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Topic · Emergency Medicine

Restraint-Related Deaths

Restraint-Related Deaths is a research topic within Emergency Medicine. Science Explorer counts 17k research works in it since 1950. 10.3% of them reached the world's top 10% most cited for their field and year.

This cluster of papers explores the factors and risks associated with restraint-related deaths, focusing on topics such as excited delirium syndrome, use of conducted electrical weapons, asphyxial deaths, pulmonary edema, taser use, hanging injuries, cardiac effects, positional asphyxia, hyoid bone fractures, and the impact of electrical stun devices on physiological responses.

  • Excited Delirium Syndrome
  • Conducted Electrical Weapons
  • Asphyxial Deaths
  • Pulmonary Edema
  • Taser Use
  • Hanging Injuries
  • Cardiac Effects
  • Positional Asphyxia
  • Hyoid Bone Fractures
  • Electrical Stun Devices
Research works
17k
fractional, since 1950
In the world top 10%
1.8k
per year above
Top-10% rate
10.3%
share of its works in the world top 10%
Growth, 2018-21 → 2022-25
+3%
the tick is no change
Largest producer
United States
35% of the 10 largest, 2022-now
Restraint-Related Deaths

This ranks research output and citation impact. It says nothing about the quality of diagnosis, treatment or care.

Which countries lead Restraint-Related Deaths research?

By volume, the United States and India publish the most (601 and 268 works in 2022-now).

By volume, 2022-now

  1. 1 United States 601 works
  2. 2 India 268 works
  3. 3 Türkiye 129 works
  4. 4 Germany 123 works
  5. 5 China 121 works
  6. 6 Japan 116 works
  7. 7 United Kingdom 111 works
  8. 8 Italy 96 works
  9. 9 Australia 72 works
  10. 10 France 67 works

How concentrated that is

The same countries as shares of everything the list above accounts for. A node where two countries do two thirds of the work and one spread evenly across twelve read alike as a ranking and not at all alike here.

United States: 35.3%India: 15.8%Türkiye: 7.6%Germany: 7.2%6 others listed: 34.2%35%largest
United States601 · 35.3%India268 · 15.8%Türkiye129 · 7.6%Germany123 · 7.2%6 others listed583 · 34.2%

Shares of the rows listed above, not of the whole node.

Which institutions lead Restraint-Related Deaths research?

By volume in 2022-now, All India Institute of Medical Sciences publishes the most Restraint-Related Deaths research, followed by Harvard University and Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi.

By volume, 2022-now

  1. 1 All India Institute of Medical SciencesIndia 31 works
  2. 2 Harvard UniversityUnited States 15 works
  3. 3 Sağlık Bilimleri ÜniversitesiTürkiye 13 works
  4. 4 University of DelhiIndia 10 works
  5. 5 The University of AdelaideAustralia 9 works
  6. 6 Sapienza University of RomeItaly 9 works
  7. 7 Johns Hopkins UniversityUnited States 8 works
  8. 8 University of North Carolina at Chapel HillUnited States 8 works
  9. 9 Banaras Hindu UniversityIndia 8 works
  10. 10 University of TorontoCanada 8 works

Who are the leading researchers in Restraint-Related Deaths?

The most-cited researchers publishing on Restraint-Related Deaths include George Davey Smith, Rakhi Dandona and Ted R. Miller.

  1. 1 George Davey Smith United Kingdom 435k citations
  2. 2 Rakhi Dandona United States 280k citations
  3. 3 Ted R. Miller United States 279k citations
  4. 4 Lalit Dandona United States 268k citations
  5. 5 Jean‐Louis Vincent Belgium 262k citations

Ranked by citations received across their whole record, among researchers with at least three works on this topic.

What are the most cited papers in Restraint-Related Deaths?

The most cited paper in Restraint-Related Deaths is "High Inflation Pressure Pulmonary Edema: Respective Effects of High Airway Pressure, High Tidal Volume, and Positive End-expiratory Pressure" (Didier Dreyfuss, Paul Soler, Guy Basset et al., 1988), with 1,720 citations. Next come "Prevalence of Nonsuicidal Self‐Injury in Nonclinical Samples: Systematic Review, Meta‐Analysis and Meta‐Regression" (1,663) and "Non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents: Diagnostic correlates and relation to suicide attempts" (1,635).

