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Topic · Health Information Management

Medical Coding and Health Information

Medical Coding and Health Information is a research topic within Health Information Management. Science Explorer counts 12k research works in it since 1950. 10.4% of them reached the world's top 10% most cited for their field and year.

This cluster of papers focuses on the accuracy and impact of clinical coding, particularly related to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9-CM and ICD-10) in healthcare administrative data. It addresses challenges, implications, and improvements in clinical coding, data quality, and the use of hospital discharge data for research and financial purposes.

  • ICD-10
  • Clinical Coding
  • Health Information Management
  • Data Quality
  • Hospital Discharge Data
  • Administrative Data
  • Medical Documentation
  • Coding Accuracy
  • Healthcare System Productivity
  • ICD-11
Research works
12k
fractional, since 1950
In the world top 10%
1.2k
per year above
Top-10% rate
10.4%
share of its works in the world top 10%
Growth, 2018-21 → 2022-25
+14%
the tick is no change
Largest producer
United States
37% of the 10 largest, 2022-now
Medical Coding and Health Information

This ranks research output and citation impact. It says nothing about the quality of diagnosis, treatment or care.

Which countries lead Medical Coding and Health Information research?

By volume, the United States and the United Kingdom publish the most (538 and 243 works in 2022-now).

By volume, 2022-now

  1. 1 United States 538 works
  2. 2 United Kingdom 243 works
  3. 3 Indonesia 216 works
  4. 4 Australia 101 works
  5. 5 India 79 works
  6. 6 China 76 works
  7. 7 Canada 68 works
  8. 8 Germany 56 works
  9. 9 Italy 39 works
  10. 10 Spain 38 works

How concentrated that is

The same countries as shares of everything the list above accounts for. A node where two countries do two thirds of the work and one spread evenly across twelve read alike as a ranking and not at all alike here.

United States: 37.0%United Kingdom: 16.7%Indonesia: 14.9%Australia: 6.9%6 others listed: 24.5%37%largest
United States538 · 37.0%United Kingdom243 · 16.7%Indonesia216 · 14.9%Australia101 · 6.9%6 others listed355 · 24.5%

Shares of the rows listed above, not of the whole node.

Which institutions lead Medical Coding and Health Information research?

By volume in 2022-now, Universitas Esa Unggul publishes the most Medical Coding and Health Information research, followed by Harvard University and Russian Academy of Sciences.

By volume, 2022-now

  1. 1 Universitas Esa UnggulIndonesia 24 works
  2. 2 Harvard UniversityUnited States 23 works
  3. 3 Russian Academy of SciencesRussia 11 works
  4. 4 University of North Carolina at Chapel HillUnited States 11 works
  5. 5 University College LondonUnited Kingdom 10 works
  6. 6 United States Department of Veterans AffairsUnited States 10 works
  7. 7 The University of MelbourneAustralia 9 works
  8. 8 Imperial College LondonUnited Kingdom 9 works
  9. 9 University of PennsylvaniaUnited States 9 works
  10. 10 University of CalgaryCanada 9 works

Who are the leading researchers in Medical Coding and Health Information?

The most-cited researchers publishing on Medical Coding and Health Information include David Moher, Douglas G. Altman and Christopher J L Murray.

  1. 1 David Moher Canada 898k citations
  2. 2 Douglas G. Altman United Kingdom 862k citations
  3. 3 Christopher J L Murray United States 583k citations
  4. 4 Freddie Bray France 550k citations
  5. 5 Jacques Ferlay France 486k citations
  6. 6 Simon Iain Hay United States 452k citations
  7. 7 Theo Vos United States 439k citations
  8. 8 Ali H. Mokdad United States 429k citations
  9. 9 Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta Pakistan 371k citations
  10. 10 John J.V. McMurray United Kingdom 349k citations

Ranked by citations received across their whole record, among researchers with at least three works on this topic.

What are the most cited papers in Medical Coding and Health Information?

The most cited paper in Medical Coding and Health Information is "Coding Algorithms for Defining Comorbidities in ICD-9-CM and ICD-10 Administrative Data" (Hude Quan, Vijaya Sundararajan, Patricia Halfon et al., 2005), with 10,878 citations. Next come "Adapting a clinical comorbidity index for use with ICD-9-CM administrative databases" (10,573) and "Comorbidity Measures for Use with Administrative Data" (10,043).

