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Estonia vs Mongolia

On research quality in 2022-now, Estonia ranks #44 in the world and Mongolia #107, of 189 countries. Estonia stands higher in 15 of the 15 fields both publish in, Mongolia in 0.

Research profiles alike: 0.61similar shapes of research, whatever their size. How it is measured

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Estonia

World rank, 2022-now
#44
#52 all time
Works, 2022-now
11k
fractional
Top-10% rate
10.9%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
47%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: Paleontology, Nature and Landscape Conservation, Oceanography.

Mongolia

World rank, 2022-now
#107
#119 all time
Works, 2022-now
6.4k
fractional
Top-10% rate
5.0%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
55%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: Fuel Technology, Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design, Music.

Who leads, measure by measure?

Estonia leads on 5 of 9 measures: research quality, excellence for its fields, output, top-10% rate and citations per work. Mongolia leads on 3 of 9 measures: open access, international co-authorship and growth. The two are level on institutions in the world top 100.

Estonia 51 level3 Mongolia
  1. #44Research qualityworld rank of 189 countries, 2022-now#107
  2. 1.00×Excellence for its fieldsits top-10% rate against what its topics predict; 1.00× is as expected0.52×
  3. 11kOutputfractional works, 2022-now6.4k
  4. 10.9%Top-10% rateshare of its works among the world's most cited5.0%
  5. 15.8Citations per workall time, per fractional work4.7
  6. 0World top 100institutions it holds among the world's best 1000
  7. 47%Open accessof its works free to read, all time55%
  8. 31%Internationalof its works written with co-authors abroad, all time39%
  9. +7%Growthworks in 2022-25 against 2018-21; half a bar is no change+58%

A rank is drawn as its standing: the longer the bar, the nearer the top. Anything else is drawn against the larger of the two, and two values a hair apart are called level. Quality, excellence and the top-10% rate are explained in the methodology.

Who leads in each field?

Estonia stands higher in 15 of 15 fields, Mongolia in 0. Estonia leads most in Agricultural and Biological Sciences (#42 against #107). Each bar is that side's standing among all countries ranked in the field: the full bar is first place.

Estonia 150 Mongolia
  1. #42Agricultural and Biological Sciences#107
  2. #36Arts and Humanities#68
  3. #35Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology#88
  4. #54Business, Management and Accounting#95
  5. #41Computer Science#105
  6. #45Earth and Planetary Sciences#63
  7. #51Economics, Econometrics and Finance#91
  8. #47Engineering#95
  9. #51Environmental Science#98
  10. #52Health Professions-
  11. #52Materials Science-
  12. #41Medicine#101
  13. #47Physics and Astronomy-
  14. #37Psychology#84
  15. #46Social Sciences#88

Standing is the percentile of world rank within each field, 2022-now; the printed number is the rank itself. A dash means the field is too small there to rank. How sides are compared.

The numbers behind each field

Click a heading to sort. The side that does better in a pair of columns is shaded: a lower rank, a higher rate, more works.

Field Estonia rankMongolia rank Estonia top 10%Mongolia top 10% Estonia worksMongolia works
Agricultural and Biological Sciences #42 #107 12.5% 5.0% 664 358
Arts and Humanities #36 #68 12.8% 6.3% 697 485
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology #35 #88 10.6% 4.5% 542 209
Business, Management and Accounting #54 #95 13.1% 4.9% 382 269
Computer Science #41 #105 10.5% 3.9% 1k 513
Earth and Planetary Sciences #45 #63 8.4% 3.3% 278 216
Economics, Econometrics and Finance #51 #91 12.2% 7.0% 226 246
Engineering #47 #95 9.5% 3.3% 1.6k 603
Environmental Science #51 #98 10.1% 4.3% 751 556
Health Professions #52 - 9.0% - 272 -
Materials Science #52 - 4.9% - 281 -
Medicine #41 #101 10.4% 5.2% 1.1k 742
Physics and Astronomy #47 - 11.9% - 307 -
Psychology #37 #84 8.5% 4.8% 564 202
Social Sciences #46 #88 13.4% 6.1% 1.9k 1.2k

What is each known for?

