Science Explorer Back to mapMap
Discussion
City · United Kingdom

Research in Reading

Science Explorer records 38 research institutions in Reading, United Kingdom. The highest-ranked on research quality in 2022-now are University of Reading, Intelligent Health (United Kingdom) and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts.

Research institutions
38
10 of them ranked worldwide
Research works
61k
◆ 1% vs 2018-21
Citations
1.8M
29.4 per fractional work, all time
Top-10% rate, 2022-now
21.7%
all institutions 10.0%
Active span
1950-2026
77 years on the record
Reading

A city carries no overall standing here. The quality score is built for institutions and countries, the units its floors and field normalisation were designed around. An empty rank on this page is a statement about the measure, not about the place.

Which research institutions are in Reading?

#InstitutionWorksAgainst the largest hereWorld rank
1University of ReadingUniversity 45,837 #535
2Atomic Weapons EstablishmentResearch facility 2,410 #20,894
3European Centre for Medium-Range Weather ForecastsInstitution 2,018 #11,082
4Royal Berkshire HospitalHospital / health system 1,997 #17,750
5Intelligent Health (United Kingdom)Company 1,569 #5,195
6Reading MuseumNonprofit 1,234 #14,360
7Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation TrustHospital / health system 600 #15,924
8Orion Corporation (United Kingdom)Company 563 #11,759
9Thames Water (United Kingdom)Company 497 #15,431 all time
10ICMA CentreUniversity 392 #20,409 all time
11BG Group (United Kingdom)Company 387 #21,663 all time
12Expro (United Kingdom)Company 348 #15,241
13The Open GroupInstitution 256 #23,218 all time
14Battle HospitalHospital / health system 213 #27,392 all time
15Thames Valley Archaeological ServicesResearch facility 184 #21,563
16University College of Estate ManagementUniversity 132 #29,503 all time
17Prospect Park HospitalHospital / health system 122 #29,663 all time
18Royal Meteorological SocietyInstitution 106 not ranked
19NEC Technologies (United Kingdom)Company 85 not ranked
20Oracle (United Kingdom)Company 85 not ranked
21Consultant To Government and Industry (United Kingdom)Company 66 not ranked
22Peter Brett AssociatesCompany 55 not ranked
23AspenTech (United Kingdom)Company 52 not ranked
24Education Development TrustNonprofit 51 not ranked
25Chartered Institute for ArchaeologistsUniversity 43 not ranked
26The Berkshire Independent HospitalHospital / health system 28 not ranked
27Dextra Laboratories (United Kingdom)Company 25 not ranked
28BioInteractions (United Kingdom)Company 25 not ranked
29Qorvo (United Kingdom)Company 18 not ranked
30Sequans Communications (United Kingdom)Company 16 not ranked
31Reading Borough CouncilInstitution 13 not ranked
32Lein Applied Diagnostics (United Kingdom)Company 5 not ranked
33Enghouse Interactive (United Kingdom)Company 3 not ranked
34Generic Robotics (United Kingdom)Company 3 not ranked
35Tobii (United Kingdom)Company 1 not ranked
36Reading International Solidarity CentreNonprofit 1 not ranked
37Friends of the National LibrariesInstitution 1 not ranked
38Species 2000Nonprofit 1 not ranked

By fractional works over the whole record; world rank on research quality in 2022-now. Bars are scaled to the largest institution in this city, not to anything off the page.

How concentrated the city is

The same institutions as shares of everything the list accounts for. A city that is one university and a city that is twelve read alike as a table and not at all alike here.

University of Reading: 77.1%Atomic Weapons Establishment: 4.1%European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts: 3.4%Royal Berkshire Hospital: 3.4%34 others listed: 12.1%77%largest
University of Reading46k · 77.1%Atomic Weapons Establishment2,410 · 4.1%European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts2,018 · 3.4%Royal Berkshire Hospital1,997 · 3.4%34 others listed7,180 · 12.1%

Shares of the rows listed above, not of the whole node.

Which fields of science does Reading work in?

