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Digitalization, Law, and Regulation

Digitalization, Law, and Regulation is a research topic within Law. Science Explorer counts 9.1k research works in it since 1950. 9.8% of them reached the world's top 10% most cited for their field and year.

This cluster of papers explores the legal implications of digital technologies, covering topics such as data protection, artificial intelligence, cybersecurity, autonomous vehicles, big data, robotics liability, privacy regulations, the internet of things, and economic sanctions. It delves into the challenges and opportunities presented by the digital transformation across various sectors and addresses ethical and regulatory considerations in the use of digital technologies.

  • Data Protection
  • Artificial Intelligence
  • Digital Rights
  • Cybersecurity
  • Autonomous Vehicles
  • Big Data
  • Robotics Liability
  • Privacy Regulations
  • Internet of Things
  • Economic Sanctions
Research works
9.1k
fractional, since 1950
In the world top 10%
893
per year above
Top-10% rate
9.8%
share of its works in the world top 10%
Growth, 2018-21 → 2022-25
-5%
the tick is no change
Largest producer
Germany
64% of the 10 largest, 2022-now
Digitalization, Law, and Regulation

Which countries lead Digitalization, Law, and Regulation research?

By volume, Germany and Austria publish the most (1.2k and 143 works in 2022-now).

By volume, 2022-now

  1. 1 Germany 1.2k works
  2. 2 Austria 143 works
  3. 3 United States 126 works
  4. 4 Switzerland 70 works
  5. 5 Türkiye 69 works
  6. 6 United Kingdom 64 works
  7. 7 Netherlands 53 works
  8. 8 Italy 52 works
  9. 9 France 42 works
  10. 10 India 35 works

How concentrated that is

The same countries as shares of everything the list above accounts for. A node where two countries do two thirds of the work and one spread evenly across twelve read alike as a ranking and not at all alike here.

Germany: 64.2%Austria: 7.8%United States: 6.9%Switzerland: 3.8%6 others listed: 17.2%64%largest
Germany1,177 · 64.2%Austria143 · 7.8%United States126 · 6.9%Switzerland70 · 3.8%6 others listed316 · 17.2%

Shares of the rows listed above, not of the whole node.

Which institutions lead Digitalization, Law, and Regulation research?

By volume in 2022-now, Bergmann und Partner Rechtsanwälte publishes the most Digitalization, Law, and Regulation research, followed by Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft and University of Vienna.

By volume, 2022-now

  1. 1 Bergmann und Partner RechtsanwälteGermany 40 works
  2. 2 Fraunhofer-GesellschaftGermany 39 works
  3. 3 University of ViennaAustria 21 works
  4. 4 Universität InnsbruckAustria 19 works
  5. 5 Goethe University FrankfurtGermany 19 works
  6. 6 München KlinikGermany 18 works
  7. 7 Max Planck SocietyGermany 18 works
  8. 8 RWTH Aachen UniversityGermany 17 works
  9. 9 Philipps University of MarburgGermany 16 works
  10. 10 University of GrazAustria 15 works

Who are the leading researchers in Digitalization, Law, and Regulation?

The most-cited researchers publishing on Digitalization, Law, and Regulation include Marko Sarstedt, Jens Juul Holst and H. P. Beck.

  1. 1 Marko Sarstedt Germany 221k citations
  2. 2 Jens Juul Holst Denmark 163k citations
  3. 3 H. P. Beck France 162k citations
  4. 4 Christian Schmitt France 126k citations

Ranked by citations received across their whole record, among researchers with at least three works on this topic.

What are the most cited papers in Digitalization, Law, and Regulation?

The most cited paper in Digitalization, Law, and Regulation is "The protection of information in computer systems" (Jerome H. Saltzer, Michael D. Schroeder, 1975), with 1,899 citations. Next come "Why a Right to Explanation of Automated Decision-Making Does Not Exist in the General Data Protection Regulation" (1,266) and "The European Union general data protection regulation: what it is and what it means" (779).

Most cited papers
#PaperReleasedCitations
1 The protection of information in computer systems Jerome H. Saltzer, Michael D. Schroeder · Proceedings of the IEEE 1975 1,899
2 Why a Right to Explanation of Automated Decision-Making Does Not Exist in the General Data Protection Regulation Sandra Wachter, Brent Mittelstadt, Luciano Floridi · International Data Privacy Law Open access 11 Apr 2017 1,266
3 The European Union general data protection regulation: what it is and what it means Chris Jay Hoofnagle, Bart van der Sloot, Frederik Zuiderveen Borgesius · Information & Communications Technology Law Open access 2 Jan 2019 779
4 A Right to Reasonable Inferences: Re-Thinking Data Protection Law in the Age of Big Data and AI Sandra Wachter, Brent Mittelstadt PreprintOpen access 12 Oct 2018 458
5 EU General Data Protection Regulation: Changes and implications for personal data collecting companies Christina Tikkinen-Piri, Anna Rohunen, Jouni Markkula · Computer law & security review 8 Jun 2017 412
All 98 most cited papers, with filters and sorting

Where is Digitalization, Law, and Regulation research done?