The keywords that describe each side's research, by fractional works in 2022-now and weighted toward what it does more of than the world.

Estonia

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Climate Change634▲ 1.77×116 topics
  2. Machine Learning470◆ 1.07×89 topics
  3. Sustainability396▲ 1.23×118 topics
  4. Globalization383▲ 1.48×145 topics
  5. Deep Learning323▼ 0.71×81 topics
  6. Artificial Intelligence237▲ 1.26×59 topics
  7. Environmental Impact236◆ 1.05×68 topics
  8. Renewable Energy227▲ 1.19×53 topics
  9. Big Data222▲ 1.76×31 topics
  10. Social Media219▲ 1.20×36 topics
  11. Education216◆ 0.96×120 topics
  12. Biodiversity210▲ 2.1×35 topics
  13. Public Health193◆ 1.00×63 topics
  14. Identity188▲ 1.97×67 topics
  15. Ethics174▲ 2.6×53 topics
  16. Invasive Species168▲ 3.0×21 topics
  17. Internet of Things149▲ 1.32×24 topics
  18. Security146▲ 1.65×27 topics
  19. Power Electronics145▲ 3.4×8 topics
  20. Ecosystem Functioning138▲ 5.1×7 topics
  21. Renewable Energy Integration135▲ 3.1×6 topics
  22. Religion129▲ 2.1×41 topics
  23. Conservation128▲ 2.3×24 topics
  24. European Union124▲ 4.2×26 topics
  25. International Relations123▲ 3.9×26 topics
  26. Governance114▲ 2.6×19 topics
  27. Migration113▲ 2.5×28 topics
  28. Global Change104▲ 3.0×7 topics
  29. Corpus Linguistics98▲ 3.5×5 topics
  30. Trust97▲ 2.7×11 topics
  31. Model Predictive Control96▲ 2.9×6 topics
  32. Habitat Fragmentation90▲ 3.1×5 topics
  33. European Integration87▲ 12×6 topics
  34. Ecosystem Resilience79▲ 3.9×5 topics
  35. Soviet Union77▲ 11×3 topics
  36. Accountability76▲ 4.6×4 topics
  37. Folklore74▲ 11×3 topics
  38. Literary Analysis73▲ 28×2 topics
  39. Diplomacy70▲ 5.7×8 topics
  40. Eastern Europe62▲ 9.0×3 topics

Mongolia

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Climate Change527▲ 2.6×105 topics
  2. Sustainability358▲ 1.97×106 topics
  3. Globalization307▲ 2.1×132 topics
  4. Artificial Intelligence271▲ 2.5×62 topics
  5. Machine Learning257◆ 1.04×88 topics
  6. Sustainable Development249▲ 2.1×83 topics
  7. Epidemiology227▼ 0.76×130 topics
  8. Deep Learning220▼ 0.86×81 topics
  9. Education190▲ 1.49×115 topics
  10. Adaptation165▲ 7.4×14 topics
  11. Ecological Knowledge164▲ 52×2 topics
  12. Innovation162▲ 2.1×71 topics
  13. Economic Development157▲ 2.6×41 topics
  14. Livelihoods149▲ 58×2 topics
  15. Land Management148▲ 57×2 topics
  16. Pastoralists147▲ 78×1 topic
  17. Rangeland Degradation147▲ 78×1 topic
  18. Economic Growth132▲ 2.2×33 topics
  19. Linguistics127▲ 11×9 topics
  20. History126▲ 2.4×45 topics
  21. Biodiversity114▲ 2.0×35 topics
  22. Etymology112▲ 32×2 topics
  23. Historical Phonology112▲ 32×2 topics
  24. Morphology111▲ 8.3×11 topics
  25. Language Contact104▲ 15×5 topics
  26. Virtual Reality103▲ 2.8×19 topics
  27. Syntax100▲ 19×3 topics
  28. Turkic94▲ 48×1 topic
  29. oral epics94▲ 48×1 topic
  30. Central Asia90▲ 17×4 topics
  31. Multimedia Technology83▲ 18×2 topics
  32. Economic Security80▲ 5.1×7 topics
  33. Arctic75▲ 9.1×4 topics
  34. Financial Security73▲ 9.2×3 topics
  35. Human-Computer Interaction70▲ 5.2×7 topics
  36. Eurasian Exchange61▲ 40×1 topic
  37. Silk Roads61▲ 40×1 topic
  38. Graphic Design59▲ 20×2 topics
  39. Digital Media Technology59▲ 21×1 topic
  40. Visual Communication Design59▲ 21×1 topic

