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City · Poland

Research in Łódź

Science Explorer records 38 research institutions in Łódź, Poland. The highest-ranked on research quality in 2022-now are University of Łódź, Lodz University of Technology and Społeczna Akademia Nauk.

Research institutions
38
10 of them ranked worldwide
Research works
89k
▼ 10% vs 2018-21
Citations
828k
9.3 per fractional work, all time
Top-10% rate, 2022-now
14.6%
all institutions 10.0%
Active span
1950-2026
77 years on the record
Łódź

A city carries no overall standing here. The quality score is built for institutions and countries, the units its floors and field normalisation were designed around. An empty rank on this page is a statement about the measure, not about the place.

Which research institutions are in Łódź?

#InstitutionWorksAgainst the largest hereWorld rank
1University of ŁódźUniversity 37,167 #1,486
2Medical University of LodzUniversity 18,714 #7,275
3Lodz University of TechnologyUniversity 17,803 #1,612
4Społeczna Akademia NaukUniversity 2,758 #5,183
5Nofer Institute of Occupational MedicineResearch facility 2,274 #15,275
6Central Institute for Labour ProtectionResearch facility 1,910 #11,038
7Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research InstituteHospital / health system 1,723 #13,881
8University of Humanities and Economics in LodzUniversity 955 #7,149
9Copernicus Memorial HospitalHospital / health system 562 #15,939
10Zakład Wodociągów i Kanalizacji (Poland)Company 534 #17,552
11Instytut Przemysłu SkórzanegoResearch facility 403 #12,417 all time
12Łukasiewicz Research Network - Textile Research InstituteResearch facility 334 #27,546 all time
13Institute of Biopolymers and Chemical FibresResearch facility 235 #30,204 all time
14University of Computer Sciences and SkillsUniversity 210 #25,727 all time
15NZOZ Centrum AlergologiiHospital / health system 193 #26,616 all time
16Łódź Film SchoolUniversity 171 #34,305 all time
17Academy of Music in ŁódźUniversity 109 not ranked
18Lodz International Studies AcademyUniversity 67 not ranked
19Military Aviation Works No. 1 (Poland)Company 64 not ranked
20Wyższa Szkoła Pedagogiczna w ŁodziUniversity 63 not ranked
21Academy of Business and Health Sciences in LodzUniversity 52 not ranked
22Institute of Security Technologies MORATEXInstitution 52 not ranked
23Academy of Fine Arts In ŁódźUniversity 47 not ranked
24Vigo (Poland)Company 45 not ranked
25Tricomed (Poland)Company 25 not ranked
26Marko-Kolor (Poland)Company 22 not ranked
27The Higher School of Art and DesignUniversity 18 not ranked
28Wyższa Szkoła Edukacji Zdrowotnej i Nauk Społecznych w ŁodziUniversity 16 not ranked
29Armatura (Poland)Company 10 not ranked
30Taps (Poland)Company 6 not ranked
31Agat (Poland)Company 6 not ranked
32Stowarzyszenie Łódzki Klub AmazonkaInstitution 5 not ranked
33Enika (Poland)Company 3 not ranked
34Omnikon (Poland)Company 3 not ranked
35Hart Tech (Poland)Company 2 not ranked
36Łódzki Regionalny Park Naukowo-Technologiczny (Poland)Company 1 not ranked
37Wikimedia PolskaNonprofit 1 not ranked
38Fundacja InkubatorInstitution 0 not ranked

By fractional works over the whole record; world rank on research quality in 2022-now. Bars are scaled to the largest institution in this city, not to anything off the page.

How concentrated the city is

The same institutions as shares of everything the list accounts for. A city that is one university and a city that is twelve read alike as a table and not at all alike here.

University of Łódź: 42.9%Medical University of Lodz: 21.6%Lodz University of Technology: 20.6%Społeczna Akademia Nauk: 3.2%33 others listed: 11.7%43%largest
University of Łódź37k · 42.9%Medical University of Lodz19k · 21.6%Lodz University of Technology18k · 20.6%Społeczna Akademia Nauk2,758 · 3.2%33 others listed10k · 11.7%

Shares of the rows listed above, not of the whole node.

