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Nonprofit · Watertown · United States

Primary Source

In research, Primary Source stands highest in Physical Sciences (#5,709 of 10,670 worldwide) and Engineering (#3,680 of 5,901 worldwide), 2022-now. Relative to its size it is most specialised in Electrical and Electronic Engineering (Electrical and Electronic Engineering is 5.3× its share of world research).

primarysource.orgROR OpenAlex
World rank, 2022-now
#6,785
of 22,385 · #5,366 all time
Rank in United States
#903
of 3,332
Research works
974
▲ 76% vs 2018-21
Citations
11k
10.9 per fractional work
Top-10% rate
8.8%
all institutions 10.0%
vs its own fields
0.89×
1.00× is exactly expected
Open access
33%
world 40%
International
38%
world 18%
Primary Source

What is Primary Source known for in research?

The fields where it stands highest, 2022-now, ranked among every institution above the floor in each field.

FieldWorld rankWhere that sitsTop-10% rateWorksAll time
Physical SciencesDomain #5,709 of 10,670 7.9%137 #4478
EngineeringField #3,680 of 5,901 8.4%81 #4238

Each strip is that field's whole ranked pool, with the notch where Primary Source sits in it, in the colour of the band that rank falls in. The track under the rate is the rate itself: it carries no average mark, because the average differs by field (from about 6% in Dentistry to 21% in Economics).

Which fields of science does Primary Source work in?

In 2022-now, 56% of research at Primary Source is in Physical Sciences, 20% in Social Sciences. Its largest fields are Engineering (32%), Medicine (15%), Social Sciences (8%). It does 1.4× the world's share of Physical Sciences.

