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Philosophy, Science, and History

Philosophy, Science, and History is a research topic within History and Philosophy of Science. Science Explorer counts 13k research works in it since 1950. 10.2% of them reached the world's top 10% most cited for their field and year.

This cluster of papers revolves around the philosophical movement of Logical Empiricism, particularly its association with the Vienna Circle, and its impact on the philosophy of science. The papers explore various aspects such as the works of Carnap, Neurath, and their influence on pragmatism, metaphysics, political philosophy, and social engagement.

  • Logical Empiricism
  • Vienna Circle
  • Philosophy of Science
  • Carnap
  • Neurath
  • Pragmatism
  • Metaphysics
  • Political Philosophy
  • Analytic Philosophy
  • Social Engagement
Research works
13k
fractional, since 1950
In the world top 10%
1.3k
per year above
Top-10% rate
10.2%
share of its works in the world top 10%
Growth, 2018-21 → 2022-25
-3%
the tick is no change
Largest producer
Germany
27% of the 10 largest, 2022-now
Philosophy, Science, and History

Which countries lead Philosophy, Science, and History research?

By volume, Germany and the United States publish the most (360 and 326 works in 2022-now).

By volume, 2022-now

  1. 1 Germany 360 works
  2. 2 United States 326 works
  3. 3 France 127 works
  4. 4 United Kingdom 115 works
  5. 5 Italy 95 works
  6. 6 Brazil 84 works
  7. 7 Austria 79 works
  8. 8 Russia 62 works
  9. 9 Canada 52 works
  10. 10 China 38 works

How concentrated that is

The same countries as shares of everything the list above accounts for. A node where two countries do two thirds of the work and one spread evenly across twelve read alike as a ranking and not at all alike here.

Germany: 26.9%United States: 24.4%France: 9.5%United Kingdom: 8.6%6 others listed: 30.6%27%largest
Germany360 · 26.9%United States326 · 24.4%France127 · 9.5%United Kingdom115 · 8.6%6 others listed409 · 30.6%

Shares of the rows listed above, not of the whole node.

Which institutions lead Philosophy, Science, and History research?

By volume in 2022-now, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique publishes the most Philosophy, Science, and History research, followed by University of Vienna and Freie Universität Berlin.

By volume, 2022-now

  1. 1 Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueFrance 40 works
  2. 2 University of ViennaAustria 36 works
  3. 3 Freie Universität BerlinGermany 14 works
  4. 4 University of TübingenGermany 13 works
  5. 5 University of TurinItaly 13 works
  6. 6 University of HelsinkiFinland 11 works
  7. 7 Friedrich Schiller University JenaGermany 11 works
  8. 8 University of WuppertalGermany 11 works
  9. 9 Johannes Gutenberg University MainzGermany 10 works
  10. 10 Weatherford CollegeUnited States 10 works

Who are the leading researchers in Philosophy, Science, and History?

The most-cited researchers publishing on Philosophy, Science, and History include Herbert A. Simon and Noam Chomsky.

  1. 1 Herbert A. Simon United States 179k citations
  2. 2 Noam Chomsky United States 141k citations

Ranked by citations received across their whole record, among researchers with at least three works on this topic.

What are the most cited papers in Philosophy, Science, and History?

The most cited paper in Philosophy, Science, and History is "Naming and Necessity" (Saul A. Kripke, 1972), with 5,275 citations. Next come "Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes" (4,449) and "Main Trends in Recent Philosophy: Two Dogmas of Empiricism" (3,019).

Most cited papers
#PaperReleasedCitations
1 Naming and Necessity Saul A. Kripke Book chapter 1972 5,275
2 Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes И. Лакатос · Cambridge University Press eBooks Book chapter 2 Sep 1970 4,449
3 Main Trends in Recent Philosophy: Two Dogmas of Empiricism Willard Van Orman Quine · The Philosophical Review 1951 3,019
4 Content and Consciousness. N. J. H. Dent, Daniel C. Dennett · The Philosophical Quarterly Oct 1970 1,140
5 Transgressing the Boundaries: Toward a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity Alan D. Sokal · Social Text 1996 1,110
All 100 most cited papers, with filters and sorting

Where is Philosophy, Science, and History research done?

