topics
10
Growth, 2018-21 → 2022-25
+36%
the tick is no change
Largest producer
United States
23% of the 10 largest, 2022-now
Computer Science Applications

What is Computer Science Applications research about, and what is growing?

By the world's output in 2021-25, its most used keywords are Learning Analytics, Student Engagement, Online Learning, Educational Data Mining, Massive Open Online Courses, E-Learning. Gaining share since 2011-15: Health Education, Metaverse, Educational Challenges, Internet of Things, Student Engagement. Losing share: Learning Object Repositories, Open Educational Resources, Collaboration, Open Source Software.

▲ gaining share of this field◆ holding its share▼ losing share

Size is the world's fractional works in 2021-25 in the topics tagged with each word; colour compares the word's share of this field with 2011-15. Each links to the topic it comes from most.

All 30 words, with their numbers
  1. Learning Analytics31k▲ 1.42×2 topics
  2. Student Engagement29k▲ 2.0×2 topics
  3. Online Learning25k◆ 1.15×2 topics
  4. Educational Data Mining23k▲ 1.74×1 topic
  5. Massive Open Online Courses23k▲ 1.74×1 topic
  6. E-Learning19k▲ 1.31×2 topics
  7. Innovation16k▼ 0.66×3 topics
  8. Educational Technology14k◆ 0.96×2 topics
  9. Knowledge Management12k◆ 0.93×1 topic
  10. Technology12k◆ 0.93×1 topic
  11. STEM Education11k▲ 1.23×2 topics
  12. Computational Thinking8,473◆ 0.95×1 topic
  13. Programming Education8,473◆ 0.95×1 topic
  14. Crowdsourcing7,400▼ 0.44×2 topics
  15. Social Networks7,249◆ 0.94×2 topics
  16. Educational Challenges6,947▲ 4.7×1 topic
  17. Internet of Things6,947▲ 4.7×1 topic
  18. Mechanical Turk4,282▼ 0.58×1 topic
  19. Mobile Sensing4,282▼ 0.58×1 topic
  20. Artificial Intelligence3,826▲ 1.81×2 topics
  21. Collaboration3,118▼ 0.33×1 topic
  22. Open Source Software3,118▼ 0.33×1 topic
  23. Health Education2,967▲ 8.6×1 topic
  24. Metaverse2,967▲ 8.6×1 topic
  25. Learning Object Repositories2,526▼ 0.28×1 topic
  26. Open Educational Resources2,526▼ 0.28×1 topic
  27. Digital Education1,508▲ 1.40×1 topic
  28. Technological Literacy1,508▲ 1.40×1 topic
  29. Computing859▼ 0.49×1 topic
  30. History859▼ 0.49×1 topic

Which countries lead Computer Science Applications research?

On research quality in 2022-now, the United States, China and Spain rank highest in Computer Science Applications. By volume, the United States and Indonesia publish the most (8.7k and 7.4k works in 2022-now).

By research quality, 2022-now

  1. 1 United States #1 all time 0.90× citation excellence · 1.51× journals · 100% breadth 10.5% top 10% · 7.4k works
  2. 2 China #3 all time 1.17× citation excellence · 1.06× journals · 100% breadth 13.2% top 10% · 5.1k works
  3. 3 Spain #2 all time 1.51× citation excellence · 1.00× journals · 100% breadth 12.0% top 10% · 2.5k works
  4. 4 United Kingdom #4 all time 1.12× citation excellence · 1.44× journals · 100% breadth 13.3% top 10% · 1.3k works
  5. 5 Germany #5 all time 1.06× citation excellence · 1.39× journals · 100% breadth 11.1% top 10% · 1.4k works
  6. 6 Australia #6 all time 1.57× citation excellence · 1.20× journals · 100% breadth 18.5% top 10% · 792 works
  7. 7 Netherlands #8 all time 1.35× citation excellence · 1.45× journals · 100% breadth 15.3% top 10% · 393 works
  8. 8 Canada #7 all time 0.99× citation excellence · 1.19× journals · 100% breadth 10.9% top 10% · 834 works
  9. 9 Switzerland #9 all time 1.25× citation excellence · 1.87× journals · 100% breadth 12.6% top 10% · 250 works
  10. 10 Sweden #14 all time 1.29× citation excellence · 1.39× journals · 100% breadth 14.9% top 10% · 310 works

The track on each row is that row's top-10% rate. The ranking itself is the quality score, which compares the rate with what each place's own topics predict, adds its share of papers in the Nature Index journals, and counts output and breadth too.