Physical Sciences: 180 fractional works · 55.5% of its workEngineering: 103 fractional works · 31.8% of its workElectrical and Electronic Engineering: 61 fractional works · 18.9% of its workMechanical Engineering: 10 fractional works · 3.0% of its workAutomotive Engineering: 8 fractional works · 2.3% of its workControl and Systems Engineering: 5 fractional works · 1.7% of its workBiomedical Engineering: 5 fractional works · 1.6% of its workCivil and Structural Engineering: 3 fractional works · 1.0% of its workAerospace Engineering: 3 fractional works · 1.0% of its workBuilding and Construction: 2 fractional works · 0.5% of its workSafety, Risk, Reliability and Quality: 1 fractional works · 0.4% of its workMechanics of Materials: 1 fractional works · 0.3% of its workComputational Mechanics: 1 fractional works · 0.3% of its workOcean Engineering: 1 fractional works · 0.3% of its workArchitecture: 1 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 1 fractional works · 0.3% of its workMaterials Science: 19 fractional works · 5.8% of its workMaterials Chemistry: 12 fractional works · 3.6% of its workElectronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials: 3 fractional works · 0.9% of its workPolymers and Plastics: 2 fractional works · 0.7% of its workBiomaterials: 1 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 1 fractional works · 0.3% of its workComputer Science: 18 fractional works · 5.7% of its workArtificial Intelligence: 6 fractional works · 1.7% of its workInformation Systems: 5 fractional works · 1.5% of its workComputer Networks and Communications: 2 fractional works · 0.7% of its workComputational Theory and Mathematics: 2 fractional works · 0.7% of its workComputer Vision and Pattern Recognition: 2 fractional works · 0.5% of its workSmaller subfields together: 2 fractional works · 0.6% of its workEnergy: 11 fractional works · 3.4% of its workRenewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment: 9 fractional works · 2.7% of its workEnergy Engineering and Power Technology: 2 fractional works · 0.6% of its workSmaller subfields together: 0 fractional works · 0.1% of its workEnvironmental Science: 10 fractional works · 3.0% of its workWater Science and Technology: 2 fractional works · 0.5% of its workGlobal and Planetary Change: 1 fractional works · 0.5% of its workIndustrial and Manufacturing Engineering: 1 fractional works · 0.4% of its workEcology: 1 fractional works · 0.3% of its workHealth, Toxicology and Mutagenesis: 1 fractional works · 0.3% of its workEnvironmental Engineering: 1 fractional works · 0.3% of its workManagement, Monitoring, Policy and Law: 1 fractional works · 0.3% of its workEnvironmental Chemistry: 1 fractional works · 0.3% of its workPollution: 1 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 0 fractional works · 0.1% of its workPhysics and Astronomy: 6 fractional works · 2.0% of its workAtomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics: 4 fractional works · 1.1% of its workAstronomy and Astrophysics: 1 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 2 fractional works · 0.5% of its workChemistry: 5 fractional works · 1.5% of its workOrganic Chemistry: 2 fractional works · 0.6% of its workSpectroscopy: 2 fractional works · 0.5% of its workInorganic Chemistry: 1 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 0 fractional works · 0.1% of its workEarth and Planetary Sciences: 4 fractional works · 1.2% of its workAtmospheric Science: 2 fractional works · 0.5% of its workGeophysics: 1 fractional works · 0.4% of its workSmaller subfields together: 1 fractional works · 0.3% of its workChemical Engineering: 3 fractional works · 0.9% of its workCatalysis: 2 fractional works · 0.5% of its workSmaller subfields together: 1 fractional works · 0.3% of its workMathematics: 1 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSocial Sciences: 64 fractional works · 19.9% of its workSocial Sciences: 25 fractional works · 7.6% of its workSociology and Political Science: 10 fractional works · 3.1% of its workEducation: 4 fractional works · 1.2% of its workPolitical Science and International Relations: 3 fractional works · 0.9% of its workUrban Studies: 3 fractional works · 0.8% of its workDemography: 2 fractional works · 0.5% of its workHealth: 1 fractional works · 0.2% of its workHuman Factors and Ergonomics: 1 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 2 fractional works · 0.7% of its workPsychology: 16 fractional works · 5.1% of its workClinical Psychology: 9 fractional works · 2.6% of its workSocial Psychology: 5 fractional works · 1.6% of its workExperimental and Cognitive Psychology: 1 fractional works · 0.4% of its workDevelopmental and Educational Psychology: 1 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 1 fractional works · 0.2% of its workArts and Humanities: 13 fractional works · 3.9% of its workReligious studies: 5 fractional works · 1.5% of its workPhilosophy: 2 fractional works · 0.6% of its workArcheology: 1 fractional works · 0.5% of its workHistory and Philosophy of Science: 1 fractional works · 0.4% of its workHistory: 1 fractional works · 0.3% of its workLanguage and Linguistics: 1 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 1 fractional works · 0.3% of its workBusiness, Management and Accounting: 6 fractional works · 1.9% of its workManagement Information Systems: 2 fractional works · 0.5% of its workAccounting: 1 fractional works · 0.5% of its workOrganizational Behavior and Human Resource Management: 1 fractional works · 0.3% of its workManagement of Technology and Innovation: 1 fractional works · 0.2% of its workMarketing: 1 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 1 fractional works · 0.2% of its workEconomics, Econometrics and Finance: 3 fractional works · 0.9% of its workEconomics and Econometrics: 3 fractional works · 0.8% of its workSmaller subfields together: 0 fractional works · 0.1% of its workDecision Sciences: 2 fractional works · 0.5% of its workManagement Science and Operations Research: 1 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 1 fractional works · 0.3% of its workHealth Sciences: 59 fractional works · 18.2% of its workMedicine: 48 fractional works · 14.8% of its workSurgery: 12 fractional works · 3.6% of its workEpidemiology: 4 fractional works · 1.3% of its workPublic Health, Environmental and Occupational Health: 4 fractional works · 1.1% of its workPulmonary and Respiratory Medicine: 2 fractional works · 0.7% of its workNeurology: 2 fractional works · 0.6% of its workRadiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging: 2 fractional works · 0.6% of its workOncology: 2 fractional works · 0.5% of its workPhysiology: 2 fractional works · 0.5% of its workCardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine: 1 fractional works · 0.5% of its workPathology and Forensic Medicine: 1 fractional works · 0.4% of its workInfectious Diseases: 1 fractional works · 0.4% of its workOphthalmology: 1 fractional works · 0.4% of its workPediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health: 1 fractional works · 0.4% of its workRheumatology: 1 fractional works · 0.3% of its workHepatology: 1 fractional works · 0.3% of its workRehabilitation: 1 fractional works · 0.3% of its workPharmacology: 1 fractional works · 0.3% of its workPsychiatry and Mental health: 1 fractional works · 0.3% of its workDermatology: 1 fractional works · 0.2% of its workEmergency Medicine: 1 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 6 fractional works · 1.8% of its workHealth Professions: 9 fractional works · 2.9% of its workGeneral Health Professions: 6 fractional works · 1.7% of its workHealth Information Management: 1 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSpeech and Hearing: 1 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 2 fractional works · 0.7% of its workVeterinary: 1 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmall Animals: 1 fractional works · 0.2% of its workNursing: 1 fractional works · 0.2% of its workNutrition and Dietetics: 1 fractional works · 0.2% of its workDentistry: 1 fractional works · 0.2% of its workLife Sciences: 21 fractional works · 6.4% of its workAgricultural and Biological Sciences: 9 fractional works · 2.8% of its workInsect Science: 2 fractional works · 0.7% of its workAquatic Science: 2 fractional works · 0.5% of its workPlant Science: 2 fractional works · 0.5% of its workEcology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics: 1 fractional works · 0.4% of its workGeneral Agricultural and Biological Sciences: 1 fractional works · 0.2% of its workAnimal Science and Zoology: 1 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 1 fractional works · 0.2% of its workNeuroscience: 5 fractional works · 1.6% of its workCognitive Neuroscience: 4 fractional works · 1.2% of its workSensory Systems: 1 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 1 fractional works · 0.2% of its workBiochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology: 4 fractional works · 1.3% of its workGenetics: 2 fractional works · 0.7% of its workMolecular Biology: 1 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 1 fractional works · 0.3% of its workPharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics: 1 fractional works · 0.4% of its workPharmacology: 1 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 0 fractional works · 0.1% of its workImmunology and Microbiology: 1 fractional works · 0.4% of its workALL ITS WORKPrimary Source324fractional works, 2022-now
Life Sciences6%Physical Sciences56%Health Sciences18%Social Sciences20%