Which fields of science does Łódź work in?

In 2022-now, 37% of research in Łódź is in Social Sciences, 25% in Physical Sciences. Its largest fields are Medicine (21%), Social Sciences (21%), Engineering (9%). It does 1.5× the world's share of Social Sciences.

Social Sciences: 5,676 fractional works · 37.4% of its workSocial Sciences: 3,166 fractional works · 20.8% of its workPolitical Science and International Relations: 868 fractional works · 5.7% of its workSociology and Political Science: 499 fractional works · 3.3% of its workEducation: 292 fractional works · 1.9% of its workLaw: 244 fractional works · 1.6% of its workLinguistics and Language: 240 fractional works · 1.6% of its workAnthropology: 202 fractional works · 1.3% of its workUrban Studies: 149 fractional works · 1.0% of its workGeneral Social Sciences: 137 fractional works · 0.9% of its workCultural Studies: 121 fractional works · 0.8% of its workGender Studies: 87 fractional works · 0.6% of its workGeography, Planning and Development: 81 fractional works · 0.5% of its workSafety Research: 71 fractional works · 0.5% of its workTransportation: 50 fractional works · 0.3% of its workDemography: 42 fractional works · 0.3% of its workCommunication: 33 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 49 fractional works · 0.3% of its workArts and Humanities: 1,010 fractional works · 6.6% of its workHistory: 220 fractional works · 1.5% of its workPhilosophy: 191 fractional works · 1.3% of its workLanguage and Linguistics: 169 fractional works · 1.1% of its workLiterature and Literary Theory: 112 fractional works · 0.7% of its workArcheology: 108 fractional works · 0.7% of its workReligious studies: 61 fractional works · 0.4% of its workVisual Arts and Performing Arts: 45 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 104 fractional works · 0.7% of its workBusiness, Management and Accounting: 528 fractional works · 3.5% of its workStrategy and Management: 200 fractional works · 1.3% of its workAccounting: 113 fractional works · 0.7% of its workMarketing: 87 fractional works · 0.6% of its workOrganizational Behavior and Human Resource Management: 45 fractional works · 0.3% of its workManagement Information Systems: 42 fractional works · 0.3% of its workManagement of Technology and Innovation: 35 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 6 fractional works · 0.0% of its workEconomics, Econometrics and Finance: 463 fractional works · 3.0% of its workEconomics and Econometrics: 349 fractional works · 2.3% of its workFinance: 69 fractional works · 0.5% of its workGeneral Economics, Econometrics and Finance: 45 fractional works · 0.3% of its workPsychology: 429 fractional works · 2.8% of its workSocial Psychology: 146 fractional works · 1.0% of its workClinical Psychology: 136 fractional works · 0.9% of its workExperimental and Cognitive Psychology: 95 fractional works · 0.6% of its workDevelopmental and Educational Psychology: 31 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 20 fractional works · 0.1% of its workDecision Sciences: 81 fractional works · 0.5% of its workManagement Science and Operations Research: 45 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 36 fractional works · 0.2% of its workPhysical Sciences: 3,867 fractional works · 25.5% of its workEngineering: 1,381 fractional works · 9.1% of its workBiomedical Engineering: 255 fractional works · 1.7% of its workElectrical and Electronic Engineering: 241 fractional works · 1.6% of its workMechanical Engineering: 193 fractional works · 1.3% of its workCivil and Structural Engineering: 111 fractional works · 0.7% of its workBuilding and Construction: 104 fractional works · 0.7% of its workMechanics of Materials: 101 fractional works · 0.7% of its workControl and Systems Engineering: 92 fractional works · 0.6% of its workAutomotive Engineering: 74 fractional works · 0.5% of its workAerospace Engineering: 62 fractional works · 0.4% of its workIndustrial and Manufacturing Engineering: 52 fractional works · 0.3% of its workComputational Mechanics: 31 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 65 fractional works · 0.4% of its workEnvironmental Science: 603 fractional works · 4.0% of its workHealth, Toxicology and Mutagenesis: 116 fractional works · 0.8% of its workManagement, Monitoring, Policy and Law: 88 fractional works · 0.6% of its workEcology: 80 fractional works · 0.5% of its workGlobal and Planetary Change: 77 fractional works · 0.5% of its workPollution: 60 fractional works · 0.4% of its workWater Science and Technology: 47 fractional works · 0.3% of its workEnvironmental Engineering: 44 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 90 fractional works · 0.6% of its workMaterials Science: 518 fractional works · 3.4% of its workMaterials Chemistry: 162 fractional works · 1.1% of its workPolymers and Plastics: 154 fractional works · 1.0% of its workBiomaterials: 132 fractional works · 0.9% of its workElectronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials: 38 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 32 fractional works · 0.2% of its workComputer Science: 461 fractional works · 3.0% of its workArtificial Intelligence: 140 fractional works · 0.9% of its workInformation Systems: 66 fractional works · 0.4% of its workComputational Theory and Mathematics: 66 fractional works · 0.4% of its workComputer Networks and Communications: 54 fractional works · 0.4% of its workComputer Vision and Pattern Recognition: 52 fractional works · 0.3% of its workHuman-Computer Interaction: 44 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 39 fractional works · 0.3% of its workChemistry: 328 fractional works · 2.2% of its workOrganic Chemistry: 191 fractional works · 1.3% of its workSpectroscopy: 43 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 94 fractional works · 0.6% of its workPhysics and Astronomy: 196 fractional works · 1.3% of its workStatistical and Nonlinear Physics: 57 fractional works · 0.4% of its workAtomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics: 54 fractional works · 0.4% of its workAstronomy and Astrophysics: 32 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 53 fractional works · 0.3% of its workMathematics: 147 fractional works · 1.0% of its workApplied Mathematics: 44 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 102 fractional works · 0.7% of its workEarth and Planetary Sciences: 98 fractional works · 0.6% of its workEnergy: 83 fractional works · 0.5% of its workRenewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment: 72 fractional works · 0.5% of its workSmaller subfields together: 11 fractional works · 0.1% of its workChemical Engineering: 53 fractional works · 0.3% of its workHealth Sciences: 3,738 fractional works · 24.6% of its workMedicine: 3,258 fractional works · 21.4% of its workSurgery: 366 fractional works · 2.4% of its workPulmonary and Respiratory Medicine: 240 fractional works · 1.6% of its workPhysiology: 223 fractional works · 1.5% of its workEpidemiology: 212 fractional works · 1.4% of its workCardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine: 190 fractional works · 1.3% of its workOncology: 189 fractional works · 1.2% of its workPublic Health, Environmental and Occupational Health: 177 fractional works · 1.2% of its workPathology and Forensic Medicine: 123 fractional works · 0.8% of its workRadiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging: 119 fractional works · 0.8% of its workEndocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism: 117 fractional works · 0.8% of its workPharmacology: 100 fractional works · 0.7% of its workNeurology: 94 fractional works · 0.6% of its workRheumatology: 93 fractional works · 0.6% of its workDermatology: 88 fractional works · 0.6% of its workInfectious Diseases: 86 fractional works · 0.6% of its workPediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health: 77 fractional works · 0.5% of its workHematology: 69 fractional works · 0.5% of its workPsychiatry and Mental health: 67 fractional works · 0.4% of its workBiochemistry: 59 fractional works · 0.4% of its workComplementary and alternative medicine: 53 fractional works · 0.3% of its workGenetics: 51 fractional works · 0.3% of its workObstetrics and Gynecology: 51 fractional works · 0.3% of its workOrthopedics and Sports Medicine: 50 fractional works · 0.3% of its workReproductive Medicine: 42 fractional works · 0.3% of its workNephrology: 41 fractional works · 0.3% of its workRehabilitation: 39 fractional works · 0.3% of its workGastroenterology: 33 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 209 fractional works · 1.4% of its workHealth Professions: 270 fractional works · 1.8% of its workGeneral Health Professions: 133 fractional works · 0.9% of its workSpeech and Hearing: 40 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 98 fractional works · 0.6% of its workDentistry: 114 fractional works · 0.8% of its workOral Surgery: 44 fractional works · 0.3% of its workOrthodontics: 42 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 29 fractional works · 0.2% of its workNursing: 89 fractional works · 0.6% of its workNutrition and Dietetics: 87 fractional works · 0.6% of its workVeterinary: 7 fractional works · 0.0% of its workLife Sciences: 1,907 fractional works · 12.6% of its workBiochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology: 963 fractional works · 6.3% of its workMolecular Biology: 522 fractional works · 3.4% of its workGenetics: 133 fractional works · 0.9% of its workCancer Research: 99 fractional works · 0.7% of its workCell Biology: 55 fractional works · 0.4% of its workBiotechnology: 33 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 121 fractional works · 0.8% of its workAgricultural and Biological Sciences: 469 fractional works · 3.1% of its workPlant Science: 201 fractional works · 1.3% of its workFood Science: 106 fractional works · 0.7% of its workEcology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics: 67 fractional works · 0.4% of its workInsect Science: 36 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 59 fractional works · 0.4% of its workNeuroscience: 248 fractional works · 1.6% of its workCognitive Neuroscience: 74 fractional works · 0.5% of its workCellular and Molecular Neuroscience: 45 fractional works · 0.3% of its workNeurology: 41 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 88 fractional works · 0.6% of its workImmunology and Microbiology: 167 fractional works · 1.1% of its workImmunology: 132 fractional works · 0.9% of its workSmaller subfields together: 35 fractional works · 0.2% of its workPharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics: 62 fractional works · 0.4% of its workALL ITS WORKŁódź15kfractional works, 2022-now
Life Sciences13%Physical Sciences25%Health Sciences25%Social Sciences37%