The largest centres of Digitalization, Law, and Regulation research in 2022-now are Berlin (Germany), Munich (Germany), Vienna (Austria) and Hamburg (Germany). Among places with at least 20 works in it, it is an unusually large share of all research in Hamm.

Largest cities, 2022-now

  1. 1 BerlinGermany 99 works
  2. 2 MunichGermany 81 works
  3. 3 ViennaAustria 71 works
  4. 4 HamburgGermany 51 works
  5. 5 CologneGermany 43 works
  6. 6 HammGermany 41 works
  7. 7 Frankfurt am MainGermany 40 works
  8. 8 DarmstadtGermany 34 works
  9. 9 StuttgartGermany 32 works
  10. 10 DüsseldorfGermany 28 works

Where it is the local speciality

  1. HammDE · 41.2 works429×
← less than its size predicts1×more →

Location quotient: how much more of its research is in Digitalization, Law, and Regulation than the world average.

See Digitalization, Law, and Regulation on the map

Where is the best place to study Digitalization, Law, and Regulation?

Among universities, judged by research, University of Vienna, Tilburg University and Philipps University of Marburg score highest, combining excellence, specialisation, size, growth and international reach. Research strength is one signal when choosing where to study; it does not measure teaching.

0%20%40%mean 11.69%fractional works in this field (log) →share of work in the world top 10% →Tilburg UniversityPhilipps University …University of ViennaGoethe University Fr…
above the meannear itbelow it

One dot per university in the first ten of the table below, at the default weights. The upper left is the interesting corner: small places doing unusually strong work.

Excellenceshare of its work in the world top 10%, 2022-now and all time averaged
40%
Specialisationhow much of its work is in this field, counted up to 10× the world share
10%
Sizeits output in this field, on a log scale
30%
Growthoutput growth, counted from -20% to +20%
10%
Internationalshare of its work with a co-author abroad
10%
Each slider sets a weight; the share it gets of the score is beside it.
#UniversityScoreTop 10%SpecialisationWorksGrowth
1University of ViennaAustria 65.66.4%21.9×21 +61.0%
2Tilburg UniversityNetherlands 62.836.1%31.1×9 -23.3%
3Philipps University of MarburgGermany 59.615.9%30.9×16 +50.8%
4Goethe University FrankfurtGermany 58.73.5%22.8×19 +125.4%
5Universität InnsbruckAustria 58.61.8%36.8×19 +191.3%
6RWTH Aachen UniversityGermany 49.15.1%11.4×17 +2.5%
7Humboldt-Universität zu BerlinGermany 49.119.8%15.3×10 +11.6%
8Stockholm UniversitySweden 47.417.8%12.8×8 +105.2%
9Vienna University of Economics and BusinessAustria 46.93.1%88.1×13 +166.8%
10University of CologneGermany 45.47.4%17.9×14 -5.3%

Universities only. The score blends excellence (40%), size (30%), specialisation (10%), growth (10%), international reach (10%), 2022-now; growth compares 2018-21 with 2022-25 and counts up to +20%, since a jump from a small base is mostly noise.

Every institution in Digitalization, Law, and Regulation, country by country

Is Digitalization, Law, and Regulation research growing?

Output in 2022-2025 was 5% lower than in 2018-2021, peaking in 2020.

still counting19801990200020102020
grewheldshrank

The same series as a ribbon: one cell per year, darker for more. The line above answers how much; this answers when.

Its share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share: all of science grows. This is Digitalization, Law, and Regulation as a percentage of every work published that year, 0.0082% in 2024.

still counting0.0050%0.010%0.015%Digitalization, Law, and Regulation0.0090% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works of Digitalization, Law, and Regulation over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

Year by year.

still counting5%10%15%Digitalization, Law, and Regulation9.0% in 2025200020102020

Of each year's works in it, the share that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. A field is the world for its own topics, so there is no other line to hold it against.

Which topics inside it are moving

Growth and decline on one axis around a shared zero. Two lists side by side hide the thing that matters: whether the growth dwarfs the decline, or the other way round.

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