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Topic · Pharmaceutical Science

Chemical Reactions and Isotopes

Chemical Reactions and Isotopes is a research topic within Pharmaceutical Science. Science Explorer counts 27k research works in it since 1950. 10.2% of them reached the world's top 10% most cited for their field and year.

This cluster of papers focuses on the use of deuterium and tritium labeling, hydrogen isotope exchange, and catalysis in drug discovery and development. It explores applications in medicinal chemistry, metabolism studies, and the incorporation of deuterium into pharmaceutical compounds. The research also highlights the use of iridium-catalyzed reactions and the impact of deuterium substitution on drug pharmacokinetics.

  • Deuterium
  • Drug Discovery
  • Isotope Chemistry
  • Medicinal Chemistry
  • Catalysis
  • Pharmaceutical Compounds
  • Tritium Labeling
  • Hydrogen Isotope Exchange
  • Metabolism Studies
  • Iridium-Catalyzed Reactions
Research works
27k
fractional, since 1950
In the world top 10%
2.8k
per year above
Top-10% rate
10.2%
share of its works in the world top 10%
Growth, 2018-21 → 2022-25
+20%
the tick is no change
Largest producer
United States
26% of the 10 largest, 2022-now
Chemical Reactions and Isotopes

Which countries lead Chemical Reactions and Isotopes research?

By volume, the United States and China publish the most (511 and 497 works in 2022-now).

By volume, 2022-now

  1. 1 United States 511 works
  2. 2 China 497 works
  3. 3 Russia 247 works
  4. 4 India 144 works
  5. 5 Germany 137 works
  6. 6 Japan 121 works
  7. 7 France 90 works
  8. 8 United Kingdom 79 works
  9. 9 Ukraine 71 works
  10. 10 Canada 48 works

How concentrated that is

The same countries as shares of everything the list above accounts for. A node where two countries do two thirds of the work and one spread evenly across twelve read alike as a ranking and not at all alike here.

United States: 26.3%China: 25.5%Russia: 12.7%India: 7.4%6 others listed: 28.0%26%largest
United States511 · 26.3%China497 · 25.5%Russia247 · 12.7%India144 · 7.4%6 others listed545 · 28.0%

Shares of the rows listed above, not of the whole node.

Which institutions lead Chemical Reactions and Isotopes research?

By volume in 2022-now, Russian Academy of Sciences publishes the most Chemical Reactions and Isotopes research, followed by Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Chinese Academy of Sciences.

By volume, 2022-now

  1. 1 Russian Academy of SciencesRussia 73 works
  2. 2 Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueFrance 36 works
  3. 3 Chinese Academy of SciencesChina 34 works
  4. 4 National Academy of Sciences of UkraineUkraine 20 works
  5. 5 University of North Carolina at Chapel HillUnited States 12 works
  6. 6 Evalueserve (India)India 10 works
  7. 7 Lomonosov Moscow State UniversityRussia 10 works
  8. 8 Sichuan UniversityChina 10 works
  9. 9 Helmholtz Association of German Research CentresGermany 10 works
  10. 10 Kurchatov InstituteRussia 10 works

Who are the leading researchers in Chemical Reactions and Isotopes?

The most-cited researchers publishing on Chemical Reactions and Isotopes include Michaël Grätzel, Robert A. Weinberg and George M. Whitesides.

  1. 1 Michaël Grätzel Switzerland 458k citations
  2. 2 Robert A. Weinberg United States 301k citations
  3. 3 George M. Whitesides United States 267k citations
  4. 4 Wei Huang China 267k citations
  5. 5 Charles M. Perou United States 263k citations
  6. 6 Hans C. Clevers Netherlands 260k citations

Ranked by citations received across their whole record, among researchers with at least three works on this topic.

What are the most cited papers in Chemical Reactions and Isotopes?

The most cited paper in Chemical Reactions and Isotopes is "A simple efficient liquid scintillator for counting aqueous solutions in a liquid scintillation counter" (George A. Bray, 1960), with 7,511 citations. Next come "THF EARLY STAGES OF ABSORPTION OF INJECTED HORSERADISH PEROXIDASE IN THE PROXIMAL TUBULES OF MOUSE KIDNEY: ULTRASTRUCTURAL CYTOCHEMISTRY BY A NEW TECHNIQUE" (6,512) and "Enzymic method for quantitative determination of nanogram amounts of total and oxidized glutathione: Applications to mammalian blood and other tissues" (6,083).

