Science Explorer Back to mapMap
Discussion
Company · Lommel · Belgium

Flanders Make (Belgium)

In research, Flanders Make (Belgium) stands highest in Physical Sciences (#1,428 of 10,670 worldwide), Engineering (#850 of 5,901 worldwide) and Computer Science (#1,303 of 4,417 worldwide), 2022-now. Relative to its size it is most specialised in Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, Control and Systems Engineering and Automotive Engineering (Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering is 11.8× its share of world research).

flandersmake.beROR OpenAlex
World rank, 2022-now
#3,323
of 22,385 · #3,977 all time
Rank in Belgium
#15
of 105
Research works
1.7k
▲ 43% vs 2018-21
Citations
23k
13.9 per fractional work
Top-10% rate
10.8%
all institutions 10.0%
vs its own fields
0.93×
1.00× is exactly expected
Open access
64%
world 40%
International
31%
world 18%
Flanders Make (Belgium)

What is Flanders Make (Belgium) known for in research?

The fields where it stands highest, 2022-now, ranked among every institution above the floor in each field.

FieldWorld rankWhere that sitsTop-10% rateWorksAll time
Physical SciencesDomain #1,428 of 10,670 10.6%652 #1942
EngineeringField #850 of 5,901 11.3%472 #1128
Computer ScienceField #1,303 of 4,417 10.2%111 #2090
Electrical and Electronic EngineeringSubfield #712 of 2,176 13.5%79 #1113
Mechanical EngineeringSubfield #520 of 1,319 12.6%85 #727
Control and Systems EngineeringSubfield #496 of 804 6.4%84 #811
Social SciencesDomain #6,918 of 9,585 14.1%93 #8986

Each strip is that field's whole ranked pool, with the notch where Flanders Make (Belgium) sits in it, in the colour of the band that rank falls in. The track under the rate is the rate itself: it carries no average mark, because the average differs by field (from about 6% in Dentistry to 21% in Economics).

Which of those standings moved

The same fields on both windows: where it stood over the whole record, and where it stands in 2022-now. The distance is the story, and it is the one thing the two rank columns above cannot show.

  1. Physical Sciences#1,942 #1,428
  2. Engineering#1,128 #850
  3. Computer Science#2,090 #1,303
  4. Electrical and Electronic Engineering#1,113 #712
  5. Mechanical Engineering#727 #520
  6. Control and Systems Engineering#811 #496
  7. Social Sciences#8,986 #6,918
all time2022-now, better2022-now, worse

A dot further right is a better standing. Fields it was not ranked in over the whole record are left out.

Which fields of science does Flanders Make (Belgium) work in?

In 2022-now, 79% of research at Flanders Make (Belgium) is in Physical Sciences, 14% in Social Sciences. Its largest fields are Engineering (56%), Computer Science (14%), Social Sciences (5%). It does 2.0× the world's share of Physical Sciences.