In 2022-now, 43% of research in Reading is in Physical Sciences, 32% in Social Sciences. Its largest fields are Engineering (13%), Social Sciences (12%), Medicine (11%). It does 1.3× the world's share of Social Sciences.

Physical Sciences: 3,309 fractional works · 42.9% of its workEngineering: 967 fractional works · 12.6% of its workElectrical and Electronic Engineering: 172 fractional works · 2.2% of its workBiomedical Engineering: 110 fractional works · 1.4% of its workAerospace Engineering: 92 fractional works · 1.2% of its workMechanical Engineering: 90 fractional works · 1.2% of its workControl and Systems Engineering: 88 fractional works · 1.1% of its workCivil and Structural Engineering: 73 fractional works · 0.9% of its workBuilding and Construction: 68 fractional works · 0.9% of its workOcean Engineering: 51 fractional works · 0.7% of its workMechanics of Materials: 48 fractional works · 0.6% of its workComputational Mechanics: 45 fractional works · 0.6% of its workAutomotive Engineering: 42 fractional works · 0.5% of its workIndustrial and Manufacturing Engineering: 35 fractional works · 0.5% of its workMedia Technology: 29 fractional works · 0.4% of its workSafety, Risk, Reliability and Quality: 20 fractional works · 0.3% of its workEnvironmental Science: 696 fractional works · 9.0% of its workGlobal and Planetary Change: 310 fractional works · 4.0% of its workEnvironmental Engineering: 84 fractional works · 1.1% of its workEcology: 83 fractional works · 1.1% of its workHealth, Toxicology and Mutagenesis: 51 fractional works · 0.7% of its workWater Science and Technology: 40 fractional works · 0.5% of its workManagement, Monitoring, Policy and Law: 38 fractional works · 0.5% of its workNature and Landscape Conservation: 21 fractional works · 0.3% of its workIndustrial and Manufacturing Engineering: 21 fractional works · 0.3% of its workPollution: 19 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 29 fractional works · 0.4% of its workComputer Science: 657 fractional works · 8.5% of its workArtificial Intelligence: 232 fractional works · 3.0% of its workComputer Vision and Pattern Recognition: 166 fractional works · 2.2% of its workInformation Systems: 81 fractional works · 1.0% of its workComputer Networks and Communications: 62 fractional works · 0.8% of its workComputational Theory and Mathematics: 28 fractional works · 0.4% of its workSignal Processing: 22 fractional works · 0.3% of its workHardware and Architecture: 21 fractional works · 0.3% of its workHuman-Computer Interaction: 18 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 26 fractional works · 0.3% of its workEarth and Planetary Sciences: 503 fractional works · 6.5% of its workAtmospheric Science: 302 fractional works · 3.9% of its workPaleontology: 72 fractional works · 0.9% of its workOceanography: 59 fractional works · 0.8% of its workGeophysics: 35 fractional works · 0.5% of its workSmaller subfields together: 35 fractional works · 0.5% of its workPhysics and Astronomy: 149 fractional works · 1.9% of its workAstronomy and Astrophysics: 57 fractional works · 0.7% of its workAtomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics: 32 fractional works · 0.4% of its workStatistical and Nonlinear Physics: 22 fractional works · 0.3% of its workRadiation: 19 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 20 fractional works · 0.3% of its workMaterials Science: 146 fractional works · 1.9% of its workMaterials Chemistry: 80 fractional works · 1.0% of its workBiomaterials: 24 fractional works · 0.3% of its workElectronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials: 17 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 25 fractional works · 0.3% of its workChemistry: 78 fractional works · 1.0% of its workOrganic Chemistry: 34 fractional works · 0.4% of its workSmaller subfields together: 43 fractional works · 0.6% of its workMathematics: 61 fractional works · 0.8% of its workApplied Mathematics: 17 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 44 fractional works · 0.6% of its workEnergy: 38 fractional works · 0.5% of its workRenewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment: 31 fractional works · 0.4% of its workSmaller subfields together: 6 fractional works · 0.1% of its workChemical Engineering: 14 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSocial Sciences: 2,464 fractional works · 32.0% of its workSocial Sciences: 958 fractional works · 12.4% of its workSociology and Political Science: 290 fractional works · 3.8% of its workPolitical Science and International Relations: 145 fractional works · 1.9% of its workEducation: 111 fractional works · 1.4% of its workAnthropology: 109 fractional works · 1.4% of its workGender Studies: 48 fractional works · 0.6% of its workLaw: 36 fractional works · 0.5% of its workDemography: 28 fractional works · 0.4% of its workSafety Research: 26 fractional works · 0.3% of its workGeography, Planning and Development: 23 fractional works · 0.3% of its workUrban Studies: 22 fractional works · 0.3% of its workCommunication: 20 fractional works · 0.3% of its workTransportation: 19 fractional works · 0.2% of its workCultural Studies: 17 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 63 fractional works · 0.8% of its workArts and Humanities: 466 fractional works · 6.0% of its workLiterature and Literary