Science Explorer Back to mapMap
Discussion
University · Västerås · Sweden

Mälardalen University

In research, Mälardalen University stands highest in Physical Sciences (#1,031 of 10,670 worldwide), Engineering (#796 of 5,901 worldwide) and Social Sciences (#1,301 of 9,585 worldwide), 2022-now. Relative to its size it is most specialised in Software, Hardware and Architecture and Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering (Software is 44.9× its share of world research).

World rank, 2022-now
#1,284
of 22,385 · #1,202 all time
Rank in Sweden
#15
of 107
Research works
5.3k
◆ 1% vs 2018-21
Citations
94k
18.0 per fractional work
Top-10% rate
13.8%
all institutions 10.0%
vs its own fields
1.27×
1.00× is exactly expected
Open access
41%
world 40%
International
25%
world 18%

What is Mälardalen University known for in research?

The fields where it stands highest, 2022-now, ranked among every institution above the floor in each field.

FieldWorld rankWhere that sitsTop-10% rateWorksAll time
Physical SciencesDomain #1,031 of 10,670 12.8%590 #878
EngineeringField #796 of 5,901 14.4%231 #842
Social SciencesDomain #1,301 of 9,585 14.8%335 #1067
Computer ScienceField #790 of 4,417 12.5%241 #489
Health SciencesDomain #1,799 of 9,902 15.2%119 #2126
MedicineField #2,425 of 8,541 15.1%65 #2530
Business, Management and AccountingField #770 of 2,581 13.9%68 #664
Social SciencesField #1,837 of 5,988 14.3%145 #1257

Each strip is that field's whole ranked pool, with the notch where Mälardalen University sits in it, in the colour of the band that rank falls in. The track under the rate is the rate itself: it carries no average mark, because the average differs by field (from about 6% in Dentistry to 21% in Economics).

Which of those standings moved

The same fields on both windows: where it stood over the whole record, and where it stands in 2022-now. The distance is the story, and it is the one thing the two rank columns above cannot show.

  1. Physical Sciences#878 #1,031
  2. Engineering#842 #796
  3. Social Sciences#1,067 #1,301
  4. Computer Science#489 #790
  5. Health Sciences#2,126 #1,799
  6. Medicine#2,530 #2,425
  7. Business, Management and Accounting#664 #770
  8. Social Sciences#1,257 #1,837
all time2022-now, better2022-now, worse

A dot further right is a better standing. Fields it was not ranked in over the whole record are left out.

Which fields of science does Mälardalen University work in?

In 2022-now, 54% of research at Mälardalen University is in Physical Sciences, 32% in Social Sciences. Its largest fields are Computer Science (22%), Engineering (21%), Social Sciences (14%). It does 1.4× the world's share of Physical Sciences.