Physical Sciences: 732 fractional works · 78.8% of its workEngineering: 524 fractional works · 56.4% of its workMechanical Engineering: 92 fractional works · 9.9% of its workControl and Systems Engineering: 92 fractional works · 9.9% of its workElectrical and Electronic Engineering: 86 fractional works · 9.2% of its workBiomedical Engineering: 59 fractional works · 6.3% of its workIndustrial and Manufacturing Engineering: 56 fractional works · 6.1% of its workAutomotive Engineering: 35 fractional works · 3.8% of its workAerospace Engineering: 24 fractional works · 2.5% of its workCivil and Structural Engineering: 20 fractional works · 2.2% of its workMechanics of Materials: 19 fractional works · 2.1% of its workComputational Mechanics: 19 fractional works · 2.1% of its workOcean Engineering: 7 fractional works · 0.8% of its workSafety, Risk, Reliability and Quality: 5 fractional works · 0.6% of its workBuilding and Construction: 5 fractional works · 0.6% of its workMedia Technology: 4 fractional works · 0.5% of its workComputer Science: 128 fractional works · 13.8% of its workArtificial Intelligence: 40 fractional works · 4.3% of its workComputer Vision and Pattern Recognition: 30 fractional works · 3.3% of its workInformation Systems: 12 fractional works · 1.3% of its workComputational Theory and Mathematics: 12 fractional works · 1.3% of its workComputer Networks and Communications: 10 fractional works · 1.0% of its workSoftware: 8 fractional works · 0.8% of its workHuman-Computer Interaction: 7 fractional works · 0.8% of its workSignal Processing: 5 fractional works · 0.6% of its workHardware and Architecture: 2 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 3 fractional works · 0.3% of its workPhysics and Astronomy: 21 fractional works · 2.3% of its workStatistical and Nonlinear Physics: 8 fractional works · 0.8% of its workAtomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics: 7 fractional works · 0.8% of its workAstronomy and Astrophysics: 2 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 4 fractional works · 0.4% of its workEnvironmental Science: 20 fractional works · 2.1% of its workEnvironmental Engineering: 6 fractional works · 0.6% of its workIndustrial and Manufacturing Engineering: 4 fractional works · 0.4% of its workGlobal and Planetary Change: 3 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 7 fractional works · 0.7% of its workMaterials Science: 18 fractional works · 2.0% of its workMaterials Chemistry: 7 fractional works · 0.7% of its workElectronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials: 5 fractional works · 0.6% of its workSurfaces, Coatings and Films: 3 fractional works · 0.3% of its workPolymers and Plastics: 2 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 2 fractional works · 0.2% of its workEarth and Planetary Sciences: 6 fractional works · 0.6% of its workGeology: 2 fractional works · 0.3% of its workOceanography: 2 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 1 fractional works · 0.2% of its workEnergy: 5 fractional works · 0.6% of its workRenewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment: 4 fractional works · 0.4% of its workSmaller subfields together: 2 fractional works · 0.2% of its workMathematics: 4 fractional works · 0.4% of its workChemistry: 4 fractional works · 0.4% of its workAnalytical Chemistry: 2 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 1 fractional works · 0.2% of its workChemical Engineering: 3 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSocial Sciences: 130 fractional works · 14.0% of its workSocial Sciences: 47 fractional works · 5.0% of its workEducation: 16 fractional works · 1.7% of its workPolitical Science and International Relations: 9 fractional works · 1.0% of its workSociology and Political Science: 8 fractional works · 0.8% of its workGender Studies: 4 fractional works · 0.4% of its workTransportation: 3 fractional works · 0.3% of its workCultural Studies: 2 fractional works · 0.2% of its workDemography: 2 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 3 fractional works · 0.4% of its workBusiness, Management and Accounting: 23 fractional works · 2.5% of its workManagement Information Systems: 7 fractional works · 0.8% of its workStrategy and Management: 7 fractional works · 0.7% of its workManagement of Technology and Innovation: 4 fractional works · 0.5% of its workMarketing: 3 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 2 fractional works · 0.2% of its workDecision Sciences: 19 fractional works · 2.1% of its workManagement Science and Operations Research: 11 fractional works · 1.2% of its workStatistics, Probability and Uncertainty: 5 fractional works · 0.5% of its workInformation Systems and Management: 3 fractional works · 0.4% of its workPsychology: 19 fractional works · 2.0% of its workSocial Psychology: 9 fractional works · 1.0% of its workClinical Psychology: 3 fractional works · 0.4% of its workDevelopmental and Educational Psychology: 3 fractional works · 0.3% of its workExperimental and Cognitive Psychology: 3 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 1 fractional works · 0.1% of its workArts and Humanities: 12 fractional works · 1.2% of its workLiterature and Literary Theory: 4 fractional works · 0.4% of its workPhilosophy: 3 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 5 fractional works · 0.5% of its workEconomics, Econometrics and Finance: 11 fractional works · 1.1% of its workEconomics and Econometrics: 10 fractional works · 1.1% of its workSmaller subfields together: 0 fractional works · 0.0% of its workHealth Sciences: 40 fractional works · 4.3% of its workMedicine: 28 fractional works · 3.0% of its workSurgery: 6 fractional works · 0.6% of its workPulmonary and Respiratory Medicine: 3 fractional works · 0.3% of its workRehabilitation: 2 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 17 fractional works · 1.8% of its workHealth Professions: 11 fractional works · 1.2% of its workHealth Information Management: 3 fractional works · 0.3% of its workRadiological and Ultrasound Technology: 2 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSpeech and Hearing: 2 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 4 fractional works · 0.4% of its workDentistry: 1 fractional works · 0.1% of its workNursing: 0 fractional works · 0.0% of its workLife Sciences: 27 fractional works · 2.9% of its workAgricultural and Biological Sciences: 12 fractional works · 1.3% of its workPlant Science: 6 fractional works · 0.6% of its workAquatic Science: 2 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 4 fractional works · 0.5% of its workBiochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology: 9 fractional works · 1.0% of its workMolecular Biology: 4 fractional works · 0.4% of its workBiophysics: 2 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 3 fractional works · 0.3% of its workNeuroscience: 5 fractional works · 0.6% of its workCognitive Neuroscience: 4 fractional works · 0.4% of its workSmaller subfields together: 1 fractional works · 0.1% of its workPharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics: 1 fractional works · 0.1% of its workALL ITS WORKFlanders Make(Belgium)929fractional works, 2022-now
Life Sciences3%Physical Sciences79%Health Sciences4%Social Sciences14%