Of 44 countries ranked in Computer Science Applications. Ranked on the quality score for 2022-now; the bracket is the all-time rank.

All countries ranked in Computer Science Applications

By volume, 2022-now

  1. 1 United States 8.7k works
  2. 2 Indonesia 7.4k works
  3. 3 China 5.7k works
  4. 4 India 3.3k works
  5. 5 Spain 2.9k works
  6. 6 Mexico 2k works
  7. 7 Ecuador 1.8k works
  8. 8 Brazil 1.8k works
  9. 9 Germany 1.6k works
  10. 10 United Kingdom 1.5k works

How concentrated that is

The same countries as shares of everything the list above accounts for. A node where two countries do two thirds of the work and one spread evenly across twelve read alike as a ranking and not at all alike here.

United States: 23.5%Indonesia: 20.1%China: 15.5%India: 9.1%6 others listed: 31.8%23%largest
United States8,670 · 23.5%Indonesia7,415 · 20.1%China5,727 · 15.5%India3,346 · 9.1%6 others listed12k · 31.8%

Shares of the rows listed above, not of the whole node.

Which institutions lead Computer Science Applications research?

University of Hong Kong (China) ranks first in Computer Science Applications on research quality in 2022-now, followed by Nanyang Technological University and Education University of Hong Kong.

By research quality, 2022-now

  1. 1 University of Hong Kong China · Pok Fu Lam · #4 all time 28.1% top 10% · 112 works
  2. 2 Nanyang Technological University Singapore · Singapore · #5 all time 21.5% top 10% · 98 works
  3. 3 Education University of Hong Kong China · Tai Po · #7 all time 40.2% top 10% · 98 works
  4. 4 Beijing Normal University China · Beijing · #16 all time 21.9% top 10% · 118 works
  5. 5 Monash University Australia · Melbourne · #8 all time 30.0% top 10% · 82 works
  6. 6 Stanford University United States · Stanford · #1 all time 18.3% top 10% · 71 works
  7. 7 Chinese University of Hong Kong China · Hong Kong · #32 all time 38.0% top 10% · 60 works
  8. 8 University of Washington United States · Seattle · #10 all time 19.9% top 10% · 78 works
  9. 9 Carnegie Mellon University United States · Pittsburgh · #2 all time 17.7% top 10% · 92 works
  10. 10 University College London United Kingdom · London · #23 all time 19.3% top 10% · 75 works

The track on each row is that row's top-10% rate. The ranking itself is the quality score, which compares the rate with what each place's own topics predict, adds its share of papers in the Nature Index journals, and counts output and breadth too.

Of 75 institutions above the floor of 40 fractional works in Computer Science Applications.

Top 100 Computer Science Applications institutions

By volume, 2022-now

  1. 1 Universidad César VallejoPeru 253 works
  2. 2 State University of MalangIndonesia 252 works
  3. 3 Universidad Estatal de MilagroEcuador 240 works
  4. 4 Ação EducativaBrazil 217 works
  5. 5 State University of PadangIndonesia 176 works
  6. 6 Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueFrance 159 works
  7. 7 Universidad Bolivariana del Ecuador 154 works
  8. 8 Tecnológico de MonterreyMexico 153 works
  9. 9 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico 152 works
  10. 10 University of GuayaquilEcuador 149 works

Who are the leading researchers in Computer Science Applications?

Counting only their work in Computer Science Applications, Dragan Gašević, Gwo‐Jen Hwang and Ryan S. Baker have the most papers in the world top 10% for their subfield and year beyond the 10% expected.