Most cited papers
#PaperReleasedCitations
1 High Inflation Pressure Pulmonary Edema: Respective Effects of High Airway Pressure, High Tidal Volume, and Positive End-expiratory Pressure Didier Dreyfuss, Paul Soler, Guy Basset et al. · American Review of Respiratory Disease May 1988 1,720
2 Prevalence of Nonsuicidal Self‐Injury in Nonclinical Samples: Systematic Review, Meta‐Analysis and Meta‐Regression Sarah Swannell, Graham Martin, Andrew Page et al. · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior Review 15 Jan 2014 1,663
3 Non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents: Diagnostic correlates and relation to suicide attempts Matthew K. Nock, T JOINERJR, Kathy Gordon et al. · Psychiatry Research 3 Aug 2006 1,635
4 APACHE II-A Severity of Disease Classification System Jean‐Roger Le Gall, Philippe Loirat, A. Alpcrovitch · Critical Care Medicine Aug 1986 1,251
5 Report of Four Cases Raymond G. Bunge, William C. Keettel, J.K. Sherman · Fertility and Sterility Open access Nov 1954 1,181
All 100 most cited papers, with filters and sorting

Where is Restraint-Related Deaths research done?

The largest centres of Restraint-Related Deaths research in 2022-now are New Delhi (India), Istanbul (Türkiye), Tokyo (Japan) and London (United Kingdom).

Largest cities, 2022-now

  1. 1 New DelhiIndia 34 works
  2. 2 IstanbulTürkiye 34 works
  3. 3 TokyoJapan 30 works
  4. 4 LondonUnited Kingdom 26 works
  5. 5 MoscowRussia 24 works
  6. 6 New YorkUnited States 23 works
  7. 7 SeoulSouth Korea 18 works
  8. 8 AnkaraTürkiye 18 works
  9. 9 ParisFrance 18 works
  10. 10 BostonUnited States 18 works
See Restraint-Related Deaths on the map

Where is the best place to study Restraint-Related Deaths?

Among universities, judged by research, Harvard University, The University of Adelaide and All India Institute of Medical Sciences score highest, combining excellence, specialisation, size, growth and international reach. Research strength is one signal when choosing where to study; it does not measure teaching.

0%20%40%mean 12.9%fractional works in this field (log) →share of work in the world top 10% →Harvard UniversityThe University of Ad…Sağlık Bilimleri Üni…All India Institute …
above the meannear itbelow it

One dot per university in the first ten of the table below, at the default weights. The upper left is the interesting corner: small places doing unusually strong work.

Excellenceshare of its work in the world top 10%, 2022-now and all time averaged
40%
Specialisationhow much of its work is in this field, counted up to 10× the world share
10%
Sizeits output in this field, on a log scale
30%
Growthoutput growth, counted from -20% to +20%
10%
Internationalshare of its work with a co-author abroad
10%
Each slider sets a weight; the share it gets of the score is beside it.
#UniversityScoreTop 10%SpecialisationWorksGrowth
1Harvard UniversityUnited States 61.429.9%2.1×15 -40.9%
2The University of AdelaideAustralia 60.522.9%9.4×9 +44.0%
3All India Institute of Medical SciencesIndia 53.74.8%12.5×30 +24.4%
4Sağlık Bilimleri ÜniversitesiTürkiye 42.87.0%10.4×13 +32.0%
5Sapienza University of RomeItaly 41.813.8%3.4×9 +139.9%
6Johns Hopkins UniversityUnited States 41.820.6%2.5×8 +5.2%
7University of DelhiIndia 21.50.1%6.3×10 +52.3%
8University of North Carolina at Chapel HillUnited States 19.64.1%2.1×8 +23.6%

Universities only. The score blends excellence (40%), size (30%), specialisation (10%), growth (10%), international reach (10%), 2022-now; growth compares 2018-21 with 2022-25 and counts up to +20%, since a jump from a small base is mostly noise.

Every institution in Restraint-Related Deaths, country by country

Is Restraint-Related Deaths research growing?

Output in 2022-2025 was 3% higher than in 2018-2021, peaking in 2024. The fastest-growing topics are Restraint-Related Deaths.

still counting19801990200020102020
grewheldshrank

The same series as a ribbon: one cell per year, darker for more. The line above answers how much; this answers when.

Its share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share: all of science grows. This is Restraint-Related Deaths as a percentage of every work published that year, 0.012% in 2024.

still counting0.020%0.040%Restraint-Related Deaths0.0098% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works of Restraint-Related Deaths over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

Year by year.

still counting5%10%15%Restraint-Related Deaths10.7% in 2025200020102020

Of each year's works in it, the share that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. A field is the world for its own topics, so there is no other line to hold it against.

Which topics inside it are moving

Growth and decline on one axis around a shared zero. Two lists side by side hide the thing that matters: whether the growth dwarfs the decline, or the other way round.

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