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Topic · Economics and Econometrics

Economic Sanctions and International Relations

Economic Sanctions and International Relations is a research topic within Economics and Econometrics. Science Explorer counts 9.2k research works in it since 1950. 10.2% of them reached the world's top 10% most cited for their field and year.

This cluster of papers explores the impact of international economic sanctions on targeted countries, including their effects on human rights, trade, health, and the political economy. It examines the use of coercive diplomacy, the effectiveness of targeted sanctions, and the consequences for authoritarian regimes and global trade. Additionally, it delves into the ethical aspects and unintended consequences of economic sanctions.

  • Economic Sanctions
  • Coercive Diplomacy
  • International Relations
  • Human Rights
  • Targeted Sanctions
  • Global Trade
  • Authoritarian Regimes
  • Health Impact
  • Sanction Effectiveness
  • Political Economy
Research works
9.2k
fractional, since 1950
In the world top 10%
937
per year above
Top-10% rate
10.2%
share of its works in the world top 10%
Growth, 2018-21 → 2022-25
+77%
the tick is no change
Largest producer
Russia
32% of the 10 largest, 2022-now
Economic Sanctions and International Relations

Which countries lead Economic Sanctions and International Relations research?

By volume, Russia and the United States publish the most (764 and 515 works in 2022-now).

By volume, 2022-now

  1. 1 Russia 764 works
  2. 2 United States 515 works
  3. 3 United Kingdom 198 works
  4. 4 Ukraine 182 works
  5. 5 China 162 works
  6. 6 Iraq 129 works
  7. 7 Germany 122 works
  8. 8 Türkiye 118 works
  9. 9 India 105 works
  10. 10 Iran 94 works

How concentrated that is

The same countries as shares of everything the list above accounts for. A node where two countries do two thirds of the work and one spread evenly across twelve read alike as a ranking and not at all alike here.

Russia: 32.0%United States: 21.6%United Kingdom: 8.3%Ukraine: 7.6%6 others listed: 30.6%32%largest
Russia764 · 32.0%United States515 · 21.6%United Kingdom198 · 8.3%Ukraine182 · 7.6%6 others listed730 · 30.6%

Shares of the rows listed above, not of the whole node.

Which institutions lead Economic Sanctions and International Relations research?

By volume in 2022-now, Russian Academy of Sciences publishes the most Economic Sanctions and International Relations research, followed by Moscow State Institute of International Relations and National Research University Higher School of Economics.

By volume, 2022-now

  1. 1 Russian Academy of SciencesRussia 140 works
  2. 2 Moscow State Institute of International RelationsRussia 52 works
  3. 3 National Research University Higher School of EconomicsRussia 41 works
  4. 4 Financial UniversityRussia 38 works
  5. 5 Peoples' Friendship University of RussiaRussia 25 works
  6. 6 Leibniz AssociationGermany 21 works
  7. 7 Weatherford CollegeUnited States 21 works
  8. 8 Human Growth FoundationUnited States 21 works
  9. 9 Lomonosov Moscow State UniversityRussia 20 works
  10. 10 Yerevan State UniversityArmenia 18 works

Who are the leading researchers in Economic Sanctions and International Relations?

The most-cited researchers publishing on Economic Sanctions and International Relations include Martin McKee, Joseph E. Stiglitz and Vafa Rahimi‐Movaghar.

  1. 1 Martin McKee United Kingdom 270k citations
  2. 2 Joseph E. Stiglitz United States 167k citations
  3. 3 Vafa Rahimi‐Movaghar Iran 166k citations

Ranked by citations received across their whole record, among researchers with at least three works on this topic.

What are the most cited papers in Economic Sanctions and International Relations?

The most cited paper in Economic Sanctions and International Relations is "Measuring Geopolitical Risk" (Dario Caldara, Matteo M. Iacoviello, 2022), with 3,687 citations. Next come "The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism" (1,354) and "Why Economic Sanctions Do Not Work" (905).

Most cited papers
#PaperReleasedCitations
1 Measuring Geopolitical Risk Dario Caldara, Matteo M. Iacoviello · American Economic Review 31 Mar 2022 3,687
2 The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism Robert A. Pape · American Political Science Review Aug 2003 1,354
3 Why Economic Sanctions Do Not Work Robert A. Pape · International Security Oct 1997 905
4 Impacts of the Russia-Ukraine War on Global Food Security: Towards More Sustainable and Resilient Food Systems? Tarek Ben Hassen, Hamid El Bilali · Foods Open access 2 Aug 2022 738
5 Mortality after the 2003 invasion of Iraq: a cross-sectional cluster sample survey Gilbert M Burnham, Riyadh Lafta, Shannon Doocy et al. · The Lancet Oct 2006 656
All 99 most cited papers, with filters and sorting

Where is Economic Sanctions and International Relations research done?