Each ring splits the one inside it: the four domains of science, their fields, their subfields. Size is fractional works in 2022-now. Every slice is a page; the interactive view zooms down to single topics and colours each by how much more of it this institution does than the world.

Its 4 domains and 25 fields, with their numbers
    1. Engineering52456.4%
    2. Computer Science12813.8%
    3. Physics and Astronomy212.3%
    4. Environmental Science202.1%
    5. Materials Science182.0%
    6. Earth and Planetary Sciences60.6%
    7. Energy50.6%
    8. Mathematics40.4%
    9. Chemistry40.4%
    10. Chemical Engineering30.3%
    1. Social Sciences475.0%
    2. Business, Management and Accounting232.5%
    3. Decision Sciences192.1%
    4. Psychology192.0%
    5. Arts and Humanities121.2%
    6. Economics, Econometrics and Finance111.1%
    1. Medicine283.0%
    2. Health Professions111.2%
    3. Dentistry10.1%
    4. Nursing00.0%
    1. Agricultural and Biological Sciences121.3%
    2. Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology91.0%
    3. Neuroscience50.6%
    4. Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics10.1%
    5. Immunology and Microbiology00.0%
All of science, and how each field's share has moved since 1950: the Science domain explorer

What does Flanders Make (Belgium) specialise in?

Where its research is concentrated relative to its size: Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering takes 11.8× the share of its output that it takes of world research.

  1. Industrial and Manufacturing EngineeringSubfield · 56.4 works12×
  2. Control and Systems EngineeringSubfield · 91.7 works9.1×
  3. Automotive EngineeringSubfield · 35.1 works7.0×
  4. Mechanical EngineeringSubfield · 92.1 works5.4×
  5. EngineeringField · 523.9 works3.8×
← less than its size predicts1×more →

Location quotient, a volume reading rather than an impact one. It surfaces small, lopsided specialities.

Field profile

Location quotient across every field it publishes in: outside the ring is more than an institution of this size would be expected to publish, inside it is less.