Physical Sciences: 615 fractional works · 54.4% of its workComputer Science: 251 fractional works · 22.2% of its workArtificial Intelligence: 61 fractional works · 5.4% of its workInformation Systems: 41 fractional works · 3.6% of its workComputer Networks and Communications: 39 fractional works · 3.5% of its workSoftware: 33 fractional works · 2.9% of its workHardware and Architecture: 21 fractional works · 1.9% of its workComputational Theory and Mathematics: 18 fractional works · 1.6% of its workComputer Vision and Pattern Recognition: 15 fractional works · 1.3% of its workComputer Science Applications: 8 fractional works · 0.7% of its workHuman-Computer Interaction: 8 fractional works · 0.7% of its workSignal Processing: 7 fractional works · 0.6% of its workEngineering: 242 fractional works · 21.4% of its workIndustrial and Manufacturing Engineering: 47 fractional works · 4.1% of its workElectrical and Electronic Engineering: 42 fractional works · 3.7% of its workControl and Systems Engineering: 33 fractional works · 2.9% of its workMechanical Engineering: 28 fractional works · 2.5% of its workAutomotive Engineering: 16 fractional works · 1.4% of its workAerospace Engineering: 15 fractional works · 1.3% of its workSafety, Risk, Reliability and Quality: 14 fractional works · 1.3% of its workBiomedical Engineering: 13 fractional works · 1.2% of its workBuilding and Construction: 13 fractional works · 1.2% of its workMechanics of Materials: 5 fractional works · 0.5% of its workComputational Mechanics: 4 fractional works · 0.4% of its workCivil and Structural Engineering: 4 fractional works · 0.3% of its workOcean Engineering: 3 fractional works · 0.3% of its workMedia Technology: 3 fractional works · 0.3% of its workMathematics: 44 fractional works · 3.9% of its workAlgebra and Number Theory: 13 fractional works · 1.1% of its workGeometry and Topology: 12 fractional works · 1.0% of its workApplied Mathematics: 7 fractional works · 0.6% of its workMathematical Physics: 6 fractional works · 0.6% of its workDiscrete Mathematics and Combinatorics: 3 fractional works · 0.2% of its workStatistics and Probability: 2 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 2 fractional works · 0.1% of its workEnvironmental Science: 44 fractional works · 3.9% of its workEnvironmental Engineering: 12 fractional works · 1.0% of its workGlobal and Planetary Change: 8 fractional works · 0.8% of its workManagement, Monitoring, Policy and Law: 5 fractional works · 0.5% of its workIndustrial and Manufacturing Engineering: 5 fractional works · 0.5% of its workPollution: 4 fractional works · 0.3% of its workHealth, Toxicology and Mutagenesis: 3 fractional works · 0.2% of its workWater Science and Technology: 3 fractional works · 0.2% of its workEcology: 2 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 2 fractional works · 0.1% of its workEnergy: 17 fractional works · 1.5% of its workRenewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment: 12 fractional works · 1.1% of its workEnergy Engineering and Power Technology: 4 fractional works · 0.4% of its workSmaller subfields together: 0 fractional works · 0.0% of its workPhysics and Astronomy: 6 fractional works · 0.5% of its workStatistical and Nonlinear Physics: 3 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 3 fractional works · 0.3% of its workChemical Engineering: 5 fractional works · 0.4% of its workFluid Flow and Transfer Processes: 4 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 1 fractional works · 0.1% of its workMaterials Science: 4 fractional works · 0.4% of its workMaterials Chemistry: 2 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 2 fractional works · 0.2% of its workEarth and Planetary Sciences: 2 fractional works · 0.2% of its workChemistry: 2 fractional works · 0.1% of its workSocial Sciences: 366 fractional works · 32.3% of its workSocial Sciences: 160 fractional works · 14.1% of its workEducation: 61 fractional works · 5.4% of its workSociology and Political Science: 43 fractional works · 3.8% of its workSafety Research: 9 fractional works · 0.8% of its workPolitical Science and International Relations: 8 fractional works · 0.7% of its workDemography: 7 fractional works · 0.6% of its workGender Studies: 5 fractional works · 0.5% of its workPublic Administration: 4 fractional works · 0.4% of its workTransportation: 3 fractional works · 0.3% of its workCommunication: 3 fractional works · 0.3% of its workHuman Factors and Ergonomics: 3 fractional works · 0.3% of its workHealth: 3 fractional works · 0.2% of its workLinguistics and Language: 2 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 8 fractional works · 0.7% of its workBusiness, Management and Accounting: 70 fractional works · 6.2% of its workStrategy and Management: 18 fractional works · 1.6% of its workOrganizational Behavior and Human Resource Management: 16 fractional works · 1.4% of its workManagement Information Systems: 14 fractional works · 1.2% of its workManagement of Technology and Innovation: 11 fractional works · 0.9% of its workMarketing: 7 fractional works · 0.6% of its workBusiness and International Management: 2 fractional works · 0.2% of its workAccounting: 2 fractional works · 0.2% of its workPsychology: 63 fractional works · 5.5% of its workClinical Psychology: 20 fractional works · 1.8% of its workSocial Psychology: 17 fractional works · 1.5% of its workDevelopmental and Educational Psychology: 12 fractional works · 1.1% of its workExperimental and Cognitive Psychology: 8 fractional works · 0.7% of its workApplied Psychology: 4 fractional works · 0.4% of its workNeuropsychology and Physiological Psychology: 2 fractional works · 0.2% of its workDecision Sciences: 29 fractional works · 2.6% of its workManagement Science and Operations Research: 15 fractional works · 1.3% of its workStatistics, Probability and Uncertainty: 7 fractional works · 0.7% of its workInformation Systems and Management: 7 fractional works · 0.6% of its workArts and Humanities: 28 fractional works · 2.4% of its workLiterature and Literary Theory: 11 fractional works · 0.9% of its workLanguage and Linguistics: 6 fractional works · 0.5% of its workPhilosophy: 3 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 8 fractional works · 0.7% of its workEconomics, Econometrics and Finance: 16 fractional works · 1.5% of its workEconomics and Econometrics: 8 fractional works · 0.7% of its workFinance: 8 fractional works · 0.7% of its workSmaller subfields together: 1 fractional works · 0.0% of its workHealth Sciences: 130 fractional works · 11.5% of its workMedicine: 69 fractional works · 6.1% of its workPublic Health, Environmental and Occupational Health: 13 fractional works · 1.2% of its workPhysiology: 7 fractional works · 0.6% of its workPsychiatry and Mental health: 5 fractional works · 0.5% of its workCardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine: 5 fractional works · 0.4% of its workPediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health: 4 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSurgery: 4 fractional works · 0.3% of its workPulmonary and Respiratory Medicine: 4 fractional works · 0.3% of its workEpidemiology: 3 fractional works · 0.3% of its workHealth Informatics: 3 fractional works · 0.3% of its workOncology: 3 fractional works · 0.2% of its workEmergency Medicine: 2 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 17 fractional works · 1.5% of its workHealth Professions: 55 fractional works · 4.9% of its workGeneral Health Professions: 34 fractional works · 3.0% of its workRadiological and Ultrasound Technology: 5 fractional works · 0.4% of its workOccupational Therapy: 4 fractional works · 0.4% of its workPhysical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation: 4 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSpeech and Hearing: 3 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 6 fractional works · 0.5% of its workNursing: 4 fractional works · 0.3% of its workResearch and Theory: 3 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 1 fractional works · 0.1% of its workDentistry: 2 fractional works · 0.1% of its workLife Sciences: 20 fractional works · 1.7% of its workNeuroscience: 8 fractional works · 0.7% of its workCognitive Neuroscience: 6 fractional works · 0.5% of its workSmaller subfields together: 2 fractional works · 0.2% of its workAgricultural and Biological Sciences: 6 fractional works · 0.5% of its workPlant Science: 3 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 3 fractional works · 0.3% of its workBiochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology: 5 fractional works · 0.4% of its workImmunology and Microbiology: 1 fractional works · 0.0% of its workPharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics: 0 fractional works · 0.0% of its workALL ITS WORKMälardalenUniversity1,130fractional works, 2022-now
Life Sciences2%Physical Sciences54%Health Sciences11%Social Sciences32%

