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Bolivia vs Nicaragua

On research quality in 2022-now, Nicaragua ranks #82 in the world and Bolivia #88, of 189 countries. Bolivia stands higher in 9 of the 11 fields both publish in, Nicaragua in 2.

Research profiles alike: 0.92very similar shapes of research, whatever their size. How it is measured

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Bolivia

World rank, 2022-now
#88
#84 all time
Works, 2022-now
6.5k
fractional
Top-10% rate
5.9%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
62%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: General Social Sciences, Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology, Horticulture.

Nicaragua

World rank, 2022-now
#82
#79 all time
Works, 2022-now
2.7k
fractional
Top-10% rate
5.9%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
79%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: Horticulture, General Social Sciences, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences.

Who leads, measure by measure?

Nicaragua leads on 5 of 9 measures: research quality, excellence for its fields, open access, international co-authorship and growth. Bolivia leads on 2 of 9 measures: output and citations per work. The two are level on top-10% rate and institutions in the world top 100.

Bolivia 22 level5 Nicaragua
  1. #88Research qualityworld rank of 189 countries, 2022-now#82
  2. 0.67×Excellence for its fieldsits top-10% rate against what its topics predict; 1.00× is as expected0.80×
  3. 6.5kOutputfractional works, 2022-now2.7k
  4. 5.9%Top-10% rateshare of its works among the world's most cited5.9%
  5. 4.5Citations per workall time, per fractional work4.0
  6. 0World top 100institutions it holds among the world's best 1000
  7. 62%Open accessof its works free to read, all time79%
  8. 33%Internationalof its works written with co-authors abroad, all time34%
  9. -2%Growthworks in 2022-25 against 2018-21; half a bar is no change+4%

A rank is drawn as its standing: the longer the bar, the nearer the top. Anything else is drawn against the larger of the two, and two values a hair apart are called level. Quality, excellence and the top-10% rate are explained in the methodology.

Who leads in each field?

Bolivia stands higher in 9 of 11 fields, Nicaragua in 2. Bolivia leads most in Social Sciences (#60 against #62); Nicaragua leads most in Medicine (#69 against #78). Each bar is that side's standing among all countries ranked in the field: the full bar is first place.

Bolivia 92 Nicaragua
  1. #67Agricultural and Biological Sciences#60
  2. #43Arts and Humanities-
  3. #84Business, Management and Accounting-
  4. #108Computer Science-
  5. #88Economics, Econometrics and Finance-
  6. #104Engineering-
  7. #75Environmental Science-
  8. #80Health Professions-
  9. #78Medicine#69
  10. #73Psychology-
  11. #60Social Sciences#62

Standing is the percentile of world rank within each field, 2022-now; the printed number is the rank itself. A dash means the field is too small there to rank. How sides are compared.

The numbers behind each field

Click a heading to sort. The side that does better in a pair of columns is shaded: a lower rank, a higher rate, more works.

Field Bolivia rankNicaragua rank Bolivia top 10%Nicaragua top 10% Bolivia worksNicaragua works
Agricultural and Biological Sciences #67 #60 4.6% 5.1% 478 355
Arts and Humanities #43 - 9.3% - 384 -
Business, Management and Accounting #84 - 5.9% - 256 -
Computer Science #108 - 4.8% - 378 -
Economics, Econometrics and Finance #88 - 4.3% - 284 -
Engineering #104 - 3.6% - 249 -
Environmental Science #75 - 6.5% - 423 -
Health Professions #80 - 5.2% - 347 -
Medicine #78 #69 4.0% 5.4% 823 259
Psychology #73 - 5.5% - 241 -
Social Sciences #60 #62 7.7% 6.9% 2.1k 768

What is each known for?

The keywords that describe each side's research, by fractional works in 2022-now and weighted toward what it does more of than the world.