Theory: 92 fractional works · 1.2% of its workHistory: 83 fractional works · 1.1% of its workArcheology: 71 fractional works · 0.9% of its workPhilosophy: 60 fractional works · 0.8% of its workLanguage and Linguistics: 49 fractional works · 0.6% of its workHistory and Philosophy of Science: 35 fractional works · 0.5% of its workVisual Arts and Performing Arts: 24 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 53 fractional works · 0.7% of its workPsychology: 361 fractional works · 4.7% of its workClinical Psychology: 114 fractional works · 1.5% of its workSocial Psychology: 97 fractional works · 1.3% of its workExperimental and Cognitive Psychology: 70 fractional works · 0.9% of its workDevelopmental and Educational Psychology: 53 fractional works · 0.7% of its workApplied Psychology: 24 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 2 fractional works · 0.0% of its workBusiness, Management and Accounting: 308 fractional works · 4.0% of its workStrategy and Management: 98 fractional works · 1.3% of its workAccounting: 51 fractional works · 0.7% of its workOrganizational Behavior and Human Resource Management: 48 fractional works · 0.6% of its workMarketing: 43 fractional works · 0.6% of its workManagement Information Systems: 28 fractional works · 0.4% of its workManagement of Technology and Innovation: 26 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 14 fractional works · 0.2% of its workEconomics, Econometrics and Finance: 274 fractional works · 3.6% of its workEconomics and Econometrics: 178 fractional works · 2.3% of its workFinance: 68 fractional works · 0.9% of its workGeneral Economics, Econometrics and Finance: 28 fractional works · 0.4% of its workDecision Sciences: 97 fractional works · 1.3% of its workManagement Science and Operations Research: 55 fractional works · 0.7% of its workInformation Systems and Management: 25 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 18 fractional works · 0.2% of its workHealth Sciences: 1,033 fractional works · 13.4% of its workMedicine: 812 fractional works · 10.5% of its workPublic Health, Environmental and Occupational Health: 101 fractional works · 1.3% of its workSurgery: 82 fractional works · 1.1% of its workPhysiology: 56 fractional works · 0.7% of its workEpidemiology: 53 fractional works · 0.7% of its workPulmonary and Respiratory Medicine: 45 fractional works · 0.6% of its workRadiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging: 42 fractional works · 0.5% of its workOncology: 35 fractional works · 0.5% of its workCardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine: 33 fractional works · 0.4% of its workPsychiatry and Mental health: 31 fractional works · 0.4% of its workRheumatology: 28 fractional works · 0.4% of its workEndocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism: 25 fractional works · 0.3% of its workPathology and Forensic Medicine: 21 fractional works · 0.3% of its workInfectious Diseases: 20 fractional works · 0.3% of its workPediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health: 19 fractional works · 0.2% of its workNeurology: 18 fractional works · 0.2% of its workHematology: 17 fractional works · 0.2% of its workPharmacology: 16 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 169 fractional works · 2.2% of its workHealth Professions: 146 fractional works · 1.9% of its workGeneral Health Professions: 86 fractional works · 1.1% of its workSmaller subfields together: 60 fractional works · 0.8% of its workNursing: 55 fractional works · 0.7% of its workNutrition and Dietetics: 53 fractional works · 0.7% of its workSmaller subfields together: 2 fractional works · 0.0% of its workVeterinary: 15 fractional works · 0.2% of its workDentistry: 6 fractional works · 0.1% of its workLife Sciences: 899 fractional works · 11.7% of its workAgricultural and Biological Sciences: 417 fractional works · 5.4% of its workPlant Science: 116 fractional works · 1.5% of its workFood Science: 86 fractional works · 1.1% of its workEcology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics: 66 fractional works · 0.9% of its workInsect Science: 33 fractional works · 0.4% of its workGeneral Agricultural and Biological Sciences: 29 fractional works · 0.4% of its workSoil Science: 27 fractional works · 0.4% of its workAgronomy and Crop Science: 26 fractional works · 0.3% of its workAnimal Science and Zoology: 23 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 12 fractional works · 0.2% of its workBiochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology: 292 fractional works · 3.8% of its workMolecular Biology: 149 fractional works · 1.9% of its workGenetics: 77 fractional works · 1.0% of its workSmaller subfields together: 66 fractional works · 0.9% of its workNeuroscience: 140 fractional works · 1.8% of its workCognitive Neuroscience: 100 fractional works · 1.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 40 fractional works · 0.5% of its workImmunology and Microbiology: 31 fractional works · 0.4% of its workImmunology: 17 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 15 fractional works · 0.2% of its workPharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics: 18 fractional works · 0.2% of its workALL ITS WORKReading7,705fractional works, 2022-now
Life Sciences12%Physical Sciences43%Health Sciences13%Social Sciences32%