Each ring splits the one inside it: the four domains of science, their fields, their subfields. Size is fractional works in 2022-now. Every slice is a page; the interactive view zooms down to single topics and colours each by how much more of it this institution does than the world.

Its 4 domains and 26 fields, with their numbers
    1. Computer Science25122.2%
    2. Engineering24221.4%
    3. Mathematics443.9%
    4. Environmental Science443.9%
    5. Energy171.5%
    6. Physics and Astronomy60.5%
    7. Chemical Engineering50.4%
    8. Materials Science40.4%
    9. Earth and Planetary Sciences20.2%
    10. Chemistry20.1%
    1. Social Sciences16014.1%
    2. Business, Management and Accounting706.2%
    3. Psychology635.5%
    4. Decision Sciences292.6%
    5. Arts and Humanities282.4%
    6. Economics, Econometrics and Finance161.5%
    1. Medicine696.1%
    2. Health Professions554.9%
    3. Nursing40.3%
    4. Dentistry20.1%
    5. Veterinary00.0%
    1. Neuroscience80.7%
    2. Agricultural and Biological Sciences60.5%
    3. Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology50.4%
    4. Immunology and Microbiology10.0%
    5. Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics00.0%
All of science, and how each field's share has moved since 1950: the Science domain explorer

What does Mälardalen University specialise in?