Each ring splits the one inside it: the four domains of science, their fields, their subfields. Size is fractional works in 2022-now. Every slice is a page; the interactive view zooms down to single topics and colours each by how much more of it this city does than the world.

Its 4 domains and 26 fields, with their numbers
  1. Social Sciences5,67637.4%
    1. Social Sciences3,16620.8%
    2. Arts and Humanities1,0106.6%
    3. Business, Management and Accounting5283.5%
    4. Economics, Econometrics and Finance4633.0%
    5. Psychology4292.8%
    6. Decision Sciences810.5%
    1. Engineering1,3819.1%
    2. Environmental Science6034.0%
    3. Materials Science5183.4%
    4. Computer Science4613.0%
    5. Chemistry3282.2%
    6. Physics and Astronomy1961.3%
    7. Mathematics1471.0%
    8. Earth and Planetary Sciences980.6%
    9. Energy830.5%
    10. Chemical Engineering530.3%
  3. Health Sciences3,73824.6%
    1. Medicine3,25821.4%
    2. Health Professions2701.8%
    3. Dentistry1140.8%
    4. Nursing890.6%
    5. Veterinary70.0%
  4. Life Sciences1,90712.6%
    1. Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology9636.3%
    2. Agricultural and Biological Sciences4693.1%
    3. Neuroscience2481.6%
    4. Immunology and Microbiology1671.1%
    5. Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics620.4%
All of science, and how each field's share has moved since 1950: the Science domain explorer

What is Łódź strongest at in research?

Relative to its size, research in Łódź is most concentrated in Linguistics and Language, General Social Sciences and Anthropology (14.6× the world share in Linguistics and Language).

  1. Linguistics and LanguageSubfield · 232.7 works15×
  2. General Social SciencesSubfield · 132.6 works8.7×
  3. AnthropologySubfield · 191.5 works4.9×
  4. HistorySubfield · 211.0 works4.7×
  5. Political Science and International RelationsSubfield · 834.0 works4.0×
  6. Urban StudiesSubfield · 139.3 works3.6×
  7. ClassicsSubfield · 27.6 works3.3×
← less than its size predicts1×more →

Location quotient against the world baseline. Inside a single field a city is a meaningful unit, which is why this is where a city is measured at all.