Each ring splits the one inside it: the four domains of science, their fields, their subfields. Size is fractional works in 2022-now. Every slice is a page; the interactive view zooms down to single topics and colours each by how much more of it this city does than the world.

Its 4 domains and 26 fields, with their numbers
    1. Engineering96712.6%
    2. Environmental Science6969.0%
    3. Computer Science6578.5%
    4. Earth and Planetary Sciences5036.5%
    5. Physics and Astronomy1491.9%
    6. Materials Science1461.9%
    7. Chemistry781.0%
    8. Mathematics610.8%
    9. Energy380.5%
    10. Chemical Engineering140.2%
  2. Social Sciences2,46432.0%
    1. Social Sciences95812.4%
    2. Arts and Humanities4666.0%
    3. Psychology3614.7%
    4. Business, Management and Accounting3084.0%
    5. Economics, Econometrics and Finance2743.6%
    6. Decision Sciences971.3%
  3. Health Sciences1,03313.4%
    1. Medicine81210.5%
    2. Health Professions1461.9%
    3. Nursing550.7%
    4. Veterinary150.2%
    5. Dentistry60.1%
    1. Agricultural and Biological Sciences4175.4%
    2. Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology2923.8%
    3. Neuroscience1401.8%
    4. Immunology and Microbiology310.4%
    5. Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics180.2%
All of science, and how each field's share has moved since 1950: the Science domain explorer

What is Reading strongest at in research?

Relative to its size, research in Reading is most concentrated in Paleontology, Atmospheric Science and Anthropology (8.4× the world share in Paleontology).

  1. PaleontologySubfield · 66.2 works8.4×
  2. Atmospheric ScienceSubfield · 223.7 works7.7×
  3. AnthropologySubfield · 100.8 works5.5×
  4. Global and Planetary ChangeSubfield · 232.3 works4.7×
  5. Earth and Planetary SciencesField · 397.6 works3.9×
  6. HistorySubfield · 74.0 works3.5×
← less than its size predicts1×more →

Location quotient against the world baseline. Inside a single field a city is a meaningful unit, which is why this is where a city is measured at all.