The largest centres of Economic Sanctions and International Relations research in 2022-now are Moscow (Russia), Kyiv (Ukraine), Baku (Azerbaijan) and London (United Kingdom). Among places with at least 20 works in it, it is an unusually large share of all research in Yerevan, Tbilisi and Baku.

Largest cities, 2022-now

  1. 1 MoscowRussia 451 works
  2. 2 KyivUkraine 67 works
  3. 3 BakuAzerbaijan 67 works
  4. 4 LondonUnited Kingdom 63 works
  5. 5 Saint PetersburgRussia 56 works
  6. 6 YerevanArmenia 55 works
  7. 7 TehranIran 54 works
  8. 8 Washington D.C.United States 53 works
  9. 9 BeijingChina 39 works
  10. 10 TbilisiGeorgia 37 works

Where it is the local speciality

  1. YerevanAM · 55.3 works32×
  2. TbilisiGE · 37.4 works24×
  3. BakuAZ · 66.5 works22×
  4. ErbilIQ · 30.9 works19×
← less than its size predicts1×more →

Location quotient: how much more of its research is in Economic Sanctions and International Relations than the world average.

See Economic Sanctions and International Relations on the map

Where is the best place to study Economic Sanctions and International Relations?

Among universities, judged by research, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Australian National University and University of Essex score highest, combining citation excellence, specialisation, size, growth and international reach. Research strength is one signal when choosing where to study; it does not measure teaching.

0%10%20%30%mean 10.94%fractional works in this field (log) →share of work in the world top 10% →University of EssexAustralian National …National Research Un…Moscow State Institu…
above the meannear itbelow it

One dot per university in the first ten of the table below, at the default weights. The upper left is the interesting corner: small places doing unusually strong work.

Citation excellenceshare of its work in the world top 10%, 2022-now and all time averaged
40%
Specialisationhow much of its work is in this field, counted up to 10× the world share
10%
Sizeits output in this field, on a log scale
30%
Growthoutput growth, counted from -20% to +20%
10%
Internationalshare of its work with a co-author abroad
10%
Each slider sets a weight; the share it gets of the score is beside it.
#UniversityScoreTop 10%SpecialisationWorksGrowth
1National Research University Higher School of EconomicsRussia 61.48.5%30.2×41 +108.6%
2Australian National UniversityAustralia 59.616.2%9.0×15 +241.6%
3University of EssexUnited Kingdom 59.627.2%15.9×8 -
4Moscow State Institute of International RelationsRussia 57.42.8%90.4×52 +30.7%
5Financial UniversityRussia 57.37.2%51.2×38 +142.6%
6King's College LondonUnited Kingdom 51.019.9%3.7×10 +70.0%
7Weatherford CollegeUnited States 48.79.5%4.8×22 +214.1%
8Ural Federal UniversityRussia 48.012.2%12.9×12 +176.2%
9Moscow State UniversityTajikistan 47.54.6%15.9×14 +72.3%
10Peoples' Friendship University of RussiaRussia 42.91.3%23.6×25 +25.9%

Universities only. The score blends citation excellence (40%), size (30%), specialisation (10%), growth (10%), international reach (10%), 2022-now; growth compares 2018-21 with 2022-25 and counts up to +20%, since a jump from a small base is mostly noise.

Every institution in Economic Sanctions and International Relations, country by country

Is Economic Sanctions and International Relations research growing?

Output in 2022-2025 was 77% higher than in 2018-2021, peaking in 2023. The fastest-growing topics are Economic Sanctions and International Relations.

still counting19801990200020102020
grewheldshrank

The same series as a ribbon: one cell per year, darker for more. The line above answers how much; this answers when.

Its share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share: all of science grows. This is Economic Sanctions and International Relations as a percentage of every work published that year, 0.017% in 2024.

still counting0.010%0.020%Economic Sanctions and International Relations0.014% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works of Economic Sanctions and International Relations over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

Year by year.

still counting5%10%15%Economic Sanctions and International Relations10.9% in 2025200020102020

Of each year's works in it, the share that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. A field is the world for its own topics, so there is no other line to hold it against.

Which topics inside it are moving

Growth and decline on one axis around a shared zero. Two lists side by side hide the thing that matters: whether the growth dwarfs the decline, or the other way round.

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