Bolivia

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Education727▲ 5.7×111 topics
  2. Globalization594▲ 4.1×115 topics
  3. Sustainability422▲ 2.3×101 topics
  4. Latin America394▲ 28×22 topics
  5. Epidemiology371▲ 1.26×133 topics
  6. Public Health362▲ 3.4×66 topics
  7. Climate Change362▲ 1.80×107 topics
  8. Innovation357▲ 4.7×59 topics
  9. Human Rights338▲ 4.5×66 topics
  10. Sustainable Development301▲ 2.6×72 topics
  11. COVID-19273▲ 2.8×27 topics
  12. Health Promotion249▲ 11×17 topics
  13. E-Learning247▲ 3.5×21 topics
  14. Digital Marketing243▲ 8.5×5 topics
  15. Educational Technology241▲ 2.8×36 topics
  16. Knowledge Management238▲ 5.8×29 topics
  17. Pedagogy216▲ 5.8×25 topics
  18. Teacher Training208▲ 4.6×24 topics
  19. Small and Medium Enterprises200▲ 15×9 topics
  20. Urban Development195▲ 7.5×15 topics
  21. Nutrition193▲ 5.9×15 topics
  22. Communication190▲ 8.2×18 topics
  23. Social Responsibility190▲ 11×8 topics
  24. Ethics186▲ 5.0×47 topics
  25. Innovation Ecosystems186▲ 25×4 topics
  26. Distance Learning181▲ 7.1×11 topics
  27. Economic Impact181▲ 4.6×10 topics
  28. Social Movements180▲ 8.2×28 topics
  29. Community Participation169▲ 6.5×13 topics
  30. Competitiveness169▲ 29×6 topics
  31. Globalization Effects165▲ 32×2 topics
  32. Inclusive Education163▲ 6.1×17 topics
  33. Tourism Management161▲ 31×2 topics
  34. City Branding161▲ 35×1 topic
  35. Psychopharmacology Education161▲ 35×1 topic
  36. Rural Development156▲ 6.1×20 topics
  37. Digital Divide138▲ 7.3×7 topics
  38. Online Education134▲ 9.3×6 topics
  39. ICT132▲ 13×4 topics
  40. University Students131▲ 32×2 topics

Nicaragua

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Education295▲ 5.5×90 topics
  2. Sustainability220▲ 2.9×89 topics
  3. Innovation201▲ 6.2×54 topics
  4. Globalization194▲ 3.2×97 topics
  5. Climate Change171▲ 2.0×99 topics
  6. Sustainable Development153▲ 3.1×71 topics
  7. Environmental Impact151▲ 2.8×58 topics
  8. Educational Technology135▲ 3.6×35 topics
  9. Public Health131▲ 2.9×58 topics
  10. Food Security119▲ 7.0×23 topics
  11. E-Learning117▲ 3.9×20 topics
  12. Teacher Training117▲ 6.1×22 topics
  13. Latin America114▲ 19×22 topics
  14. Knowledge Management107▲ 6.1×27 topics
  15. Biodiversity104▲ 4.4×31 topics
  16. Digital Marketing101▲ 8.3×4 topics
  17. Public Policy96▲ 6.5×22 topics
  18. Sustainable Agriculture96▲ 10.0×16 topics
  19. Pedagogy95▲ 6.0×19 topics
  20. Rural Development88▲ 8.2×16 topics
  21. Competitiveness87▲ 35×6 topics
  22. Small and Medium Enterprises86▲ 15×6 topics
  23. Health Promotion82▲ 8.3×15 topics
  24. Social Responsibility81▲ 11×11 topics
  25. Distance Learning77▲ 7.1×11 topics
  26. Nutrition75▲ 5.4×16 topics
  27. Urban Development75▲ 6.8×14 topics
  28. Innovation Ecosystems73▲ 23×3 topics
  29. Social Impact72▲ 5.9×16 topics
  30. Inclusive Education71▲ 6.3×15 topics
  31. Agroecology70▲ 16×6 topics
  32. Climate Change Adaptation69▲ 12×6 topics
  33. Community Participation68▲ 6.1×15 topics
  34. Rural Communities67▲ 38×5 topics
  35. Globalization Effects65▲ 30×2 topics
  36. Psychopharmacology Education64▲ 33×1 topic
  37. Tourism Management64▲ 29×1 topic
  38. Soil Management62▲ 51×2 topics
  39. Crop Production62▲ 17×4 topics
  40. Organic Farming60▲ 29×2 topics

Size is fractional works in the topics tagged with each word; colour is the word's share of the side's work against its share of the world's. Each word links to the topic it comes from most.

How has their output grown?

Bolivia has out-published Nicaragua every year since 1983, when it overtook it.

still counting1k2kBolivia1,948 in 2025Nicaragua797 in 20251990200020102020

Fractional works per year.

