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Botswana vs Morocco

On research quality in 2022-now, Botswana ranks #92 in the world and Morocco #94, of 189 countries. Botswana stands higher in 3 of the 23 fields both publish in, Morocco in 20.

Research profiles alike: 0.33somewhat alike shapes of research, whatever their size. How it is measured

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Botswana

World rank, 2022-now
#92
#91 all time
Works, 2022-now
3k
fractional
Top-10% rate
8.5%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
47%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: Archeology, Forestry, Statistics and Probability.

Morocco

World rank, 2022-now
#94
#83 all time
Works, 2022-now
64k
fractional
Top-10% rate
7.7%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
47%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: Algebra and Number Theory, Applied Mathematics, Metals and Alloys.

Who leads, measure by measure?

Botswana leads on 5 of 9 measures: research quality, excellence for its fields, top-10% rate, citations per work and international co-authorship. Morocco leads on 2 of 9 measures: output and growth. The two are level on institutions in the world top 100 and open access.

Botswana 52 level2 Morocco
  1. #92Research qualityworld rank of 189 countries, 2022-now#94
  2. 0.90×Excellence for its fieldsits top-10% rate against what its topics predict; 1.00× is as expected0.79×
  3. 3kOutputfractional works, 2022-now64k
  4. 8.5%Top-10% rateshare of its works among the world's most cited7.7%
  5. 12.4Citations per workall time, per fractional work9.7
  6. 0World top 100institutions it holds among the world's best 1000
  7. 47%Open accessof its works free to read, all time47%
  8. 33%Internationalof its works written with co-authors abroad, all time23%
  9. +16%Growthworks in 2022-25 against 2018-21; half a bar is no change+55%

A rank is drawn as its standing: the longer the bar, the nearer the top. Anything else is drawn against the larger of the two, and two values a hair apart are called level. Quality, excellence and the top-10% rate are explained in the methodology.

Who leads in each field?

Botswana stands higher in 3 of 23 fields, Morocco in 20. Morocco leads most in Computer Science (#74 against #101); Botswana leads most in Medicine (#86 against #133). Each bar is that side's standing among all countries ranked in the field: the full bar is first place.

Botswana 320 Morocco
  1. #80Agricultural and Biological Sciences#84
  2. -Arts and Humanities#93
  3. -Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology#83
  4. -Business, Management and Accounting#77
  5. -Chemistry#52
  6. #101Computer Science#74
  7. -Decision Sciences#69
  8. -Dentistry#57
  9. -Earth and Planetary Sciences#53
  10. -Economics, Econometrics and Finance#94
  11. -Energy#54
  12. #75Engineering#67
  13. #69Environmental Science#65
  14. -Health Professions#92
  15. -Immunology and Microbiology#66
  16. -Materials Science#54
  17. -Mathematics#55
  18. #86Medicine#133
  19. -Neuroscience#59
  20. -Nursing#57
  21. -Physics and Astronomy#66
  22. -Psychology#94
  23. #114Social Sciences#128

Standing is the percentile of world rank within each field, 2022-now; the printed number is the rank itself. A dash means the field is too small there to rank. How sides are compared.

The numbers behind each field

Click a heading to sort. The side that does better in a pair of columns is shaded: a lower rank, a higher rate, more works.

Field Botswana rankMorocco rank Botswana top 10%Morocco top 10% Botswana worksMorocco works
Agricultural and Biological Sciences #80 #84 10.7% 12.6% 308 3.8k
Arts and Humanities - #93 - 9.4% - 1.2k
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology - #83 - 5.5% - 2k
Business, Management and Accounting - #77 - 7.9% - 2.8k
Chemistry - #52 - 15.4% - 1k
Computer Science #101 #74 7.0% 8.8% 208 7.1k
Decision Sciences - #69 - 7.9% - 712
Dentistry - #57 - 4.2% - 301
Earth and Planetary Sciences - #53 - 11.1% - 1k
Economics, Econometrics and Finance - #94 - 7.3% - 1.3k
Energy - #54 - 9.6% - 1k
Engineering #75 #67 10.7% 8.5% 360 9.9k
Environmental Science #69 #65 8.7% 10.1% 284 3.4k
Health Professions - #92 - 9.1% - 1.2k
Immunology and Microbiology - #66 - 2.9% - 405
Materials Science - #54 - 11.4% - 2.5k
Mathematics - #55 - 8.1% - 2.1k
Medicine #86 #133 9.0% 2.8% 335 14k
Neuroscience - #59 - 5.1% - 509
Nursing - #57 - 8.5% - 232
Physics and Astronomy - #66 - 10.5% - 1.2k
Psychology - #94 - 6.1% - 1.1k
Social Sciences #114 #128 7.4% 8.6% 471 4.5k

What is each known for?