Most cited papers
#PaperReleasedCitations
1 Coding Algorithms for Defining Comorbidities in ICD-9-CM and ICD-10 Administrative Data Hude Quan, Vijaya Sundararajan, Patricia Halfon et al. · Medical Care 13 Oct 2005 10,878
2 Adapting a clinical comorbidity index for use with ICD-9-CM administrative databases Richard A. Deyo · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology Jun 1992 10,573
3 Comorbidity Measures for Use with Administrative Data Anne Elixhauser, Claudia Steiner, Donald Robert Harris et al. · Medical Care 1998 10,043
4 Evaluating the added predictive ability of a new marker: From area under the ROC curve to reclassification and beyond Michael J. Pencina, Ralph B. D' Agostino, Ralph B. D' Agostino et al. · Statistics in Medicine Open access 13 Jun 2007 6,517
5 Updating and Validating the Charlson Comorbidity Index and Score for Risk Adjustment in Hospital Discharge Abstracts Using Data From 6 Countries Hude Quan, Bing Li, Chantal Marie Couris et al. · American Journal of Epidemiology 17 Feb 2011 6,044
All 100 most cited papers, with filters and sorting

Where is Medical Coding and Health Information research done?

The largest centres of Medical Coding and Health Information research in 2022-now are London (United Kingdom), Jakarta (Indonesia), Melbourne (Australia) and Boston (United States). Among places with at least 20 works in it, it is an unusually large share of all research in London and Melbourne.

Largest cities, 2022-now

  1. 1 LondonUnited Kingdom 75 works
  2. 2 JakartaIndonesia 50 works
  3. 3 MelbourneAustralia 30 works
  4. 4 BostonUnited States 25 works
  5. 5 New YorkUnited States 23 works
  6. 6 SurabayaIndonesia 20 works
  7. 7 BeijingChina 18 works
  8. 8 SydneyAustralia 16 works
  9. 9 PhiladelphiaUnited States 16 works
  10. 10 TorontoCanada 15 works

Where it is the local speciality

  1. LondonGB · 75.3 works4.1×
  2. MelbourneAU · 30.0 works4.0×
← less than its size predicts1×more →

Location quotient: how much more of its research is in Medical Coding and Health Information than the world average.

See Medical Coding and Health Information on the map

Where is the best place to study Medical Coding and Health Information?

Among universities, judged by research, Harvard University, University of Calgary and Universitas Esa Unggul score highest, combining excellence, specialisation, size, growth and international reach. Research strength is one signal when choosing where to study; it does not measure teaching.

0%10%20%mean 13.1556%fractional works in this field (log) →share of work in the world top 10% →Harvard UniversityUniversity of CalgaryUniversity of Pennsy…Universitas Esa Unggul
above the meannear itbelow it

One dot per university in the first ten of the table below, at the default weights. The upper left is the interesting corner: small places doing unusually strong work.

Excellenceshare of its work in the world top 10%, 2022-now and all time averaged
40%
Specialisationhow much of its work is in this field, counted up to 10× the world share
10%
Sizeits output in this field, on a log scale
30%
Growthoutput growth, counted from -20% to +20%
10%
Internationalshare of its work with a co-author abroad
10%
Each slider sets a weight; the share it gets of the score is beside it.
#UniversityScoreTop 10%SpecialisationWorksGrowth
1Harvard UniversityUnited States 83.920.8%4.0×23 +2.8%
2University of CalgaryCanada 56.919.2%7.3×9 -48.6%
3Universitas Esa UnggulIndonesia 50.00.3%55.6×24 +277.3%
4University of PennsylvaniaUnited States 45.913.5%4.7×9 +14.7%
5Imperial College LondonUnited Kingdom 44.09.5%5.0×9 +6.5%
6University of OxfordUnited Kingdom 42.515.8%3.2×8 -18.7%
7The University of MelbourneAustralia 39.719.3%4.6×9 -19.1%
8University College LondonUnited Kingdom 37.315.9%3.3×10 -42.0%
9University of North Carolina at Chapel HillUnited States 23.04.1%3.5×11 -21.0%

Universities only. The score blends excellence (40%), size (30%), specialisation (10%), growth (10%), international reach (10%), 2022-now; growth compares 2018-21 with 2022-25 and counts up to +20%, since a jump from a small base is mostly noise.

Every institution in Medical Coding and Health Information, country by country

Is Medical Coding and Health Information research growing?

Output in 2022-2025 was 14% higher than in 2018-2021, peaking in 2025. The fastest-growing topics are Medical Coding and Health Information.

still counting19801990200020102020
grewheldshrank

The same series as a ribbon: one cell per year, darker for more. The line above answers how much; this answers when.

Its share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share: all of science grows. This is Medical Coding and Health Information as a percentage of every work published that year, 0.0084% in 2024.

still counting0.010%0.020%Medical Coding and Health Information0.0097% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works of Medical Coding and Health Information over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

Year by year.

still counting5%10%15%Medical Coding and Health Information10.7% in 2025200020102020

Of each year's works in it, the share that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. A field is the world for its own topics, so there is no other line to hold it against.

Which topics inside it are moving

Growth and decline on one axis around a shared zero. Two lists side by side hide the thing that matters: whether the growth dwarfs the decline, or the other way round.

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