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Topic · Hardware and Architecture

Real-Time Systems Scheduling

Real-Time Systems Scheduling is a research topic within Hardware and Architecture. Science Explorer counts 24k research works in it since 1953. 9.9% of them reached the world's top 10% most cited for their field and year.

This cluster of papers focuses on real-time scheduling algorithms, timing analysis, and resource allocation in the context of embedded systems. It covers topics such as scheduling algorithms for hard real-time systems, WCET analysis, multiprocessor scheduling, and the integration of multimedia applications in real-time systems.

  • Scheduling Algorithms
  • Hard Real-Time Systems
  • Multiprocessor Scheduling
  • WCET Analysis
  • Embedded Systems
  • Timing Analysis
  • Resource Allocation
  • Mixed-Criticality Systems
  • Feedback Control
  • RTOS
Research works
24k
fractional, since 1953
In the world top 10%
2.4k
per year above
Top-10% rate
9.9%
share of its works in the world top 10%
Growth, 2018-21 → 2022-25
-4%
the tick is no change
Largest producer
China
29% of the 10 largest, 2022-now
Real-Time Systems Scheduling

Which countries lead Real-Time Systems Scheduling research?

By volume, China and the United States publish the most (571 and 403 works in 2022-now).

By volume, 2022-now

  1. 1 China 571 works
  2. 2 United States 403 works
  3. 3 Germany 272 works
  4. 4 India 222 works
  5. 5 France 121 works
  6. 6 Italy 109 works
  7. 7 South Korea 83 works
  8. 8 United Kingdom 77 works
  9. 9 Japan 72 works
  10. 10 Spain 59 works

How concentrated that is

The same countries as shares of everything the list above accounts for. A node where two countries do two thirds of the work and one spread evenly across twelve read alike as a ranking and not at all alike here.

China: 28.7%United States: 20.3%Germany: 13.7%India: 11.2%6 others listed: 26.2%29%largest
China571 · 28.7%United States403 · 20.3%Germany272 · 13.7%India222 · 11.2%6 others listed520 · 26.2%

Shares of the rows listed above, not of the whole node.

Which institutions lead Real-Time Systems Scheduling research?

By volume in 2022-now, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique publishes the most Real-Time Systems Scheduling research, followed by Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres and Chinese Academy of Sciences.

By volume, 2022-now

  1. 1 Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueFrance 35 works
  2. 2 Helmholtz Association of German Research CentresGermany 28 works
  3. 3 Chinese Academy of SciencesChina 27 works
  4. 4 Technical University of MunichGermany 21 works
  5. 5 Eindhoven University of TechnologyNetherlands 17 works
  6. 6 University of StuttgartGermany 16 works
  7. 7 Scuola Superiore Sant'AnnaItaly 16 works
  8. 8 Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityChina 14 works
  9. 9 Sungkyunkwan UniversitySouth Korea 14 works
  10. 10 Beihang UniversityChina 13 works

Who are the leading researchers in Real-Time Systems Scheduling?

The most-cited researchers publishing on Real-Time Systems Scheduling include John Bannister Goodenough, Diego Augusto Santos Silva and Philip S. Yu.

  1. 1 John Bannister Goodenough United States 175k citations
  2. 2 Diego Augusto Santos Silva Brazil 152k citations
  3. 3 Philip S. Yu United States 141k citations

Ranked by citations received across their whole record, among researchers with at least three works on this topic.

What are the most cited papers in Real-Time Systems Scheduling?

The most cited paper in Real-Time Systems Scheduling is "Scheduling Algorithms for Multiprogramming in a Hard-Real-Time Environment" (C. L. Liu, J. W. Layland, 1973), with 8,426 citations. Next come "Event-Triggered Real-Time Scheduling of Stabilizing Control Tasks" (4,727) and "Cyber Physical Systems: Design Challenges" (3,535).

Most cited papers
#PaperReleasedCitations
1 Scheduling Algorithms for Multiprogramming in a Hard-Real-Time Environment C. L. Liu, J. W. Layland · Journal of the ACM Open access 1973 8,426
2 Event-Triggered Real-Time Scheduling of Stabilizing Control Tasks Paulo Tabuada · IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control Sep 2007 4,727
3 Cyber Physical Systems: Design Challenges Edward A. Lee Conference paper May 2008 3,535
4 Linearizability: a correctness condition for concurrent objects Maurice P. Herlihy, Jeannette M. Wing · ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems Open access Jul 1990 3,203
5 Virtual time David R. Jefferson · ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems Open access Jul 1985 2,423
All 99 most cited papers, with filters and sorting

Where is Real-Time Systems Scheduling research done?