Agricultural and Biological Sciences: 0.27× its world share, 12 worksAgricultural and Bio…Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology: 0.18× its world share, 9 worksBiochemistry, Geneti…Immunology and Microbiology: 0.01× its world share, 0 worksImmunology and Micro…Neuroscience: 0.35× its world share, 5 worksNeurosciencePharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics: 0.20× its world share, 1 worksPharmacology, Toxico…Chemical Engineering: 0.91× its world share, 3 worksChemical EngineeringChemistry: 0.25× its world share, 4 worksChemistryComputer Science: 1.77× its world share, 128 worksComputer ScienceEarth and Planetary Sciences: 0.40× its world share, 6 worksEarth and Planetary …Energy: 0.62× its world share, 5 worksEnergyEngineering: 3.76× its world share, 524 worksEngineeringEnvironmental Science: 0.43× its world share, 20 worksEnvironmental ScienceMaterials Science: 0.57× its world share, 18 worksMaterials ScienceMathematics: 0.33× its world share, 4 worksMathematicsPhysics and Astronomy: 1.02× its world share, 21 worksPhysics and AstronomyDentistry: 0.21× its world share, 1 worksDentistryHealth Professions: 0.44× its world share, 11 worksHealth ProfessionsMedicine: 0.15× its world share, 28 worksMedicineNursing: 0.09× its world share, 0 worksNursingArts and Humanities: 0.43× its world share, 12 worksArts and HumanitiesBusiness, Management and Accounting: 0.78× its world share, 23 worksBusiness, Management…Decision Sciences: 2.13× its world share, 19 worksDecision SciencesEconomics, Econometrics and Finance: 0.53× its world share, 10 worksEconomics, Econometr…Psychology: 0.65× its world share, 18 worksPsychologySocial Sciences: 0.40× its world share, 47 worksSocial Sciences1×world share
more than its size predictsabout as predictedless

Rings at 0.5×, 1× and 2×. Widest outward: Engineering, 3.8×. Every wedge is a field page.

All 25 fields, with their numbers
  1. Engineering3.76×524 works
  2. Decision Sciences2.13×19 works
  3. Computer Science1.77×128 works
  4. Physics and Astronomy1.02×21 works
  5. Chemical Engineering0.91×3 works
  6. Business, Management and Accounting0.78×23 works
  7. Psychology0.65×18 works
  8. Energy0.62×5 works
  9. Materials Science0.57×18 works
  10. Economics, Econometrics and Finance0.53×10 works
  11. Health Professions0.44×11 works
  12. Environmental Science0.43×20 works
  13. Arts and Humanities0.43×12 works
  14. Earth and Planetary Sciences0.40×6 works
  15. Social Sciences0.40×47 works
  16. Neuroscience0.35×5 works
  17. Mathematics0.33×4 works
  18. Agricultural and Biological Sciences0.27×12 works
  19. Chemistry0.25×4 works
  20. Dentistry0.21×1 works
  21. Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics0.20×1 works
  22. Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology0.18×9 works
  23. Medicine0.15×28 works
  24. Nursing0.09×0 works
  25. Immunology and Microbiology0.01×0 works

Who are the top researchers at Flanders Make (Belgium)?

Ranked on the quality score, Mohsen Akbarzadeh, Jasper De Smet and Sebastiaan van Aalst lead among researchers whose main affiliation is Flanders Make (Belgium).

  1. 1 Mohsen Akbarzadeh Belgium · #391,066 worldwide 3.1k citations · 45 works
  2. 2 Jasper De Smet Belgium · #1,365,899 worldwide 789 citations · 25 works
  3. 3 Sebastiaan van Aalst Belgium · #1,984,500 worldwide 323 citations · 20 works
  4. 4 Agusmian Partogi Ompusunggu Belgium · #2,067,696 worldwide 904 citations · 73 works
  5. 5 Klaas Gadeyne Belgium · #2,233,739 worldwide 416 citations · 34 works
  6. 6 Hussein Marah Belgium · #2,270,563 worldwide 134 citations · 16 works
  7. 7 Ted Ooijevaar Belgium · #2,279,795 worldwide 380 citations · 40 works
  8. 8 Isabel Van de Weyenberg Belgium · #2,373,739 worldwide 971 citations · 15 works
  9. 9 Roeland De Geest Belgium · #2,509,203 worldwide 400 citations · 18 works
  10. 10 Branimir Mrak Belgium · #2,671,164 worldwide 148 citations · 19 works
All ranked researchers at Flanders Make (Belgium)

What are the most cited papers from Flanders Make (Belgium)?

