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Estonia vs Slovakia

On research quality in 2022-now, Estonia ranks #44 in the world and Slovakia #56, of 189 countries. Estonia stands higher in 12 of the 21 fields both publish in, Slovakia in 9.

Research profiles alike: 0.73very similar shapes of research, whatever their size. How it is measured

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Estonia

World rank, 2022-now
#44
#52 all time
Works, 2022-now
11k
fractional
Top-10% rate
10.9%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
47%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: Paleontology, Nature and Landscape Conservation, Oceanography.

Slovakia

World rank, 2022-now
#56
#53 all time
Works, 2022-now
33k
fractional
Top-10% rate
8.0%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
46%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: Life-span and Life-course Studies, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, General Materials Science.

Who leads, measure by measure?

Estonia leads on 6 of 9 measures: research quality, excellence for its fields, top-10% rate, citations per work, international co-authorship and growth. Slovakia leads on 1 of 9 measures: output. The two are level on institutions in the world top 100 and open access.

Estonia 62 level1 Slovakia
  1. #44Research qualityworld rank of 189 countries, 2022-now#56
  2. 1.00×Excellence for its fieldsits top-10% rate against what its topics predict; 1.00× is as expected0.69×
  3. 11kOutputfractional works, 2022-now33k
  4. 10.9%Top-10% rateshare of its works among the world's most cited8.0%
  5. 15.8Citations per workall time, per fractional work12.2
  6. 0World top 100institutions it holds among the world's best 1000
  7. 47%Open accessof its works free to read, all time46%
  8. 31%Internationalof its works written with co-authors abroad, all time30%
  9. +7%Growthworks in 2022-25 against 2018-21; half a bar is no change-4%

A rank is drawn as its standing: the longer the bar, the nearer the top. Anything else is drawn against the larger of the two, and two values a hair apart are called level. Quality, excellence and the top-10% rate are explained in the methodology.

Who leads in each field?

Estonia stands higher in 12 of 21 fields, Slovakia in 9. Estonia leads most in Psychology (#37 against #63); Slovakia leads most in Materials Science (#45 against #52). Each bar is that side's standing among all countries ranked in the field: the full bar is first place.

Estonia 129 Slovakia
  1. #42Agricultural and Biological Sciences#56
  2. #36Arts and Humanities#48
  3. #35Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology#50
  4. #54Business, Management and Accounting#51
  5. -Chemistry#44
  6. #41Computer Science#57
  7. -Decision Sciences#53
  8. #45Earth and Planetary Sciences#52
  9. #51Economics, Econometrics and Finance#50
  10. -Energy#55
  11. #47Engineering#52
  12. #51Environmental Science#67
  13. #52Health Professions#64
  14. -Immunology and Microbiology#45
  15. #52Materials Science#45
  16. -Mathematics#49
  17. #41Medicine#48
  18. -Neuroscience#48
  19. #47Physics and Astronomy#55
  20. #37Psychology#63
  21. #46Social Sciences#57

Standing is the percentile of world rank within each field, 2022-now; the printed number is the rank itself. A dash means the field is too small there to rank. How sides are compared.

The numbers behind each field

Click a heading to sort. The side that does better in a pair of columns is shaded: a lower rank, a higher rate, more works.

Field Estonia rankSlovakia rank Estonia top 10%Slovakia top 10% Estonia worksSlovakia works
Agricultural and Biological Sciences #42 #56 12.5% 8.9% 664 1.9k
Arts and Humanities #36 #48 12.8% 8.1% 697 1.2k
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology #35 #50 10.6% 7.3% 542 1.4k
Business, Management and Accounting #54 #51 13.1% 10.9% 382 1.2k
Chemistry - #44 - 6.0% - 535
Computer Science #41 #57 10.5% 7.8% 1k 2.5k
Decision Sciences - #53 - 8.5% - 417
Earth and Planetary Sciences #45 #52 8.4% 6.3% 278 636
Economics, Econometrics and Finance #51 #50 12.2% 10.6% 226 1.1k
Energy - #55 - 7.8% - 231
Engineering #47 #52 9.5% 6.4% 1.6k 6.1k
Environmental Science #51 #67 10.1% 7.5% 751 2.2k
Health Professions #52 #64 9.0% 9.0% 272 514
Immunology and Microbiology - #45 - 7.9% - 247
Materials Science #52 #45 4.9% 6.4% 281 1.3k
Mathematics - #49 - 9.1% - 425
Medicine #41 #48 10.4% 8.6% 1.1k 3.7k
Neuroscience - #48 - 6.7% - 416
Physics and Astronomy #47 #55 11.9% 4.9% 307 872
Psychology #37 #63 8.5% 7.7% 564 931
Social Sciences #46 #57 13.4% 9.7% 1.9k 4.3k

What is each known for?