  1. 1 Dragan Gašević Australia · #3,091 worldwide overall 105.6 of 196 papers here in the top 10%
  2. 2 Gwo‐Jen Hwang Taiwan · #196 worldwide overall 37.7 of 64 papers here in the top 10%
  3. 3 Ryan S. Baker United States · #109,907 worldwide overall 38.1 of 125 papers here in the top 10%
  4. 4 Shane Dawson Australia · #23,592 worldwide overall 31.9 of 68 papers here in the top 10%
  5. 5 Paul C. Denny New Zealand · #34,400 worldwide overall 30.6 of 67 papers here in the top 10%
  6. 6 Yi‐Shan Tsai Australia · #11,759 worldwide overall 23.7 of 36 papers here in the top 10%
  7. 7 Kenneth R. Koedinger United States · #72,982 worldwide overall 24.7 of 68 papers here in the top 10%
  8. 8 Roberto Martínez‐Maldonado Australia · #24,097 worldwide overall 21.9 of 46 papers here in the top 10%
  9. 9 Abelardo Pardo Spain · #187,078 worldwide overall 23.7 of 73 papers here in the top 10%
  10. 10 Yasmin B. Kafai United States · #122,373 worldwide overall 23.1 of 70 papers here in the top 10%

Ranked on their work in Computer Science Applications alone: how many more of their papers here reached the world top 10% for their subfield and year than the 10% expected, among 379,213 ranked researchers with a paper here. Each paper counts once, so many strong papers outrank one famous one, and a long record of ordinary papers does not climb. Identities come from OpenAlex author disambiguation, which occasionally merges or splits people.

Top 100 Computer Science Applications researchers

What are the most cited papers in Computer Science Applications?

The most cited paper in Computer Science Applications is "Determining Sample Size for Research Activities" (Robert V. Krejcie, Daryle W. Morgan, 1970), with 18,613 citations. Next come "Internet of Things (IoT): A vision, architectural elements, and future directions" (12,285) and "Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology" (9,417).

Most cited papers
#PaperReleasedCitations
1 Determining Sample Size for Research Activities Robert V. Krejcie, Daryle W. Morgan · Educational and Psychological Measurement Sep 1970 18,613
2 Internet of Things (IoT): A vision, architectural elements, and future directions Jayavardhana Gubbi, Rajkumar Buyya, Slaven Marusic et al. · Future Generation Computer Systems Open access 24 Feb 2013 12,285
3 Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology Henry W. Chesbrough Mar 2003 9,417
4 Organizational Learning and Communities-of-Practice: Toward a Unified View of Working, Learning, and Innovation John Seely Brown, Paul Duguid · Organization Science Feb 1991 8,411
5 Computational thinking Jeannette M. Wing · Communications of the ACM Open access Mar 2006 7,395
All 99 most cited papers, with filters and sorting

Where is Computer Science Applications research done?

The largest centres of Computer Science Applications research in 2022-now are Beijing (China), Jakarta (Indonesia), Madrid (Spain) and Bandung (Indonesia). Among places with at least 20 works in it, it is an unusually large share of all research in Quito and Durán.

Largest cities, 2022-now

  1. 1 BeijingChina 811 works
  2. 2 JakartaIndonesia 749 works
  3. 3 MadridSpain 582 works
  4. 4 BandungIndonesia 532 works
  5. 5 Mexico CityMexico 516 works
  6. 6 SurabayaIndonesia 482 works
  7. 7 GuayaquilEcuador 482 works
  8. 8 LimaPeru 477 works
  9. 9 MalangIndonesia 440 works
  10. 10 BogotáColombia 423 works

Where it is the local speciality

  1. Quito47.2 works44×
  2. Durán153.8 works29×
← less than its size predicts1×more →

Location quotient: how much more of its research is in Computer Science Applications than the world average.

See Computer Science Applications on the map

Computer Science Applications research by country

The best places for Computer Science Applications research inside each country, with that country's researchers and world standing.

Where is the best place to study Computer Science Applications?

Among universities, judged by research, University of Hong Kong, Education University of Hong Kong and Stanford University score highest, combining standing in the field's ranking, citation excellence, specialisation, size, growth and international reach. Research strength is one signal when choosing where to study; it does not measure teaching.

0%20%40%mean 24.59%fractional works in this field (log) →share of work in the world top 10% →Education University…University of Hong K…Nanyang Technologica…Stanford University
above the meannear itbelow it

One dot per university in the first ten of the table below, at the default weights. The upper left is the interesting corner: small places doing unusually strong work.