The most cited paper from Flanders Make (Belgium) is "CasADi: a software framework for nonlinear optimization and optimal control" (Joel A.E. Andersson, Joris Gillis, Greg Horn et al., 2018), with 3,950 citations. Next come "A perspective survey on deep transfer learning for fault diagnosis in industrial scenarios: Theories, applications and challenges" (817) and "Thorough state-of-the-art analysis of electric and hybrid vehicle powertrains: Topologies and integrated energy management strategies" (564).

Most cited papers
#PaperReleasedCitations
1 CasADi: a software framework for nonlinear optimization and optimal control Joel A.E. Andersson, Joris Gillis, Greg Horn et al. · Mathematical Programming Computation Open access 11 Jul 2018 3,950
2 A perspective survey on deep transfer learning for fault diagnosis in industrial scenarios: Theories, applications and challenges Weihua Li, Ruyi Huang, Jipu Li et al. · Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing Open access 25 Oct 2021 817
3 Thorough state-of-the-art analysis of electric and hybrid vehicle powertrains: Topologies and integrated energy management strategies Dai-Duong Tran, Majid Vafaeipour, Mohamed El Baghdadi et al. · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews Open access 25 Nov 2019 564
4 A deep learning method for bearing fault diagnosis based on Cyclic Spectral Coherence and Convolutional Neural Networks Zhuyun Chen, Alexandre Mauricio, Weihua Li et al. · Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing Open access 17 Feb 2020 470
5 Elastic Inflatable Actuators for Soft Robotic Applications Benjamin Gorissen, Dominiek Reynaerts, Satoshi Konishi et al. · Advanced Materials Open access 26 Sep 2017 460
All 60 most cited papers, with filters and sorting

Which keywords describe research at Flanders Make (Belgium)?

By fractional works in 2022-now, weighted toward what it does more of than the world: Deep Learning, Vibration Analysis, Optimization, Nonlinear Systems, Electric Vehicles, Model Predictive Control, Power Electronics and Machine Learning.

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's

Size is fractional works in 2022-now in the topics tagged with each word; colour is the word's share of this institution's work against its share of the world's. The 40 words are chosen for being large and distinctive. Each links to the topic it comes from most.

All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Deep Learning74▲ 2.3×61 topics
  2. Machine Learning53▲ 1.73×58 topics
  3. Sustainability46▲ 2.0×41 topics
  4. Neural Networks39▲ 2.7×30 topics
  5. Vibration Analysis31▲ 12×6 topics
  6. Optimization30▲ 7.3×20 topics
  7. Nonlinear Systems26▲ 13×6 topics
  8. Electric Vehicles26▲ 9.7×4 topics
  9. Model Predictive Control26▲ 11×5 topics
  10. Power Electronics26▲ 8.5×8 topics
  11. Nonlinear Dynamics24▲ 12×5 topics
  12. Renewable Energy Integration22▲ 7.3×5 topics
  13. Thermal Management21▲ 7.0×7 topics
  14. Additive Manufacturing21▲ 7.3×8 topics
  15. Stability Analysis18▲ 13×5 topics
  16. Control17▲ 14×4 topics
  17. Fault Diagnosis17▲ 13×5 topics
  18. Process Parameters16▲ 16×3 topics
  19. Lithium-ion Batteries16▲ 4.1×3 topics
  20. Virtual Prototyping16▲ 20×2 topics
  21. Distributed Control16▲ 15×3 topics
  22. Assembly Planning15▲ 24×1 topic
  23. Design for Manufacture15▲ 24×1 topic
  24. Robotics15▲ 6.7×5 topics
  25. Autonomous Vehicles15▲ 7.5×4 topics
  26. Actuators14▲ 9.6×5 topics
  27. Multi-Agent Systems13▲ 7.6×6 topics
  28. Adaptive Control13▲ 10×6 topics
  29. Tool Wear13▲ 11×3 topics
  30. Battery Management Systems12▲ 9.0×1 topic
  31. Real-time Optimization12▲ 26×2 topics
  32. Thermal Runaway12▲ 9.0×1 topic
  33. Material Characterization12▲ 11×3 topics
  34. Teaching Methods12▲ 8.0×2 topics
  35. Digital Education12▲ 8.7×1 topic
  36. Student Competencies12▲ 20×1 topic
  37. Constraint Handling12▲ 16×2 topics
  38. Control Strategies12▲ 8.8×4 topics
  39. Condition Monitoring12▲ 22×1 topic
  40. Empirical Mode Decomposition12▲ 22×1 topic