Where its research is concentrated relative to its size: Software takes 44.9× the share of its output that it takes of world research.

  1. SoftwareSubfield · 32.6 works45×
  2. Hardware and ArchitectureSubfield · 21.0 works16×
  3. Industrial and Manufacturing EngineeringSubfield · 46.8 works8.0×
← less than its size predicts1×more →

Location quotient, a volume reading rather than an impact one. It surfaces small, lopsided specialities.

Field profile

Location quotient across every field it publishes in: outside the ring is more than an institution of this size would be expected to publish, inside it is less.

Agricultural and Biological Sciences: 0.11× its world share, 6 worksAgricultural and Bio…Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology: 0.08× its world share, 5 worksBiochemistry, Geneti…Immunology and Microbiology: 0.05× its world share, 0 worksImmunology and Micro…Neuroscience: 0.44× its world share, 8 worksNeurosciencePharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics: 0.07× its world share, 0 worksPharmacology, Toxico…Chemical Engineering: 1.26× its world share, 5 worksChemical EngineeringChemistry: 0.09× its world share, 2 worksChemistryComputer Science: 2.85× its world share, 251 worksComputer ScienceEarth and Planetary Sciences: 0.10× its world share, 2 worksEarth and Planetary …Energy: 1.60× its world share, 17 worksEnergyEngineering: 1.43× its world share, 242 worksEngineeringEnvironmental Science: 0.78× its world share, 44 worksEnvironmental ScienceMaterials Science: 0.11× its world share, 4 worksMaterials ScienceMathematics: 3.30× its world share, 44 worksMathematicsPhysics and Astronomy: 0.23× its world share, 6 worksPhysics and AstronomyDentistry: 0.28× its world share, 2 worksDentistryHealth Professions: 1.85× its world share, 55 worksHealth ProfessionsMedicine: 0.32× its world share, 69 worksMedicineNursing: 0.69× its world share, 4 worksNursingVeterinary: 0.02× its world share, 0 worksVeterinaryArts and Humanities: 0.85× its world share, 28 worksArts and HumanitiesBusiness, Management and Accounting: 1.92× its world share, 70 worksBusiness, Management…Decision Sciences: 2.68× its world share, 29 worksDecision SciencesEconomics, Econometrics and Finance: 0.68× its world share, 16 worksEconomics, Econometr…Psychology: 1.82× its world share, 63 worksPsychologySocial Sciences: 1.12× its world share, 160 worksSocial Sciences1×world share
more than its size predictsabout as predictedless

Rings at 0.5×, 1× and 2×. Widest outward: Mathematics, 3.3×. Every wedge is a field page.

All 26 fields, with their numbers
  1. Mathematics3.30×44 works
  2. Computer Science2.85×251 works
  3. Decision Sciences2.68×29 works
  4. Business, Management and Accounting1.92×70 works
  5. Health Professions1.85×55 works
  6. Psychology1.82×63 works
  7. Energy1.60×17 works
  8. Engineering1.43×242 works
  9. Chemical Engineering1.26×5 works
  10. Social Sciences1.12×160 works
  11. Arts and Humanities0.85×28 works
  12. Environmental Science0.78×44 works
  13. Nursing0.69×4 works
  14. Economics, Econometrics and Finance0.68×16 works
  15. Neuroscience0.44×8 works
  16. Medicine0.32×69 works
  17. Dentistry0.28×2 works
  18. Physics and Astronomy0.23×6 works
  19. Agricultural and Biological Sciences0.11×6 works
  20. Materials Science0.11×4 works
  21. Earth and Planetary Sciences0.10×2 works
  22. Chemistry0.09×2 works
  23. Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology0.08×5 works
  24. Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics0.07×0 works
  25. Immunology and Microbiology0.05×0 works
  26. Veterinary0.02×0 works

Who are the top researchers at Mälardalen University?