Each ring splits the one inside it: the four domains of science, their fields, their subfields. Size is fractional works in 2022-now. Every slice is a page; the interactive view zooms down to single topics and colours each by how much more of it this institution does than the world.

Its 4 domains and 26 fields, with their numbers
    1. Engineering10331.8%
    2. Materials Science195.8%
    3. Computer Science185.7%
    4. Energy113.4%
    5. Environmental Science103.0%
    6. Physics and Astronomy62.0%
    7. Chemistry51.5%
    8. Earth and Planetary Sciences41.2%
    9. Chemical Engineering30.9%
    10. Mathematics10.3%
    1. Social Sciences257.6%
    2. Psychology165.1%
    3. Arts and Humanities133.9%
    4. Business, Management and Accounting61.9%
    5. Economics, Econometrics and Finance30.9%
    6. Decision Sciences20.5%
    1. Medicine4814.8%
    2. Health Professions92.9%
    3. Veterinary10.2%
    4. Nursing10.2%
    5. Dentistry10.2%
    1. Agricultural and Biological Sciences92.8%
    2. Neuroscience51.6%
    3. Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology41.3%
    4. Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics10.4%
    5. Immunology and Microbiology10.4%
All of science, and how each field's share has moved since 1950: the Science domain explorer

What does Primary Source specialise in?

Where its research is concentrated relative to its size: Electrical and Electronic Engineering takes 5.3× the share of its output that it takes of world research.