Most cited papers
#PaperReleasedCitations
1 A simple efficient liquid scintillator for counting aqueous solutions in a liquid scintillation counter George A. Bray · Analytical Biochemistry Dec 1960 7,511
2 THF EARLY STAGES OF ABSORPTION OF INJECTED HORSERADISH PEROXIDASE IN THE PROXIMAL TUBULES OF MOUSE KIDNEY: ULTRASTRUCTURAL CYTOCHEMISTRY BY A NEW TECHNIQUE Richard C. Graham, Morris J. Karnovsky · Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry Open access Apr 1966 6,512
3 Enzymic method for quantitative determination of nanogram amounts of total and oxidized glutathione: Applications to mammalian blood and other tissues Frank Tietze · Analytical Biochemistry Mar 1969 6,083
4 How a century of ammonia synthesis changed the world Jan Willem Erisman, Mark A. Sutton, James N. Galloway et al. · Nature Geoscience 28 Sep 2008 4,691
5 Culture Medium for Enterobacteria Frederick C. Neidhardt, Philip L. Bloch, David F. Smith · Journal of Bacteriology Open access Sep 1974 3,062
All 100 most cited papers, with filters and sorting

Where is Chemical Reactions and Isotopes research done?

The largest centres of Chemical Reactions and Isotopes research in 2022-now are Moscow (Russia), Beijing (China), Shanghai (China) and Tokyo (Japan). Among places with at least 20 works in it, it is an unusually large share of all research in Kyiv and Moscow.

Largest cities, 2022-now

  1. 1 MoscowRussia 109 works
  2. 2 BeijingChina 75 works
  3. 3 ShanghaiChina 45 works
  4. 4 TokyoJapan 32 works
  5. 5 KyivUkraine 31 works
  6. 6 NanjingChina 28 works
  7. 7 HangzhouChina 28 works
  8. 8 ParisFrance 27 works
  9. 9 TianjinChina 27 works
  10. 10 WuhanChina 23 works

Where it is the local speciality

  1. KyivUA · 31.5 works4.3×
  2. MoscowRU · 109.1 works4.1×
← less than its size predicts1×more →

Location quotient: how much more of its research is in Chemical Reactions and Isotopes than the world average.

See Chemical Reactions and Isotopes on the map

Where is the best place to study Chemical Reactions and Isotopes?

Among universities, judged by research, Nankai University, Wuhan University and Sichuan University score highest, combining excellence, specialisation, size, growth and international reach. Research strength is one signal when choosing where to study; it does not measure teaching.

0%20%40%mean 18.98%fractional works in this field (log) →share of work in the world top 10% →Nankai UniversityWuhan UniversitySichuan UniversityLomonosov Moscow Sta…
above the meannear itbelow it

One dot per university in the first ten of the table below, at the default weights. The upper left is the interesting corner: small places doing unusually strong work.

Excellenceshare of its work in the world top 10%, 2022-now and all time averaged
40%
Specialisationhow much of its work is in this field, counted up to 10× the world share
10%
Sizeits output in this field, on a log scale
30%
Growthoutput growth, counted from -20% to +20%
10%
Internationalshare of its work with a co-author abroad
10%
Each slider sets a weight; the share it gets of the score is beside it.
#UniversityScoreTop 10%SpecialisationWorksGrowth
1Nankai UniversityChina 70.743.1%5.9×9 +272.8%
2Wuhan UniversityChina 51.834.6%2.6×9 +171.4%
3Sichuan UniversityChina 51.729.8%1.9×10 +115.0%
4Lomonosov Moscow State UniversityRussia 40.810.9%5.3×10 -10.8%
5University of Chinese Academy of SciencesChina 37.619.8%2.1×8 +153.4%
6University of North Carolina at Chapel HillUnited States 34.90.8%3.0×12 -46.4%
7Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityChina 34.417.1%1.4×9 +67.6%
8Zhejiang University of TechnologyChina 32.68.6%6.9×9 +55.5%
9Zhejiang UniversityChina 24.615.6%1.3×8 +110.9%
10Weatherford CollegeUnited States 21.69.5%2.9×9 -8.6%

Universities only. The score blends excellence (40%), size (30%), specialisation (10%), growth (10%), international reach (10%), 2022-now; growth compares 2018-21 with 2022-25 and counts up to +20%, since a jump from a small base is mostly noise.

Every institution in Chemical Reactions and Isotopes, country by country

Is Chemical Reactions and Isotopes research growing?

Output in 2022-2025 was 20% higher than in 2018-2021, peaking in 2025. The fastest-growing topics are Chemical Reactions and Isotopes.

still counting19801990200020102020
grewheldshrank

The same series as a ribbon: one cell per year, darker for more. The line above answers how much; this answers when.

Its share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share: all of science grows. This is Chemical Reactions and Isotopes as a percentage of every work published that year, 0.011% in 2024.

still counting0.050%0.10%0.15%Chemical Reactions and Isotopes0.012% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works of Chemical Reactions and Isotopes over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

Year by year.

still counting5%10%15%Chemical Reactions and Isotopes10.7% in 2025200020102020

Of each year's works in it, the share that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. A field is the world for its own topics, so there is no other line to hold it against.

Which topics inside it are moving

Growth and decline on one axis around a shared zero. Two lists side by side hide the thing that matters: whether the growth dwarfs the decline, or the other way round.

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