The whole field profile

All 26 fields at once: above the ring is more than a place this size would be expected to do. A specialist and a generalist produce the same ranked list and a completely different shape.

Agricultural and Biological Sciences: 0.64× its world share, 421 worksAgricultural and Bio…Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology: 1.17× its world share, 864 worksBiochemistry, Geneti…Immunology and Microbiology: 1.07× its world share, 149 worksImmunology and Micro…Neuroscience: 0.96× its world share, 216 worksNeurosciencePharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics: 1.13× its world share, 55 worksPharmacology, Toxico…Chemical Engineering: 1.01× its world share, 49 worksChemical EngineeringChemistry: 1.37× its world share, 298 worksChemistryComputer Science: 0.39× its world share, 419 worksComputer ScienceEarth and Planetary Sciences: 0.37× its world share, 80 worksEarth and Planetary …Energy: 0.60× its world share, 77 worksEnergyEngineering: 0.62× its world share, 1,285 worksEngineeringEnvironmental Science: 0.77× its world share, 532 worksEnvironmental ScienceMaterials Science: 0.97× its world share, 469 worksMaterials ScienceMathematics: 0.83× its world share, 135 worksMathematicsPhysics and Astronomy: 0.59× its world share, 181 worksPhysics and AstronomyDentistry: 1.50× its world share, 101 worksDentistryHealth Professions: 0.67× its world share, 246 worksHealth ProfessionsMedicine: 1.09× its world share, 2,895 worksMedicineNursing: 1.17× its world share, 80 worksNursingVeterinary: 0.29× its world share, 6 worksVeterinaryArts and Humanities: 2.37× its world share, 950 worksArts and HumanitiesBusiness, Management and Accounting: 1.10× its world share, 492 worksBusiness, Management…Decision Sciences: 0.52× its world share, 70 worksDecision SciencesEconomics, Econometrics and Finance: 1.46× its world share, 434 worksEconomics, Econometr…Psychology: 0.91× its world share, 384 worksPsychologySocial Sciences: 1.70× its world share, 2,977 worksSocial Sciences1×world share
more than its size predictsabout as predictedless

Rings at 0.5×, 1× and 2×. Widest outward: Arts and Humanities, 2.4×. Every wedge is a field page.

All 26 fields, with their numbers
  1. Arts and Humanities2.37×950 works
  2. Social Sciences1.70×2,977 works
  3. Dentistry1.50×101 works
  4. Economics, Econometrics and Finance1.46×434 works
  5. Chemistry1.37×298 works
  6. Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology1.17×864 works
  7. Nursing1.17×80 works
  8. Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics1.13×55 works
  9. Business, Management and Accounting1.10×492 works
  10. Medicine1.09×2,895 works
  11. Immunology and Microbiology1.07×149 works
  12. Chemical Engineering1.01×49 works
  13. Materials Science0.97×469 works
  14. Neuroscience0.96×216 works
  15. Psychology0.91×384 works
  16. Mathematics0.83×135 works
  17. Environmental Science0.77×532 works
  18. Health Professions0.67×246 works
  19. Agricultural and Biological Sciences0.64×421 works
  20. Engineering0.62×1,285 works
  21. Energy0.60×77 works
  22. Physics and Astronomy0.59×181 works
  23. Decision Sciences0.52×70 works
  24. Computer Science0.39×419 works
  25. Earth and Planetary Sciences0.37×80 works
  26. Veterinary0.29×6 works

Which keywords describe research in Łódź?

By fractional works in 2022-now, weighted toward what it does more of than the world: Cultural Studies, European Union, Ethnography, Globalization, Education, Eastern Europe, Soviet Union and Nationalism.

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's

Size is fractional works in 2022-now in the topics tagged with each word; colour is the word's share of this city's work against its share of the world's. The 40 words are chosen for being large and distinctive. Each links to the topic it comes from most.