The keywords that describe each side's research, by fractional works in 2022-now and weighted toward what it does more of than the world.

Estonia

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Climate Change634▲ 1.77×116 topics
  2. Machine Learning470◆ 1.07×89 topics
  3. Sustainability396▲ 1.23×118 topics
  4. Globalization383▲ 1.48×145 topics
  5. Deep Learning323▼ 0.71×81 topics
  6. Artificial Intelligence237▲ 1.26×59 topics
  7. Environmental Impact236◆ 1.05×68 topics
  8. Renewable Energy227▲ 1.19×53 topics
  9. Big Data222▲ 1.76×31 topics
  10. Social Media219▲ 1.20×36 topics
  11. Education216◆ 0.96×120 topics
  12. Biodiversity210▲ 2.1×35 topics
  13. Public Health193◆ 1.00×63 topics
  14. Identity188▲ 1.97×67 topics
  15. Ethics174▲ 2.6×53 topics
  16. Invasive Species168▲ 3.0×21 topics
  17. Internet of Things149▲ 1.32×24 topics
  18. Security146▲ 1.65×27 topics
  19. Power Electronics145▲ 3.4×8 topics
  20. Ecosystem Functioning138▲ 5.1×7 topics
  21. Renewable Energy Integration135▲ 3.1×6 topics
  22. Religion129▲ 2.1×41 topics
  23. Conservation128▲ 2.3×24 topics
  24. European Union124▲ 4.2×26 topics
  25. International Relations123▲ 3.9×26 topics
  26. Governance114▲ 2.6×19 topics
  27. Migration113▲ 2.5×28 topics
  28. Global Change104▲ 3.0×7 topics
  29. Corpus Linguistics98▲ 3.5×5 topics
  30. Trust97▲ 2.7×11 topics
  31. Model Predictive Control96▲ 2.9×6 topics
  32. Habitat Fragmentation90▲ 3.1×5 topics
  33. European Integration87▲ 12×6 topics
  34. Ecosystem Resilience79▲ 3.9×5 topics
  35. Soviet Union77▲ 11×3 topics
  36. Accountability76▲ 4.6×4 topics
  37. Folklore74▲ 11×3 topics
  38. Literary Analysis73▲ 28×2 topics
  39. Diplomacy70▲ 5.7×8 topics
  40. Eastern Europe62▲ 9.0×3 topics

Slovakia

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Sustainability1,583▲ 1.73×133 topics
  2. Climate Change1,484▲ 1.46×128 topics
  3. Sustainable Development1,086▲ 1.85×110 topics
  4. Machine Learning1,048▼ 0.84×97 topics
  5. Epidemiology931▼ 0.62×138 topics
  6. Deep Learning899▼ 0.70×85 topics
  7. Globalization868▲ 1.18×171 topics
  8. Environmental Impact776▲ 1.21×73 topics
  9. Mechanical Properties767▲ 2.1×39 topics
  10. Artificial Intelligence739▲ 1.39×66 topics
  11. Renewable Energy686▲ 1.27×61 topics
  12. Innovation683▲ 1.77×87 topics
  13. Education666◆ 1.03×144 topics
  14. Energy Efficiency661▲ 1.91×45 topics
  15. Remote Sensing566▲ 1.24×41 topics
  16. Human Rights562▲ 1.47×85 topics
  17. Biodiversity559▲ 1.96×38 topics
  18. Economic Development540▲ 1.80×55 topics
  19. Big Data519▲ 1.45×37 topics
  20. Supply Chain Management495▲ 1.47×27 topics
  21. Internet of Things483▲ 1.51×33 topics
  22. Invasive Species428▲ 2.7×21 topics
  23. Environmental Management421▲ 2.8×22 topics
  24. Microstructure412▲ 2.1×19 topics
  25. Ethics385▲ 2.0×57 topics
  26. Simulation373▲ 3.9×18 topics
  27. Cyber-Physical Systems366▲ 3.7×9 topics
  28. Supply Chain312▲ 4.1×12 topics
  29. Digitalization309▲ 4.0×16 topics
  30. European Union289▲ 3.5×26 topics
  31. Digital Education279▲ 5.0×7 topics
  32. Logistics277▲ 4.8×10 topics
  33. Media264▲ 4.7×17 topics
  34. School Climate236▲ 13×3 topics
  35. Financial Security234▲ 5.9×3 topics
  36. Learning Environments228▲ 21×3 topics
  37. Student Attitudes222▲ 5.9×2 topics
  38. Educational Methods221▲ 104×1 topic
  39. Pedagogical Research221▲ 104×1 topic
  40. Human Resource201▲ 22×3 topics

Size is fractional works in the topics tagged with each word; colour is the word's share of the side's work against its share of the world's. Each word links to the topic it comes from most.

