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Topic · Infectious Diseases

Infectious Encephalopathies and Encephalitis

Infectious Encephalopathies and Encephalitis is a research topic within Infectious Diseases. Science Explorer counts 13k research works in it since 1950. 10.3% of them reached the world's top 10% most cited for their field and year.

This cluster of papers focuses on the association between influenza virus infection and various neurological complications, including encephalopathy, encephalitis, and related syndromes. The research covers a wide range of topics such as MRI imaging findings, cytokine responses, metronidazole-induced toxicity, and the clinical manifestations of acute necrotizing encephalopathy.

  • Influenza
  • Encephalopathy
  • Encephalitis
  • Viral Infections
  • MRI Imaging
  • Neurological Complications
  • Cytokine Responses
  • Corpus Callosum Lesions
  • Metronidazole Toxicity
  • Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy
Research works
13k
fractional, since 1950
In the world top 10%
1.3k
per year above
Top-10% rate
10.3%
share of its works in the world top 10%
Growth, 2018-21 → 2022-25
+4%
the tick is no change
Largest producer
United States
35% of the 10 largest, 2022-now
Infectious Encephalopathies and Encephalitis

This ranks research output and citation impact. It says nothing about the quality of diagnosis, treatment or care.

Which countries lead Infectious Encephalopathies and Encephalitis research?

By volume, the United States and India publish the most (593 and 290 works in 2022-now).

By volume, 2022-now

  1. 1 United States 593 works
  2. 2 India 290 works
  3. 3 China 230 works
  4. 4 Japan 156 works
  5. 5 United Kingdom 92 works
  6. 6 Türkiye 76 works
  7. 7 Brazil 71 works
  8. 8 France 70 works
  9. 9 Germany 69 works
  10. 10 Italy 69 works

How concentrated that is

The same countries as shares of everything the list above accounts for. A node where two countries do two thirds of the work and one spread evenly across twelve read alike as a ranking and not at all alike here.

United States: 34.5%India: 16.9%China: 13.4%Japan: 9.1%6 others listed: 26.0%35%largest
United States593 · 34.5%India290 · 16.9%China230 · 13.4%Japan156 · 9.1%6 others listed447 · 26.0%

Shares of the rows listed above, not of the whole node.

Which institutions lead Infectious Encephalopathies and Encephalitis research?

By volume in 2022-now, Harvard University publishes the most Infectious Encephalopathies and Encephalitis research, followed by All India Institute of Medical Sciences and Johns Hopkins University.

By volume, 2022-now

  1. 1 Harvard UniversityUnited States 21 works
  2. 2 All India Institute of Medical SciencesIndia 18 works
  3. 3 Johns Hopkins UniversityUnited States 13 works
  4. 4 Capital Medical UniversityChina 11 works
  5. 5 University of North Carolina at Chapel HillUnited States 11 works
  6. 6 Mayo ClinicUnited States 11 works
  7. 7 Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and ResearchIndia 11 works
  8. 8 InsermFrance 10 works
  9. 9 Banaras Hindu UniversityIndia 8 works
  10. 10 Sağlık Bilimleri ÜniversitesiTürkiye 8 works

Who are the leading researchers in Infectious Encephalopathies and Encephalitis?

The most-cited researchers publishing on Infectious Encephalopathies and Encephalitis include George Davey Smith, Guido Kroemer and Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta.

  1. 1 George Davey Smith United Kingdom 435k citations
  2. 2 Guido Kroemer France 386k citations
  3. 3 Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta Pakistan 371k citations
  4. 4 Graeme J. Hankey Australia 316k citations
  5. 5 Dan J. Stein South Africa 306k citations

Ranked by citations received across their whole record, among researchers with at least three works on this topic.

What are the most cited papers in Infectious Encephalopathies and Encephalitis?

The most cited paper in Infectious Encephalopathies and Encephalitis is "Persistent Symptoms in Patients After Acute COVID-19" (Angelo Carfì, Roberto Bernabei, Francesco Landi et al., 2020), with 4,812 citations. Next come "In situ immune response and mechanisms of cell damage in central nervous system of fatal cases microcephaly by Zika virus" (3,563) and "Breakthrough: Chloroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies" (2,684).