  1. Electrical and Electronic EngineeringSubfield · 61.2 works5.3×
← less than its size predicts1×more →

Location quotient, a volume reading rather than an impact one. It surfaces small, lopsided specialities.

Field profile

Location quotient across every field it publishes in: outside the ring is more than an institution of this size would be expected to publish, inside it is less.

Agricultural and Biological Sciences: 0.58× its world share, 9 worksAgricultural and Bio…Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology: 0.24× its world share, 4 worksBiochemistry, Geneti…Immunology and Microbiology: 0.36× its world share, 1 worksImmunology and Micro…Neuroscience: 0.98× its world share, 5 worksNeurosciencePharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics: 1.22× its world share, 1 worksPharmacology, Toxico…Chemical Engineering: 2.44× its world share, 3 worksChemical EngineeringChemistry: 0.95× its world share, 5 worksChemistryComputer Science: 0.73× its world share, 18 worksComputer ScienceEarth and Planetary Sciences: 0.77× its world share, 4 worksEarth and Planetary …Energy: 3.72× its world share, 11 worksEnergyEngineering: 2.12× its world share, 103 worksEngineeringEnvironmental Science: 0.60× its world share, 10 worksEnvironmental ScienceMaterials Science: 1.65× its world share, 19 worksMaterials ScienceMathematics: 0.23× its world share, 1 worksMathematicsPhysics and Astronomy: 0.88× its world share, 6 worksPhysics and AstronomyDentistry: 0.34× its world share, 0 worksDentistryHealth Professions: 1.09× its world share, 9 worksHealth ProfessionsMedicine: 0.77× its world share, 48 worksMedicineNursing: 0.41× its world share, 1 worksNursingVeterinary: 1.58× its world share, 1 worksVeterinaryArts and Humanities: 1.36× its world share, 13 worksArts and HumanitiesBusiness, Management and Accounting: 0.59× its world share, 6 worksBusiness, Management…Decision Sciences: 0.52× its world share, 2 worksDecision SciencesEconomics, Econometrics and Finance: 0.40× its world share, 3 worksEconomics, Econometr…Psychology: 1.67× its world share, 16 worksPsychologySocial Sciences: 0.60× its world share, 25 worksSocial Sciences1×world share
more than its size predictsabout as predictedless

Rings at 0.5×, 1× and 2×. Widest outward: Energy, 3.7×. Every wedge is a field page.

All 26 fields, with their numbers
  1. Energy3.72×11 works
  2. Chemical Engineering2.44×3 works
  3. Engineering2.12×103 works
  4. Psychology1.67×16 works
  5. Materials Science1.65×19 works
  6. Veterinary1.58×1 works
  7. Arts and Humanities1.36×13 works
  8. Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics1.22×1 works
  9. Health Professions1.09×9 works
  10. Neuroscience0.98×5 works
  11. Chemistry0.95×5 works
  12. Physics and Astronomy0.88×6 works
  13. Earth and Planetary Sciences0.77×4 works
  14. Medicine0.77×48 works
  15. Computer Science0.73×18 works
  16. Environmental Science0.60×10 works
  17. Social Sciences0.60×25 works
  18. Business, Management and Accounting0.59×6 works
  19. Agricultural and Biological Sciences0.58×9 works
  20. Decision Sciences0.52×2 works
  21. Nursing0.41×1 works
  22. Economics, Econometrics and Finance0.40×3 works
  23. Immunology and Microbiology0.36×1 works
  24. Dentistry0.34×0 works
  25. Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology0.24×4 works
  26. Mathematics0.23×1 works

Who are the top researchers at Primary Source?

Ranked on the quality score, Vaz Sriharan, JAMES G. SPEIGHT and Vaz Sriharan lead among researchers whose main affiliation is Primary Source.