Which research topics does Flanders Make (Belgium) publish most on?

By volume in 2022-now: Manufacturing Process and Optimization, Advanced Battery Technologies Research, Education, Innovation and Language Studies and Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques.

Manufacturing Process an…15Manufacturing Process and Optimization: 15 fractional worksAdvanced Battery Technol…12Advanced Battery Technologies Research: 12 fractional worksEducation, Innovation and Language Studies: 12 fractional worksMachine Fault Diagnosis Techniques: 12 fractional worksRobot Manipulation and Learning: 11 fractional worksAdvanced Control Systems Optimization: 11 fractional worksStructural Health Monitoring Techniques: 10 fractional worksDigital Transformation i…10Digital Transformation in Industry: 10 fractional worksGear and Bearing Dynamics Analysis: 10 fractional worksAdditive Manufacturing Materials and Processes: 8 fractional works
Industrial and Manufacturing EngineeringAutomotive EngineeringEducationControl and Systems Engineering2 others

Area is fractional works; colour is the subfield each topic belongs to.

  1. 1 Manufacturing Process and Optimization Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering 15 works
  2. 2 Advanced Battery Technologies Research Automotive Engineering 12 works
  3. 3 Education, Innovation and Language Studies Education 12 works
  4. 4 Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques Control and Systems Engineering 12 works
  5. 5 Robot Manipulation and Learning Control and Systems Engineering 11 works
  6. 6 Advanced Control Systems Optimization Control and Systems Engineering 11 works
  7. 7 Structural Health Monitoring Techniques Civil and Structural Engineering 10 works
  8. 8 Digital Transformation in Industry Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering 10 works
  9. 9 Gear and Bearing Dynamics Analysis Mechanical Engineering 10 works
  10. 10 Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes Mechanical Engineering 8 works

How open and international is its research?

Against the world's own shares: the tick on each track. Both are shares of its output, so they sit on one scale and can be read against each other as well as against the world.

openly available63.6%not open36.4%

World: 40% of research is openly available.

with international co-authors31.3%domestic only68.7%

World: 18% is written across borders.

How has Flanders Make (Belgium)'s research output changed?

Output in 2022-2025 was 43% higher than in 2018-2021.

still counting1990200020102020
grewheldshrank

The same series as a ribbon: one cell per year, darker for more. The line above answers how much; this answers when.

Its share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share: all of science grows. This is Flanders Make (Belgium) as a percentage of every work published that year, 0.0036% in 2024.

still counting0.0020%0.0040%Flanders Make (Belgium)0.0033% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works of Flanders Make (Belgium) over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

Year by year, against all institutions in the same year.

still counting10%20%30%Flanders Make (Belgium)12.0% in 2025all institutions10.0% in 20252020

Of each year's output, the share that reached the world's 10% most cited for its field and year. Peak 23.6% in 2016.

Share Flanders Make (Belgium)'s ranking

Flanders Make (Belgium) on Science Explorer

A card with Flanders Make (Belgium)'s standing and the fields it leads in, for a post or a slide. A link to this page previews as the same card.

Download the card

1200 × 630 PNG, sized for social posts, drawn from the latest snapshot.

Badges for a website1Each links back here and updates with every snapshot

Research measures only: rankings here say nothing about teaching, admissions or student experience. Comparable institutions and collaboration partners have tabs of their own, above.

Discussion

Ask a question or share a note about Flanders Make (Belgium). Posts are plain text and can be reported.