Most cited papers
#PaperReleasedCitations
1 Persistent Symptoms in Patients After Acute COVID-19 Angelo Carfì, Roberto Bernabei, Francesco Landi et al. · JAMA Open access 9 Jul 2020 4,812
2 In situ immune response and mechanisms of cell damage in central nervous system of fatal cases microcephaly by Zika virus Raimunda do Socorro da Silva Azevedo, Jorge Rodrigues de Sousa, Marialva Tereza Ferreira de Araújo et al. · Scientific Reports Open access 2 Jan 2018 3,563
3 Breakthrough: Chloroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies Jianjun Gao, Zhenxue Tian, Xu Yang · BioScience Trends Open access 18 Feb 2020 2,684
4 Guillain-Barré Syndrome outbreak associated with Zika virus infection in French Polynesia: a case-control study Van‐Mai Cao‐Lormeau et al. · The Lancet Open access 2 Mar 2016 2,266
5 A first case of meningitis/encephalitis associated with SARS-Coronavirus-2 Takeshi Moriguchi et al. · International Journal of Infectious Diseases Open access 3 Apr 2020 2,087
All 100 most cited papers, with filters and sorting

Where is Infectious Encephalopathies and Encephalitis research done?

The largest centres of Infectious Encephalopathies and Encephalitis research in 2022-now are Tokyo (Japan), Beijing (China), London (United Kingdom) and Paris (France).

Largest cities, 2022-now

  1. 1 TokyoJapan 41 works
  2. 2 BeijingChina 33 works
  3. 3 LondonUnited Kingdom 29 works
  4. 4 ParisFrance 27 works
  5. 5 New DelhiIndia 27 works
  6. 6 New YorkUnited States 25 works
  7. 7 IstanbulTürkiye 22 works
  8. 8 SeoulSouth Korea 21 works
  9. 9 MoscowRussia 20 works
  10. 10 TehranIran 19 works
See Infectious Encephalopathies and Encephalitis on the map

Where is the best place to study Infectious Encephalopathies and Encephalitis?

Among universities, judged by research, Harvard University, Johns Hopkins University and Capital Medical University score highest, combining excellence, specialisation, size, growth and international reach. Research strength is one signal when choosing where to study; it does not measure teaching.

0%10%20%mean 8.8%fractional works in this field (log) →share of work in the world top 10% →Capital Medical Univ…Johns Hopkins Univer…Harvard UniversityAll India Institute …
above the meannear itbelow it

One dot per university in the first ten of the table below, at the default weights. The upper left is the interesting corner: small places doing unusually strong work.

Excellenceshare of its work in the world top 10%, 2022-now and all time averaged
40%
Specialisationhow much of its work is in this field, counted up to 10× the world share
10%
Sizeits output in this field, on a log scale
30%
Growthoutput growth, counted from -20% to +20%
10%
Internationalshare of its work with a co-author abroad
10%
Each slider sets a weight; the share it gets of the score is beside it.
#UniversityScoreTop 10%SpecialisationWorksGrowth
1Harvard UniversityUnited States 73.516.5%3.0×21 -20.5%
2Johns Hopkins UniversityUnited States 69.217.7%4.0×13 -5.7%
3Capital Medical UniversityChina 56.219.1%4.8×11 +40.7%
4All India Institute of Medical SciencesIndia 46.85.1%7.4×18 +21.9%
5Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and ResearchIndia 27.48.4%15.3×11 -35.1%
6Sağlık Bilimleri ÜniversitesiTürkiye 24.51.1%6.6×8 +89.5%
7University of North Carolina at Chapel HillUnited States 24.30.4%2.9×11 +71.4%
8Banaras Hindu UniversityIndia 13.22.1%4.9×8 +4.3%

Universities only. The score blends excellence (40%), size (30%), specialisation (10%), growth (10%), international reach (10%), 2022-now; growth compares 2018-21 with 2022-25 and counts up to +20%, since a jump from a small base is mostly noise.

Every institution in Infectious Encephalopathies and Encephalitis, country by country

Is Infectious Encephalopathies and Encephalitis research growing?

Output in 2022-2025 was 4% higher than in 2018-2021, peaking in 2021. The fastest-growing topics are Infectious Encephalopathies and Encephalitis.

still counting19801990200020102020
grewheldshrank

The same series as a ribbon: one cell per year, darker for more. The line above answers how much; this answers when.

Its share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share: all of science grows. This is Infectious Encephalopathies and Encephalitis as a percentage of every work published that year, 0.010% in 2024.

still counting0.010%0.020%Infectious Encephalopathies and Encephalitis0.0095% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works of Infectious Encephalopathies and Encephalitis over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

Year by year.

still counting5%10%15%Infectious Encephalopathies and Encephalitis10.3% in 2025200020102020

Of each year's works in it, the share that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. A field is the world for its own topics, so there is no other line to hold it against.

Which topics inside it are moving

Growth and decline on one axis around a shared zero. Two lists side by side hide the thing that matters: whether the growth dwarfs the decline, or the other way round.

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