All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Globalization662▲ 2.2×139 topics
  2. Epidemiology633◆ 1.05×136 topics
  3. Education604▲ 2.3×104 topics
  4. Inflammation486▲ 1.51×83 topics
  5. Cultural Studies438▲ 7.8×34 topics
  6. Oxidative Stress407▲ 1.63×62 topics
  7. Human Rights375▲ 2.4×72 topics
  8. European Union370▲ 11×25 topics
  9. Ethnography367▲ 14×12 topics
  10. Nationalism359▲ 5.3×29 topics
  11. Literature347▲ 4.2×54 topics
  12. Innovation337▲ 2.1×62 topics
  13. Identity318▲ 2.9×66 topics
  14. Migration304▲ 5.8×28 topics
  15. Eastern Europe303▲ 38×3 topics
  16. Soviet Union300▲ 36×3 topics
  17. Culture293▲ 3.7×31 topics
  18. Cultural Identity284▲ 3.8×29 topics
  19. Sociolinguistics284▲ 10×9 topics
  20. Cultural Discourse278▲ 50×2 topics
  21. Polish history277▲ 74×1 topic
  22. Polish minority277▲ 74×1 topic
  23. Pedagogy273▲ 3.6×22 topics
  24. Language266▲ 7.1×14 topics
  25. Multilingualism260▲ 11×6 topics
  26. Lexicography254▲ 19×5 topics
  27. Translation253▲ 10×6 topics
  28. Urban Development244▲ 4.6×17 topics
  29. Public Administration229▲ 18×5 topics
  30. Ethnolinguistics226▲ 49×2 topics
  31. European Union Law225▲ 93×2 topics
  32. Media Discourse221▲ 23×2 topics
  33. Lifelong Learning199▲ 6.4×10 topics
  34. Social Sciences194▲ 8.8×10 topics
  35. Data Privacy193▲ 12×4 topics
  36. National Identity184▲ 10×9 topics
  37. Social Change180▲ 9.6×10 topics
  38. Memory Studies179▲ 19×5 topics
  39. Youth Development178▲ 13×7 topics
  40. Historiography177▲ 9.6×9 topics

What research is done in Łódź?

Polish Historical and Cultural Studies: 274 fractional worksLanguage and Culture: 213 fractional worksEducation and Cultural S…164Education and Cultural Studies: 164 fractional worksCentral European Literar…155Central European Literary Studies: 155 fractional worksPolish Law and Legal System: 153 fractional worksPolish Legal and Social Issues: 131 fractional worksPolish-Jewish Holocaust …120Polish-Jewish Holocaust Memory Studies: 120 fractional worksHistorical and Cultural Studies of Poland: 115 fractional worksSocial Issues in Poland112Social Issues in Poland: 112 fractional worksUrban Development and Cultural Heritage: 73 fractional works
Political Science and International RelationsLinguistics and LanguageEducationAnthropology5 others

Area is fractional works; colour is the subfield each topic belongs to.

  1. 1 Polish Historical and Cultural Studies Political Science and International Relations 274 works
  2. 2 Language and Culture Linguistics and Language 213 works
  3. 3 Education and Cultural Studies Education 164 works
  4. 4 Central European Literary Studies Anthropology 155 works
  5. 5 Polish Law and Legal System Political Science and International Relations 153 works
  6. 6 Polish Legal and Social Issues Law 131 works
  7. 7 Polish-Jewish Holocaust Memory Studies Philosophy 120 works
  8. 8 Historical and Cultural Studies of Poland History 115 works
  9. 9 Social Issues in Poland General Social Sciences 112 works
  10. 10 Urban Development and Cultural Heritage Urban Studies 73 works

Research output over time

still counting1990200020102020
grewheldshrank

The same series as a ribbon: one cell per year, darker for more.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

Year by year, against all institutions in the same year.

still counting10%20%Łódź15.2% in 2025all institutions10.0% in 2025200020102020

Of each year's output, the share that reached the world's 10% most cited for its field and year. Peak 15.9% in 2021.

Discussion

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