How has their output grown?

Slovakia has out-published Estonia every year since 1980.

still counting5k10kSlovakia8,800 in 2025Estonia3,047 in 20251990200020102020

Fractional works per year.

Their share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share, because all of science grows. Each line is a side as a percentage of every work published that year.

still counting0.10%0.20%0.30%Slovakia0.15% in 2025Estonia0.052% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

The share of each side's works, year by year, that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. The average of all institutions is 10.0% (why not 10%).

still counting5%10%15%Estonia10.7% in 2025Slovakia7.9% in 2025200020102020

A year with under 1% of the side's peak output is left out: a rate over a handful of papers says nothing. The latest years are still being cited.

Who holds more of the world's best institutions?

A country's average quality and the number of institutions it holds at the very top can disagree, and both are worth knowing. The counts are nested: an institution in the top 50 is also in the top 100.

Estonia 14 level0 Slovakia
  1. 0In the world top 500
  2. 0In the top 1000
  3. 0In the top 5000
  4. 1In the top 1,0001
  5. #41Elite capacityrank among 204 countries#49

Institutions ranked on research quality, 2022-now. Elite capacity counts a country's institutions by their worldwide rank, weighted so a place at #1 counts for more than one at #480.

Which publishes more research, Estonia or Slovakia?

Slovakia publishes 2.9× as much research as Estonia in 2022-now (33k against 11k fractional works).

Whose research has more impact, Estonia or Slovakia?

10.9% of Estonia's research reaches the world's top 10% most cited, against 8.0% for Slovakia.

Is Estonia or Slovakia growing faster?

Output in 2022-25 was +7% against 2018-21 for Estonia, and -4% for Slovakia.

Which has more open access research, Estonia or Slovakia?

47% of Estonia's research is free to read, against 46% of Slovakia's.

Which has more world-class institutions, Estonia or Slovakia?

Estonia holds 0 of the world's top 100 research institutions and Slovakia 0; in the top 1,000 it is 1 against 1.

Which institutions lead in each country?

The highest-ranked institutions on each side on research quality, 2022-now. The percentage is each institution's own top-10% rate: the share of its works that are among the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. Every figure stands alone, so they do not add up to 100%.

Estonia

  1. 1University of Tartu11.4% top 10% · 4.2k works
  2. 2Tallinn University of Technology10.7% top 10% · 2.6k works
  3. 3Praxis6.3% top 10% · 986 works
  4. 4Tallinn University12.0% top 10% · 1.1k works
  5. 5Estonian University of Life Sciences11.5% top 10% · 562 works
  6. 6National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics16.0% top 10% · 170 works

Slovakia

  1. 1Slovak Academy of Sciences7.7% top 10% · 8.4k works
  2. 2Comenius University Bratislava9.8% top 10% · 4k works
  3. 3Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra11.2% top 10% · 800 works
  4. 4Technical University of Košice7.1% top 10% · 3k works
  5. 5University of Žilina9.6% top 10% · 2.4k works
  6. 6Matej Bel University7.1% top 10% · 737 works

The number is the rank inside the country. The track on each row is the top-10% rate; the tick is the average of all institutions, 10.0% (how it is set): teal above it, red below. The ranking is the quality score, which compares the rate with what each institution's own topics predict and adds a small reward for size, so the rates do not fall in order.

Who are the top researchers on each side?

The most cited researchers on each side, among those ranked.

Estonia

  1. 1 Tõnu Esko #672 worldwide 156k citations · 825 works
  2. 2 Leho Tedersoo #1,145 worldwide 66k citations · 375 works
  3. 3 Lili A. Milani #1,515 worldwide 75k citations · 479 works
  4. 4 Reedik Mägi #1,607 worldwide 91k citations · 582 works
  5. 5 Andres Metspalu #2,577 worldwide 134k citations · 841 works

Slovakia

  1. 1 Marek Majdán #18,656 worldwide 132k citations · 247 works
  2. 2 P. Strmeň #43,782 worldwide 21k citations · 304 works
  3. 3 Frantíšek Máliš #78,042 worldwide 4.2k citations · 92 works
  4. 4 B. Sitár #105,002 worldwide 12k citations · 110 works
  5. 5 Beáta Gavurová #106,962 worldwide 7.5k citations · 416 works