Ranked on the quality score, Jinyue Yan, Olcay Sert and Hailong Li lead among researchers whose main affiliation is Mälardalen University.

  1. 1 Jinyue Yan Sweden · #17,585 worldwide 38k citations · 875 works
  2. 2 Olcay Sert Sweden · #36,517 worldwide 2.2k citations · 96 works
  3. 3 Hailong Li Sweden · #72,192 worldwide 17k citations · 403 works
  4. 4 Pietro Elia Campana Sweden · #82,226 worldwide 6.9k citations · 214 works
  5. 5 Silvia Ma Lu Sweden · #224,378 worldwide 634 citations · 41 works
  6. 6 Sarah Wamala Andersson Sweden · #253,800 worldwide 833 citations · 52 works
  7. 7 Jannika Lindvall Sweden · #274,389 worldwide 475 citations · 25 works
  8. 8 Sebastian Zainali Sweden · #323,260 worldwide 631 citations · 44 works
  9. 9 Kimmo Eriksson Sweden · #343,304 worldwide 25k citations · 550 works
  10. 10 Mohammed Guezgouz Sweden · #358,042 worldwide 1.5k citations · 33 works
All ranked researchers at Mälardalen University

What are the most cited papers from Mälardalen University?

The most cited paper from Mälardalen University is "The worst-case execution-time problem—overview of methods and survey of tools" (Reinhard Wilhelm, Jakob Engblom, Andreas Ermedahl et al., 2008), with 1,871 citations. Next come "A review on compressed air energy storage: Basic principles, past milestones and recent developments" (1,180) and "Business Relationship Learning and Commitment in the Internationalization Process" (998).

Most cited papers
#PaperReleasedCitations
1 The worst-case execution-time problem—overview of methods and survey of tools Reinhard Wilhelm, Jakob Engblom, Andreas Ermedahl et al. · ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems Apr 2008 1,871
2 A review on compressed air energy storage: Basic principles, past milestones and recent developments Marcus Budt, Daniël De Wolf, Roland Span et al. · Applied Energy 7 Mar 2016 1,180
3 Business Relationship Learning and Commitment in the Internationalization Process Jan Johanson, Jan-Erik Vahlne · Journal of International Entrepreneurship Mar 2003 998
4 Artificial intelligence in supply chain management: A systematic literature review Reza Toorajipour, Vahid Sohrabpour, Ali Nazarpour et al. · Journal of Business Research ReviewOpen access 24 Sep 2020 989
5 Achieving better energy-efficient air conditioning – A review of technologies and strategies Kian Jon Chua, S.K. Chou, Wanyou Yang et al. · Applied Energy 14 Dec 2012 956
All 60 most cited papers, with filters and sorting

Which keywords describe research at Mälardalen University?

By fractional works in 2022-now, weighted toward what it does more of than the world: Machine Learning, Sustainability, Big Data, Deep Learning, Cyber-Physical Systems, Renewable Energy, Supply Chain Management and Digital Twin.

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's

Size is fractional works in 2022-now in the topics tagged with each word; colour is the word's share of this institution's work against its share of the world's. The 40 words are chosen for being large and distinctive. Each links to the topic it comes from most.