The largest centres of Philosophy, Science, and History research in 2022-now are Paris (France), Vienna (Austria), Berlin (Germany) and Moscow (Russia).

Largest cities, 2022-now

  1. 1 ParisFrance 60 works
  2. 2 ViennaAustria 49 works
  3. 3 BerlinGermany 37 works
  4. 4 MoscowRussia 33 works
  5. 5 MunichGermany 25 works
  6. 6 New YorkUnited States 24 works
  7. 7 BudapestHungary 19 works
  8. 8 LondonUnited Kingdom 19 works
  9. 9 São PauloBrazil 16 works
  10. 10 TübingenGermany 16 works
See Philosophy, Science, and History on the map

Where is the best place to study Philosophy, Science, and History?

Among universities, judged by research, University of Vienna, University of Cambridge and University of Manchester score highest, combining excellence, specialisation, size, growth and international reach. Research strength is one signal when choosing where to study; it does not measure teaching.

0%20%40%mean 18.18%fractional works in this field (log) →share of work in the world top 10% →University of Manche…University of Cambri…Friedrich Schiller U…University of Vienna
above the meannear itbelow it

One dot per university in the first ten of the table below, at the default weights. The upper left is the interesting corner: small places doing unusually strong work.

Excellenceshare of its work in the world top 10%, 2022-now and all time averaged
40%
Specialisationhow much of its work is in this field, counted up to 10× the world share
10%
Sizeits output in this field, on a log scale
30%
Growthoutput growth, counted from -20% to +20%
10%
Internationalshare of its work with a co-author abroad
10%
Each slider sets a weight; the share it gets of the score is beside it.
#UniversityScoreTop 10%SpecialisationWorksGrowth
1University of ViennaAustria 75.718.3%44.4×36 +50.1%
2University of CambridgeUnited Kingdom 62.132.2%5.2×10 +14.9%
3University of ManchesterUnited Kingdom 61.534.2%6.6×9 +3.6%
4Friedrich Schiller University JenaGermany 51.220.7%21.7×11 +48.8%
5University of HelsinkiFinland 50.914.6%10.0×11 +50.6%
6University of TurinItaly 47.315.1%15.0×13 +14.4%
7Ca' Foscari University of VeniceItaly 44.717.2%23.9×9 +260.0%
8Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenGermany 40.712.0%6.8×9 +19.9%
9Freie Universität BerlinGermany 36.33.3%21.1×14 +80.3%
10Johannes Gutenberg University MainzGermany 34.714.2%17.7×10 -35.7%

Universities only. The score blends excellence (40%), size (30%), specialisation (10%), growth (10%), international reach (10%), 2022-now; growth compares 2018-21 with 2022-25 and counts up to +20%, since a jump from a small base is mostly noise.

Every institution in Philosophy, Science, and History, country by country

Is Philosophy, Science, and History research growing?

Output in 2022-2025 was 3% lower than in 2018-2021, peaking in 2020.

still counting19801990200020102020
grewheldshrank

The same series as a ribbon: one cell per year, darker for more. The line above answers how much; this answers when.

Its share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share: all of science grows. This is Philosophy, Science, and History as a percentage of every work published that year, 0.0082% in 2024.

still counting0.020%0.040%Philosophy, Science, and History0.0062% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works of Philosophy, Science, and History over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

Year by year.

still counting5%10%15%Philosophy, Science, and History10.3% in 2025200020102020

Of each year's works in it, the share that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. A field is the world for its own topics, so there is no other line to hold it against.

Which topics inside it are moving

Growth and decline on one axis around a shared zero. Two lists side by side hide the thing that matters: whether the growth dwarfs the decline, or the other way round.

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