The whole field profile

All 26 fields at once: above the ring is more than a place this size would be expected to do. A specialist and a generalist produce the same ranked list and a completely different shape.

Agricultural and Biological Sciences: 1.16× its world share, 360 worksAgricultural and Bio…Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology: 0.71× its world share, 249 worksBiochemistry, Geneti…Immunology and Microbiology: 0.41× its world share, 27 worksImmunology and Micro…Neuroscience: 1.12× its world share, 119 worksNeurosciencePharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics: 0.72× its world share, 16 worksPharmacology, Toxico…Chemical Engineering: 0.49× its world share, 11 worksChemical EngineeringChemistry: 0.67× its world share, 68 worksChemistryComputer Science: 1.05× its world share, 532 worksComputer ScienceEarth and Planetary Sciences: 3.87× its world share, 398 worksEarth and Planetary …Energy: 0.51× its world share, 30 worksEnergyEngineering: 0.78× its world share, 766 worksEngineeringEnvironmental Science: 1.69× its world share, 549 worksEnvironmental ScienceMaterials Science: 0.52× its world share, 119 worksMaterials ScienceMathematics: 0.74× its world share, 57 worksMathematicsPhysics and Astronomy: 0.86× its world share, 125 worksPhysics and AstronomyDentistry: 0.15× its world share, 5 worksDentistryHealth Professions: 0.75× its world share, 130 worksHealth ProfessionsMedicine: 0.56× its world share, 704 worksMedicineNursing: 1.49× its world share, 48 worksNursingVeterinary: 1.48× its world share, 13 worksVeterinaryArts and Humanities: 2.20× its world share, 416 worksArts and HumanitiesBusiness, Management and Accounting: 1.33× its world share, 280 worksBusiness, Management…Decision Sciences: 1.29× its world share, 81 worksDecision SciencesEconomics, Econometrics and Finance: 1.82× its world share, 255 worksEconomics, Econometr…Psychology: 1.60× its world share, 319 worksPsychologySocial Sciences: 1.04× its world share, 863 worksSocial Sciences1×world share
more than its size predictsabout as predictedless

Rings at 0.5×, 1× and 2×. Widest outward: Earth and Planetary Sciences, 3.9×. Every wedge is a field page.

All 26 fields, with their numbers
  1. Earth and Planetary Sciences3.87×398 works
  2. Arts and Humanities2.20×416 works
  3. Economics, Econometrics and Finance1.82×255 works
  4. Environmental Science1.69×549 works
  5. Psychology1.60×319 works
  6. Nursing1.49×48 works
  7. Veterinary1.48×13 works
  8. Business, Management and Accounting1.33×280 works
  9. Decision Sciences1.29×81 works
  10. Agricultural and Biological Sciences1.16×360 works
  11. Neuroscience1.12×119 works
  12. Computer Science1.05×532 works
  13. Social Sciences1.04×863 works
  14. Physics and Astronomy0.86×125 works
  15. Engineering0.78×766 works
  16. Health Professions0.75×130 works
  17. Mathematics0.74×57 works
  18. Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics0.72×16 works
  19. Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology0.71×249 works
  20. Chemistry0.67×68 works
  21. Medicine0.56×704 works
  22. Materials Science0.52×119 works
  23. Energy0.51×30 works
  24. Chemical Engineering0.49×11 works
  25. Immunology and Microbiology0.41×27 works
  26. Dentistry0.15×5 works

Which keywords describe research in Reading?

By fractional works in 2022-now, weighted toward what it does more of than the world: Climate Change, Global Warming, Ocean Circulation, Data Assimilation, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Hydrological Cycle, Deep Learning and Probabilistic Forecasting.

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's

Size is fractional works in 2022-now in the topics tagged with each word; colour is the word's share of this city's work against its share of the world's. The 40 words are chosen for being large and distinctive. Each links to the topic it comes from most.