  1. 1 Vaz Sriharan United States · #2,480,861 worldwide 0 citations · 31 works
  2. 2 JAMES G. SPEIGHT United States · #2,654,457 worldwide 46 citations · 43 works
  3. 3 Vaz Sriharan United States · #2,675,768 worldwide 0 citations · 21 works
  4. 4 Simon Woolley United States · #3,098,991 worldwide 18 citations · 30 works
  5. 5 R.R. Cruz United States · #3,211,701 worldwide 37 citations · 17 works
  6. 6 Vaz Sriharan United States · #3,332,010 worldwide 0 citations · 21 works
  7. 7 Edward M. Granger United States · #3,378,267 worldwide 186 citations · 24 works
  8. 8 Shuaifei Yang United States · #5,058,587 worldwide 122 citations · 28 works
  9. 9 Lorna Bowes United States · #5,394,623 worldwide 69 citations · 33 works
All ranked researchers at Primary Source

What are the most cited papers from Primary Source?

The most cited paper from Primary Source is "Dendrite-Free Lithium Deposition via Self-Healing Electrostatic Shield Mechanism" (Fei Ding, Wu Xu, Gordon L. Graff et al., 2013), with 2,119 citations. Next come "A New, Evidence-based Estimate of Patient Harms Associated with Hospital Care" (1,405) and "Metal–Organic Frameworks for Electrocatalytic Reduction of Carbon Dioxide" (1,158).

Most cited papers
#PaperReleasedCitations
1 Dendrite-Free Lithium Deposition via Self-Healing Electrostatic Shield Mechanism Fei Ding, Wu Xu, Gordon L. Graff et al. · Journal of the American Chemical Society 28 Feb 2013 2,119
2 A New, Evidence-based Estimate of Patient Harms Associated with Hospital Care John T. James · Journal of Patient Safety 16 Jul 2013 1,405
3 Metal–Organic Frameworks for Electrocatalytic Reduction of Carbon Dioxide Nikolay Kornienko, Yingbo Zhao, Christopher S. Kley et al. · Journal of the American Chemical Society Open access 28 Oct 2015 1,158
4 The Source of U.S. EPA's Sixteen PAH Priority Pollutants Lawrence H. Keith · Polycyclic aromatic compounds 8 Dec 2014 465
5 George Ryerson Fowler Mary Kelleher, Kenneth G. Swan, Denis P. Kelleher · Annals of Surgery 26 Apr 2011 372
All 60 most cited papers, with filters and sorting

Which keywords describe research at Primary Source?

By fractional works in 2022-now, weighted toward what it does more of than the world: Cathode Materials, Energy Storage, Lithium-ion Batteries, Rechargeable Batteries, Power Electronics, Battery Technology, Renewable Energy and Renewable Energy Integration.

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's

Size is fractional works in 2022-now in the topics tagged with each word; colour is the word's share of this institution's work against its share of the world's. The 40 words are chosen for being large and distinctive. Each links to the topic it comes from most.