The keywords that describe each side's research, by fractional works in 2022-now and weighted toward what it does more of than the world.

Botswana

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Climate Change192▲ 2.1×87 topics
  2. Sustainability159▲ 1.89×75 topics
  3. Machine Learning144▲ 1.26×77 topics
  4. Epidemiology104▼ 0.76×111 topics
  5. Globalization95▲ 1.40×72 topics
  6. Environmental Impact91▲ 1.55×52 topics
  7. Deep Learning89▼ 0.76×67 topics
  8. Renewable Energy73▲ 1.46×40 topics
  9. Remote Sensing70▲ 1.67×31 topics
  10. Economic Growth66▲ 2.4×27 topics
  11. Colonialism66▲ 4.0×14 topics
  12. Antiretroviral Therapy48▲ 8.6×6 topics
  13. Social Justice47▲ 2.3×26 topics
  14. Development46▲ 3.8×19 topics
  15. Biodiversity Conservation46▲ 3.6×13 topics
  16. Risk Management46▲ 2.8×13 topics
  17. Sustainable Agriculture44▲ 4.1×12 topics
  18. Higher Education42▲ 2.3×17 topics
  19. Genetic Diversity41▲ 2.7×20 topics
  20. Adaptation40▲ 4.0×11 topics
  21. Political Economy40▲ 4.5×11 topics
  22. Smallholder Farmers37▲ 5.1×5 topics
  23. Poverty Reduction36▲ 8.1×5 topics
  24. Land Use Change35▲ 3.4×7 topics
  25. Maternal Mortality31▲ 4.1×5 topics
  26. Community Health Workers31▲ 10×2 topics
  27. Bayesian Inference30▲ 8.9×4 topics
  28. Health Inequalities28▲ 6.8×3 topics
  29. Mortality Rates28▲ 8.5×2 topics
  30. Nutritional Value27▲ 7.0×4 topics
  31. Gender Inequality27▲ 5.7×6 topics
  32. Land Reform27▲ 17×2 topics
  33. Weibull Distribution26▲ 17×2 topics
  34. Generalized Exponential25▲ 44×1 topic
  35. Skew Distributions25▲ 44×1 topic
  36. Livelihoods25▲ 21×2 topics
  37. Phytochemicals25▲ 6.7×7 topics
  38. Child Mortality25▲ 10×1 topic
  39. Health Systems25▲ 10×1 topic
  40. HIV Transmission23▲ 8.7×2 topics

Morocco

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Machine Learning4,199▲ 1.69×97 topics
  2. Deep Learning4,074▲ 1.58×84 topics
  3. Epidemiology3,452▲ 1.16×137 topics
  4. Sustainability2,246▲ 1.23×120 topics
  5. Renewable Energy2,052▲ 1.90×55 topics
  6. Climate Change1,946◆ 0.96×115 topics
  7. Neural Networks1,735▲ 1.50×41 topics
  8. Supply Chain Management1,456▲ 2.2×26 topics
  9. Treatment1,456▲ 1.60×52 topics
  10. Diagnosis1,433▲ 2.1×41 topics
  11. Environmental Impact1,389◆ 1.09×72 topics
  12. Healthcare1,314▲ 1.54×35 topics
  13. Internet of Things1,229▲ 1.92×31 topics
  14. Remote Sensing1,192▲ 1.30×36 topics
  15. Big Data1,143▲ 1.60×34 topics
  16. Artificial Intelligence1,041◆ 0.98×62 topics
  17. Energy Efficiency947▲ 1.37×44 topics
  18. Surgical Management880▲ 2.9×20 topics
  19. Convolutional Neural Networks860▲ 1.58×14 topics
  20. Security854▲ 1.71×30 topics
  21. Management839▲ 1.41×39 topics
  22. Antioxidant Activity782▲ 1.68×32 topics
  23. Chemotherapy771▲ 1.45×25 topics
  24. Solar Energy754▲ 3.2×5 topics
  25. Medicinal Plants739▲ 2.5×20 topics
  26. Risk Management689▲ 1.94×19 topics
  27. Artificial Neural Networks664▲ 1.95×10 topics
  28. IoT Security664▲ 2.9×3 topics
  29. Prognostic Factors661▲ 2.0×14 topics
  30. Power Electronics569▲ 2.4×8 topics
  31. Nonlinear Equations439▲ 4.6×6 topics
  32. Parameter Estimation416▲ 4.4×6 topics
  33. Territorial Governance406▲ 4.7×4 topics
  34. Local Development399▲ 5.2×2 topics
  35. North Africa395▲ 15×2 topics
  36. Grid-Connected Inverters358▲ 6.6×2 topics
  37. Subduction352▲ 6.3×3 topics
  38. Controllability330▲ 10×2 topics
  39. Maximum Power Point Tracking323▲ 8.7×1 topic
  40. Photovoltaic Arrays323▲ 8.7×1 topic

Size is fractional works in the topics tagged with each word; colour is the word's share of the side's work against its share of the world's. Each word links to the topic it comes from most.