All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Climate Change612▲ 2.9×106 topics
  2. Deep Learning366▲ 1.38×82 topics
  3. Machine Learning283◆ 1.10×90 topics
  4. Global Warming250▲ 7.6×15 topics
  5. Remote Sensing224▲ 2.4×38 topics
  6. Sustainability216◆ 1.15×100 topics
  7. Globalization194▲ 1.28×115 topics
  8. Neural Networks175▲ 1.47×37 topics
  9. Ocean Circulation168▲ 16×3 topics
  10. Greenhouse Gas Emissions164▲ 7.7×9 topics
  11. Data Assimilation163▲ 13×4 topics
  12. Hydrological Cycle153▲ 20×2 topics
  13. Probabilistic Forecasting138▲ 9.3×3 topics
  14. Boundary Layer136▲ 14×4 topics
  15. Extreme Events133▲ 19×2 topics
  16. Environmental Impact128◆ 0.98×65 topics
  17. Ensemble Kalman Filter128▲ 16×2 topics
  18. Climate Modeling124▲ 22×1 topic
  19. Precipitation Extremes124▲ 22×1 topic
  20. Public Health122◆ 1.09×62 topics
  21. Convective Parameterization120▲ 27×1 topic
  22. Mesoscale Modeling120▲ 27×1 topic
  23. Economic Growth103▲ 1.64×26 topics
  24. Gender90▲ 2.2×42 topics
  25. History89▲ 1.66×46 topics
  26. Corporate Governance88▲ 1.56×24 topics
  27. Literature80▲ 1.89×46 topics
  28. Hydrological Modeling78▲ 4.3×5 topics
  29. Air Quality77▲ 5.3×6 topics
  30. Sea Level Rise71▲ 7.3×3 topics
  31. Satellite Observations66▲ 8.6×3 topics
  32. Agricultural Origins62▲ 25×1 topic
  33. Radiocarbon Dating62▲ 25×1 topic
  34. Intersectionality58▲ 4.0×13 topics
  35. African Diaspora55▲ 18×4 topics
  36. Tropical Cyclones50▲ 11×2 topics
  37. Hurricanes42▲ 16×1 topic
  38. Storm Surge42▲ 16×1 topic
  39. Archaeology of Resistance41▲ 59×1 topic
  40. Black Feminist Theory41▲ 59×1 topic

What research is done in Reading?

Climate variability and …93Climate variability and models: 93 fractional worksMeteorological Phenomena…87Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations: 87 fractional worksArchaeology and ancient environmental studies: 57 fractional worksHistorical and Cultural Archaeology Studies: 38 fractional worksTropical and Extratropical Cyclones Research: 29 fractional worksNutritional Studies and …29Nutritional Studies and Diet: 29 fractional worksAtmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics: 26 fractional worksHistorical Economic and Social Studies: 22 fractional worksOceanographic and Atmospheric Processes: 20 fractional worksHistorical Architecture and Urbanism: 20 fractional works
Global and Planetary ChangeAtmospheric SciencePaleontologyAnthropology4 others

Area is fractional works; colour is the subfield each topic belongs to.

  1. 1 Climate variability and models Global and Planetary Change 93 works
  2. 2 Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations Atmospheric Science 87 works
  3. 3 Archaeology and ancient environmental studies Paleontology 57 works
  4. 4 Historical and Cultural Archaeology Studies Anthropology 38 works
  5. 5 Tropical and Extratropical Cyclones Research Atmospheric Science 29 works
  6. 6 Nutritional Studies and Diet Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health 29 works
  7. 7 Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics Global and Planetary Change 26 works
  8. 8 Historical Economic and Social Studies Economics and Econometrics 22 works
  9. 9 Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes Oceanography 20 works
  10. 10 Historical Architecture and Urbanism History 20 works

Research output over time

still counting1990200020102020
grewheldshrank

The same series as a ribbon: one cell per year, darker for more.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

Year by year, against all institutions in the same year.

still counting20%40%Reading18.2% in 2025all institutions10.0% in 2025200020102020

Of each year's output, the share that reached the world's 10% most cited for its field and year. Peak 33.2% in 2016.

Discussion

Ask a question or share a note about Reading. Posts are plain text and can be reported.