Their share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share, because all of science grows. Each line is a side as a percentage of every work published that year.

still counting0.020%0.040%0.060%Bolivia0.033% in 2025Nicaragua0.014% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

The share of each side's works, year by year, that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. The average of all institutions is 10.0% (why not 10%).

still counting5%10%15%Nicaragua7.3% in 2025Bolivia6.5% in 2025200020102020

A year with under 1% of the side's peak output is left out: a rate over a handful of papers says nothing. The latest years are still being cited.

Who holds more of the world's best institutions?

A country's average quality and the number of institutions it holds at the very top can disagree, and both are worth knowing. The counts are nested: an institution in the top 50 is also in the top 100.

Bolivia 05 level0 Nicaragua
  1. 0In the world top 500
  2. 0In the top 1000
  3. 0In the top 5000
  4. 0In the top 1,0000
  5. #51Elite capacityrank among 204 countries#51

Institutions ranked on research quality, 2022-now. Elite capacity counts a country's institutions by their worldwide rank, weighted so a place at #1 counts for more than one at #480.

Which publishes more research, Bolivia or Nicaragua?

Bolivia publishes 2.4× as much research as Nicaragua in 2022-now (6.5k against 2.7k fractional works).

Whose research has more impact, Bolivia or Nicaragua?

5.9% of Bolivia's research reaches the world's top 10% most cited, against 5.9% for Nicaragua.

Is Bolivia or Nicaragua growing faster?

Output in 2022-25 was +4% against 2018-21 for Nicaragua, and -2% for Bolivia.

Which has more open access research, Bolivia or Nicaragua?

79% of Nicaragua's research is free to read, against 62% of Bolivia's.

Which has more world-class institutions, Bolivia or Nicaragua?

Bolivia holds 0 of the world's top 100 research institutions and Nicaragua 0; in the top 1,000 it is 0 against 0.

Which institutions lead in each country?

The highest-ranked institutions on each side on research quality, 2022-now. The percentage is each institution's own top-10% rate: the share of its works that are among the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. Every figure stands alone, so they do not add up to 100%.

Bolivia

  1. 1Universidad de Los Andes7.3% top 10% · 1.3k works
  2. 2Universidad Mayor de San Andrés4.4% top 10% · 775 works
  3. 3Universidad La Salle3.3% top 10% · 373 works
  4. 4Universidad Mayor de San Simón4.7% top 10% · 318 works
  5. 5Universidad Privada del Valle3.2% top 10% · 288 works
  6. 6Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar9.4% top 10% · 346 works

Nicaragua

  1. 1National Autonomous University of Nicaragua6.5% top 10% · 839 works
  2. 2National Agrarian University4.6% top 10% · 338 works
  3. 3Universidad del Valle7.5% top 10% · 240 works
  4. 4Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua-León4.7% top 10% · 122 works
  5. 5Universidad de las Américas10.9% top 10% · 114 works
  6. 6National University of Engineering3.0% top 10% · 119 works

The number is the rank inside the country. The track on each row is the top-10% rate; the tick is the average of all institutions, 10.0% (how it is set): teal above it, red below. The ranking is the quality score, which compares the rate with what each institution's own topics predict and adds a small reward for size, so the rates do not fall in order.

Who are the top researchers on each side?

The most cited researchers on each side, among those ranked.

Bolivia

  1. 1 Vincent Antoine Vos #14,733 worldwide 10k citations · 87 works
  2. 2 Juan Carlos Licona #37,128 worldwide 7.1k citations · 71 works
  3. 3 Alejandro Araujo‐Murakami #44,646 worldwide 5.4k citations · 47 works
  4. 4 Marisol Toledo #55,944 worldwide 10k citations · 97 works
  5. 5 Alejandro Araujo‐Murakami #59,927 worldwide 4.2k citations · 42 works

Nicaragua

  1. 1 María Ángeles Pérez #787,667 worldwide 1.8k citations · 21 works
  2. 2 Félix Espinoza #819,809 worldwide 4.7k citations · 55 works
  3. 3 Eliette C. Valladares #837,359 worldwide 3.5k citations · 40 works
  4. 4 Aurora Aragón #874,577 worldwide 2.5k citations · 83 works
  5. 5 Armando Saballos #1,129,075 worldwide 663 citations · 36 works