How has their output grown?

Morocco has out-published Botswana every year since 1980.

still counting10k20kMorocco19k in 2025Botswana819 in 20251990200020102020

Fractional works per year.

Their share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share, because all of science grows. Each line is a side as a percentage of every work published that year.

still counting0.20%0.40%Morocco0.32% in 2025Botswana0.014% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

The share of each side's works, year by year, that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. The average of all institutions is 10.0% (why not 10%).

still counting5%10%15%Botswana9.3% in 2025Morocco8.1% in 2025200020102020

A year with under 1% of the side's peak output is left out: a rate over a handful of papers says nothing. The latest years are still being cited.

Who holds more of the world's best institutions?

A country's average quality and the number of institutions it holds at the very top can disagree, and both are worth knowing. The counts are nested: an institution in the top 50 is also in the top 100.

Botswana 05 level0 Morocco
  1. 0In the world top 500
  2. 0In the top 1000
  3. 0In the top 5000
  4. 0In the top 1,0000
  5. #51Elite capacityrank among 204 countries#51

Institutions ranked on research quality, 2022-now. Elite capacity counts a country's institutions by their worldwide rank, weighted so a place at #1 counts for more than one at #480.

Which publishes more research, Botswana or Morocco?

Morocco publishes 21.3× as much research as Botswana in 2022-now (64k against 3k fractional works).

Whose research has more impact, Botswana or Morocco?

8.5% of Botswana's research reaches the world's top 10% most cited, against 7.7% for Morocco.

Is Botswana or Morocco growing faster?

Output in 2022-25 was +55% against 2018-21 for Morocco, and +16% for Botswana.

Which has more open access research, Botswana or Morocco?

47% of Morocco's research is free to read, against 47% of Botswana's.

Which has more world-class institutions, Botswana or Morocco?

Botswana holds 0 of the world's top 100 research institutions and Morocco 0; in the top 1,000 it is 0 against 0.

Which institutions lead in each country?

The highest-ranked institutions on each side on research quality, 2022-now. The percentage is each institution's own top-10% rate: the share of its works that are among the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. Every figure stands alone, so they do not add up to 100%.

Botswana

  1. 1University of Botswana7.6% top 10% · 1.4k works
  2. 2Botswana International University of Science and Technology8.6% top 10% · 674 works
  3. 3Botswana Geoscience Institute8.8% top 10% · 116 works
  4. 4Botho University8.5% top 10% · 148 works
  5. 5Ministry of Agriculture14.6% top 10% · 169 works
  6. 6Botswana Open University3.9% top 10% · 76 works

Morocco

  1. 1Université Mohammed VI Polytechnique16.8% top 10% · 1.8k works
  2. 2Université Ibn-Tofail7.0% top 10% · 4.1k works
  3. 3Université Hassan 1er9.8% top 10% · 1.5k works
  4. 4Abdelmalek Essaâdi University7.5% top 10% · 3.8k works
  5. 5Université Ibn Zohr9.1% top 10% · 2.9k works
  6. 6Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University9.6% top 10% · 5.6k works

The number is the rank inside the country. The track on each row is the top-10% rate; the tick is the average of all institutions, 10.0% (how it is set): teal above it, red below. The ranking is the quality score, which compares the rate with what each institution's own topics predict and adds a small reward for size, so the rates do not fall in order.

Who are the top researchers on each side?

The most cited researchers on each side, among those ranked.

Botswana

  1. 1 Godfrey Mutashambara Rwegerera #31,057 worldwide 54k citations · 105 works
  2. 2 John Weldon McNutt #207,426 worldwide 5.3k citations · 119 works
  3. 3 Joseph M. Makhema #280,791 worldwide 14k citations · 95 works
  4. 4 Peter Vuylsteke #396,259 worldwide 7.7k citations · 317 works
  5. 5 Sununguko Wata Mpoloka #453,404 worldwide 2.7k citations · 62 works

Morocco

  1. 1 Aziz A. Bousfiha #12,714 worldwide 11k citations · 60 works
  2. 2 Muhammad Nabeel Ikram #15,633 worldwide 5.5k citations · 106 works
  3. 3 A. Allouhi #37,806 worldwide 7.7k citations · 134 works
  4. 4 Anass Cherrafi #64,369 worldwide 4.8k citations · 123 works
  5. 5 Asmae Berrada #72,405 worldwide 2.5k citations · 75 works