All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Machine Learning75▲ 1.99×59 topics
  2. Deep Learning65▲ 1.66×57 topics
  3. Sustainability61▲ 2.2×46 topics
  4. Big Data42▲ 3.9×15 topics
  5. Renewable Energy41▲ 2.5×30 topics
  6. Supply Chain Management34▲ 3.3×13 topics
  7. Education29▲ 1.51×30 topics
  8. Internet of Things29▲ 3.0×12 topics
  9. Cyber-Physical Systems28▲ 9.3×6 topics
  10. Energy Efficiency27▲ 2.6×26 topics
  11. Qualitative Research24▲ 2.5×14 topics
  12. Digital Twin21▲ 13×2 topics
  13. Cloud Manufacturing20▲ 20×1 topic
  14. Smart Manufacturing20▲ 20×1 topic
  15. Pedagogy19▲ 3.3×9 topics
  16. Anomaly Detection19▲ 5.8×4 topics
  17. Distributed Systems17▲ 8.9×5 topics
  18. Special Education17▲ 25×4 topics
  19. Model-Based Development16▲ 74×2 topics
  20. Requirements Engineering16▲ 32×3 topics
  21. Embedded Systems16▲ 31×5 topics
  22. IoT Security15▲ 4.4×3 topics
  23. Discourse Analysis15▲ 5.4×3 topics
  24. Smart Grid15▲ 3.6×6 topics
  25. Social Sciences14▲ 8.8×4 topics
  26. Gender Studies14▲ 8.0×3 topics
  27. Methodology13▲ 24×1 topic
  28. Quantitative Methods13▲ 87×1 topic
  29. Reflective Practice13▲ 6.0×7 topics
  30. Metamodeling13▲ 44×2 topics
  31. Resource Allocation13▲ 6.3×7 topics
  32. Software Development12▲ 21×2 topics
  33. Open Source Software12▲ 27×2 topics
  34. Automated Testing11▲ 39×1 topic
  35. Domain-Specific Languages11▲ 100×1 topic
  36. Model-Driven Engineering11▲ 100×1 topic
  37. Software Fault Localization11▲ 39×1 topic
  38. Model Checking11▲ 21×3 topics
  39. Industrial Automation10▲ 14×2 topics
  40. Professional Learning Communities10▲ 18×2 topics

Which research topics does Mälardalen University publish most on?

By volume in 2022-now: Digital Transformation in Industry, Social and Educational Sciences, Model-Driven Software Engineering Techniques and Software Testing and Debugging Techniques.

  1. 1 Digital Transformation in Industry Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering 20 works
  2. 2 Social and Educational Sciences Education 13 works
  3. 3 Model-Driven Software Engineering Techniques Software 11 works
  4. 4 Software Testing and Debugging Techniques Software 11 works
  5. 5 Real-Time Systems Scheduling Hardware and Architecture 10 works
  6. 6 Software Engineering Research Information Systems 10 works
  7. 7 Software Reliability and Analysis Research Software 10 works
  8. 8 Flexible and Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering 9 works
  9. 9 Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies Artificial Intelligence 9 works
  10. 10 Formal Methods in Verification Computational Theory and Mathematics 9 works

How open and international is its research?

Against the world's own shares: the tick on each track. Both are shares of its output, so they sit on one scale and can be read against each other as well as against the world.

openly available41.3%not open58.7%

World: 40% of research is openly available.

with international co-authors24.7%domestic only75.3%

World: 18% is written across borders.

How has Mälardalen University's research output changed?

Output in 2022-2025 was 1% lower than in 2018-2021.

still counting200020102020
grewheldshrank

The same series as a ribbon: one cell per year, darker for more. The line above answers how much; this answers when.

Its share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share: all of science grows. This is Mälardalen University as a percentage of every work published that year, 0.0048% in 2024.

still counting0.0050%0.010%Mälardalen University0.0038% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works of Mälardalen University over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

Year by year, against all institutions in the same year.

still counting10%20%Mälardalen University15.6% in 2025all institutions10.0% in 2025200020102020

Of each year's output, the share that reached the world's 10% most cited for its field and year. Peak 18.3% in 2002.

Share Mälardalen University's ranking

Mälardalen University on Science Explorer

A card with Mälardalen University's standing and the fields it leads in, for a post or a slide. A link to this page previews as the same card.

Download the card

1200 × 630 PNG, sized for social posts, drawn from the latest snapshot.

Badges for a website2Each links back here and updates with every snapshot

Its overall standing, then the domains, fields and subfields where Mälardalen University is in the world's top ten or its top 1%. Each has an image of its own.

Overall

Domains

Research measures only: rankings here say nothing about teaching, admissions or student experience. Comparable institutions and collaboration partners have tabs of their own, above.

Discussion

Ask a question or share a note about Mälardalen University. Posts are plain text and can be reported.