All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Cathode Materials22▲ 17×3 topics
  2. Energy Storage20▲ 9.4×10 topics
  3. Lithium-ion Batteries18▲ 14×4 topics
  4. Renewable Energy16▲ 3.4×31 topics
  5. Rechargeable Batteries13▲ 16×2 topics
  6. Battery Technology11▲ 12×3 topics
  7. Power Electronics11▲ 10×8 topics
  8. Renewable Energy Integration10▲ 9.1×5 topics
  9. Battery Materials10▲ 18×1 topic
  10. Nanostructured Anodes10▲ 18×1 topic
  11. Thermal Management9▲ 8.7×5 topics
  12. Lithium-Sulfur Batteries8▲ 18×2 topics
  13. Ionic Conductivity8▲ 19×2 topics
  14. Nanostructured Cathodes8▲ 21×1 topic
  15. Solid-State Electrolytes8▲ 21×1 topic
  16. Electric Vehicles8▲ 8.3×3 topics
  17. Energy Efficiency7▲ 2.5×17 topics
  18. Nanomaterials7▲ 2.1×8 topics
  19. Safety Concerns7▲ 15×2 topics
  20. Leadership7▲ 4.3×9 topics
  21. Battery Management Systems7▲ 14×1 topic
  22. Thermal Runaway7▲ 14×1 topic
  23. Electric Vehicle Charging6▲ 22×2 topics
  24. Organizational Performance6▲ 6.7×5 topics
  25. Metal-Organic Frameworks6▲ 4.1×4 topics
  26. Electrocatalysis5▲ 5.6×5 topics
  27. Spirituality5▲ 16×3 topics
  28. Water Splitting5▲ 4.1×4 topics
  29. Psychology5▲ 11×5 topics
  30. DC-DC Converters4▲ 26×1 topic
  31. High-Frequency Power Conversion4▲ 26×1 topic
  32. Efficiency4▲ 4.5×6 topics
  33. Neuroscience4▲ 4.4×6 topics
  34. Ego Development4▲ 374×1 topic
  35. VUCA World4▲ 374×1 topic
  36. Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries4▲ 12×1 topic
  37. Zinc Anode4▲ 12×1 topic
  38. Catalysts4▲ 5.8×2 topics
  39. Energy Conversion4▲ 5.6×4 topics
  40. Fault Tolerance4▲ 7.6×5 topics

Which research topics does Primary Source publish most on?

By volume in 2022-now: Advancements in Battery Materials, Advanced Battery Materials and Technologies, Advanced Battery Technologies Research and Advanced DC-DC Converters.

Advancements in Battery Materials: 10 fractional worksAdvanced Battery Materials and Technologies: 8 fractional worksAdvanced Battery Technologies Research: 7 fractional worksAdvanced DC-DC Converters: 4 fractional worksEgo Development and Educational Practices: 4 fractional worksAdvanced battery technol…4Advanced battery technologies research: 4 fractional worksElectrocatalysts for Energy Conversion: 3 fractional worksParanormal Experiences and Beliefs: 3 fractional worksFuel Cells and Related Materials: 3 fractional worksBiblical Studies and Interpretation: 2 fractional works
Electrical and Electronic EngineeringAutomotive EngineeringClinical PsychologyRenewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment2 others

Area is fractional works; colour is the subfield each topic belongs to.

  1. 1 Advancements in Battery Materials Electrical and Electronic Engineering 10 works
  2. 2 Advanced Battery Materials and Technologies Electrical and Electronic Engineering 8 works
  3. 3 Advanced Battery Technologies Research Automotive Engineering 7 works
  4. 4 Advanced DC-DC Converters Electrical and Electronic Engineering 4 works
  5. 5 Ego Development and Educational Practices Clinical Psychology 4 works
  6. 6 Advanced battery technologies research Electrical and Electronic Engineering 4 works
  7. 7 Electrocatalysts for Energy Conversion Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment 3 works
  8. 8 Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs Social Psychology 3 works
  9. 9 Fuel Cells and Related Materials Electrical and Electronic Engineering 3 works
  10. 10 Biblical Studies and Interpretation Religious studies 2 works

How open and international is its research?

Against the world's own shares: the tick on each track. Both are shares of its output, so they sit on one scale and can be read against each other as well as against the world.

openly available33.0%not open67.0%

World: 40% of research is openly available.

with international co-authors37.9%domestic only62.1%

World: 18% is written across borders.

How has Primary Source's research output changed?

Output in 2022-2025 was 76% higher than in 2018-2021.

still counting1990200020102020
grewheldshrank

The same series as a ribbon: one cell per year, darker for more. The line above answers how much; this answers when.

Its share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share: all of science grows. This is Primary Source as a percentage of every work published that year, 0.00085% in 2024.

still counting0.0010%0.0020%Primary Source0.0019% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works of Primary Source over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

Year by year, against all institutions in the same year.

still counting10%20%30%all institutions10.0% in 2025Primary Source6.9% in 202520102020

Of each year's output, the share that reached the world's 10% most cited for its field and year. Peak 24.0% in 2013.

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Primary Source on Science Explorer

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