Standingthis field's institution ranking, three quarters all time and a quarter 2022-now
50%
Citation excellenceshare of its work in the world top 10%, 2022-now and all time averaged
20%
Specialisationhow much of its work is in this field, counted up to 10× the world share
5%
Sizeits output in this field, on a log scale
15%
Growthoutput growth, counted from -20% to +20%
5%
Internationalshare of its work with a co-author abroad
5%
Each slider sets a weight; the share it gets of the score is beside it.
#UniversityScoreRank in field (all time)Top 10%SpecialisationWorksGrowth
1University of Hong KongChina 81.6#1 (#4)27.4%2.5×121 +118.6%
2Education University of Hong KongChina 79.6#3 (#7)39.2%14.0×106 +224.2%
3Stanford UniversityUnited States 74.1#6 (#1)17.4%1.1×82 -0.7%
4Nanyang Technological UniversitySingapore 72.4#2 (#5)21.1%2.5×106 +72.4%
5Carnegie Mellon UniversityUnited States 67.6#9 (#2)16.4%4.8×106 -21.6%
6Monash UniversityAustralia 67.5#5 (#8)28.4%1.8×91 +24.2%
7Beijing Normal UniversityChina 60.3#4 (#16)21.3%3.0×126 +75.9%
8Chinese University of Hong KongChina 58.0#7 (#32)36.6%1.8×67 +162.6%
9University of WashingtonUnited States 55.6#8 (#10)19.1%1.5×88 +1.3%
10Central China Normal UniversityChina 53.0#11 (#26)19.0%9.0×119 +82.2%

Universities only. The score blends standing (50%), citation excellence (20%), size (15%), specialisation (5%), growth (5%), international reach (5%), 2022-now; growth compares 2018-21 with 2022-25 and counts up to +20%, since a jump from a small base is mostly noise. Standing is the score in this field's institution ranking, three quarters over all time and a quarter 2022-now; excellence averages the two windows too. Four years alone undercount fields such as AI, where many conference and arXiv papers from 2022 on carry no affiliation in the data.

Every institution in Computer Science Applications, country by country

Is Computer Science Applications research growing?

Output in 2022-2025 was 36% higher than in 2018-2021, peaking in 2025. The fastest-growing topics are Scientific Research and Technology, Online Learning and Analytics and Digital Media and Philosophy.

still counting19801990200020102020
grewheldshrank

The same series as a ribbon: one cell per year, darker for more. The line above answers how much; this answers when.

Its share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share: all of science grows. This is Computer Science Applications as a percentage of every work published that year, 0.25% in 2024.

still counting0.10%0.20%0.30%Computer Science Applications0.28% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works of Computer Science Applications over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

Year by year.

still counting5%10%15%Computer Science Applications10.0% in 2025200020102020

Of each year's works in it, the share that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. A field is the world for its own topics, so there is no other line to hold it against.

Which topics inside it are moving

Growth and decline on one axis around a shared zero. Two lists side by side hide the thing that matters: whether the growth dwarfs the decline, or the other way round.

  1. Scientific Research and Technology+191%
  2. Online Learning and Analytics+92%
  3. Digital Media and Philosophy+65%
  4. Teaching and Learning Programming+26%
  5. E-Learning and Knowledge Management+20%
  6. History of Computing Technologies+18%
  7. Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing-9%
  8. Open Education and E-Learning-10%
  9. Open Source Software Innovations-17%
← shrinkingno changegrowing →

Growth in output from 2018-21 to 2022-25. Every topic is a page of its own.

What does Computer Science Applications include?

Online Learning and Anal…45kOnline Learning and Analytics: 45k fractional worksE-Learning and Knowledge Management: 33k fractional worksTeaching and Learning Programming: 28k fractional worksOpen Education and E-Learning: 18k fractional worksOpen Source Software Innovations: 16k fractional worksMobile Crowdsensing and …14kMobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing: 14k fractional worksIoT-based Control Systems: 12k fractional worksHistory of Computing Technologies: 6,264 fractional worksScientific Research and Technology: 5,302 fractional worksDigital Media and Philosophy: 3,919 fractional works

Area is fractional works in that topic. Every name below is a page of its own.

Share who leads Computer Science Applications

Who leads Computer Science Applications, on Science Explorer

A card with the countries and institutions that lead Computer Science Applications, for a post or a slide.

Download the card

1200 × 630 PNG, sized for social posts, drawn from the latest snapshot.

The leading institutions' badges6Each links to that institution's page and updates with every snapshot

Discussion

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