The largest centres of Real-Time Systems Scheduling research in 2022-now are Beijing (China), Shanghai (China), Seoul (South Korea) and Xi'an (China). Among places with at least 20 works in it, it is an unusually large share of all research in Stuttgart and Pisa.

Largest cities, 2022-now

  1. 1 BeijingChina 132 works
  2. 2 ShanghaiChina 59 works
  3. 3 SeoulSouth Korea 51 works
  4. 4 Xi'anChina 45 works
  5. 5 MunichGermany 40 works
  6. 6 ParisFrance 30 works
  7. 7 NanjingChina 29 works
  8. 8 TokyoJapan 28 works
  9. 9 StuttgartGermany 28 works
  10. 10 BengaluruIndia 28 works

Where it is the local speciality

  1. StuttgartDE · 28.1 works12×
  2. PisaIT · 24.4 works12×
← less than its size predicts1×more →

Location quotient: how much more of its research is in Real-Time Systems Scheduling than the world average.

See Real-Time Systems Scheduling on the map

Where is the best place to study Real-Time Systems Scheduling?

Among universities, judged by research, Technical University of Munich, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna and Washington University in St. Louis score highest, combining excellence, specialisation, size, growth and international reach. Research strength is one signal when choosing where to study; it does not measure teaching.

0%10%20%30%mean 14.37%fractional works in this field (log) →share of work in the world top 10% →Technical University…Scuola Superiore San…Washington Universit…KTH Royal Institute …
above the meannear itbelow it

One dot per university in the first ten of the table below, at the default weights. The upper left is the interesting corner: small places doing unusually strong work.

Excellenceshare of its work in the world top 10%, 2022-now and all time averaged
40%
Specialisationhow much of its work is in this field, counted up to 10× the world share
10%
Sizeits output in this field, on a log scale
30%
Growthoutput growth, counted from -20% to +20%
10%
Internationalshare of its work with a co-author abroad
10%
Each slider sets a weight; the share it gets of the score is beside it.
#UniversityScoreTop 10%SpecialisationWorksGrowth
1Technical University of MunichGermany 71.215.6%10.7×22 +3.2%
2Scuola Superiore Sant'AnnaItaly 69.513.9%73.7×16 -20.9%
3Washington University in St. LouisUnited States 55.611.7%7.1×12 +7.5%
4KTH Royal Institute of TechnologySweden 53.97.9%14.3×12 +67.8%
5University of North Carolina at Chapel HillUnited States 53.714.2%2.7×11 -60.8%
6University of StuttgartGermany 53.08.6%20.4×16 +4.7%
7TU Dortmund UniversityGermany 52.326.2%16.5×10 -29.3%
8Beijing University of Posts and TelecommunicationsChina 52.217.2%7.1×10 +180.0%
9Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityChina 50.318.3%2.2×14 +145.4%
10Xidian UniversityChina 49.610.1%7.1×12 +26.9%

Universities only. The score blends excellence (40%), size (30%), specialisation (10%), growth (10%), international reach (10%), 2022-now; growth compares 2018-21 with 2022-25 and counts up to +20%, since a jump from a small base is mostly noise.

Every institution in Real-Time Systems Scheduling, country by country

Is Real-Time Systems Scheduling research growing?

Output in 2022-2025 was 4% lower than in 2018-2021, peaking in 2002.

still counting19801990200020102020
grewheldshrank

The same series as a ribbon: one cell per year, darker for more. The line above answers how much; this answers when.

Its share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share: all of science grows. This is Real-Time Systems Scheduling as a percentage of every work published that year, 0.011% in 2024.

still counting0.050%0.10%0.15%Real-Time Systems Scheduling0.013% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works of Real-Time Systems Scheduling over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

Year by year.

still counting5%10%15%Real-Time Systems Scheduling10.1% in 2025200020102020

Of each year's works in it, the share that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. A field is the world for its own topics, so there is no other line to hold it against.

Which topics inside it are moving

Growth and decline on one axis around a shared zero. Two lists side by side hide the thing that matters: whether the growth dwarfs the decline, or the other way round.

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