Size is fractional works in the topics tagged with each word; colour is the word's share of the side's work against its share of the world's. Each word links to the topic it comes from most.

How has their output grown?

Estonia has out-published Mongolia every year since 1980.

still counting2k4kEstonia3,047 in 2025Mongolia1,989 in 20251990200020102020

Fractional works per year.

Their share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share, because all of science grows. Each line is a side as a percentage of every work published that year.

still counting0.025%0.050%0.075%Estonia0.052% in 2025Mongolia0.034% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

The share of each side's works, year by year, that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. The average of all institutions is 10.0% (why not 10%).

still counting5%10%15%Estonia10.7% in 2025Mongolia5.3% in 2025200020102020

A year with under 1% of the side's peak output is left out: a rate over a handful of papers says nothing. The latest years are still being cited.

Who holds more of the world's best institutions?

A country's average quality and the number of institutions it holds at the very top can disagree, and both are worth knowing. The counts are nested: an institution in the top 50 is also in the top 100.

Estonia 23 level0 Mongolia
  1. 0In the world top 500
  2. 0In the top 1000
  3. 0In the top 5000
  4. 1In the top 1,0000
  5. #41Elite capacityrank among 204 countries#51

Institutions ranked on research quality, 2022-now. Elite capacity counts a country's institutions by their worldwide rank, weighted so a place at #1 counts for more than one at #480.

Which publishes more research, Estonia or Mongolia?

Estonia publishes 1.8× as much research as Mongolia in 2022-now (11k against 6.4k fractional works).

Whose research has more impact, Estonia or Mongolia?

10.9% of Estonia's research reaches the world's top 10% most cited, against 5.0% for Mongolia.

Is Estonia or Mongolia growing faster?

Output in 2022-25 was +58% against 2018-21 for Mongolia, and +7% for Estonia.

Which has more open access research, Estonia or Mongolia?

55% of Mongolia's research is free to read, against 47% of Estonia's.

Which has more world-class institutions, Estonia or Mongolia?

Estonia holds 0 of the world's top 100 research institutions and Mongolia 0; in the top 1,000 it is 1 against 0.

Which institutions lead in each country?

The highest-ranked institutions on each side on research quality, 2022-now. The percentage is each institution's own top-10% rate: the share of its works that are among the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. Every figure stands alone, so they do not add up to 100%.

Estonia

  1. 1University of Tartu11.4% top 10% · 4.2k works
  2. 2Tallinn University of Technology10.7% top 10% · 2.6k works
  3. 3Praxis6.3% top 10% · 986 works
  4. 4Tallinn University12.0% top 10% · 1.1k works
  5. 5Estonian University of Life Sciences11.5% top 10% · 562 works
  6. 6National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics16.0% top 10% · 170 works

Mongolia

  1. 1National University of Mongolia4.4% top 10% · 1.2k works
  2. 2University of Finance and Economics4.8% top 10% · 561 works
  3. 3University of the Humanities9.3% top 10% · 603 works
  4. 4Mongolian Academy of Sciences2.2% top 10% · 827 works
  5. 5National Academy of Governance8.6% top 10% · 375 works
  6. 6Ider University5.8% top 10% · 187 works

The number is the rank inside the country. The track on each row is the top-10% rate; the tick is the average of all institutions, 10.0% (how it is set): teal above it, red below. The ranking is the quality score, which compares the rate with what each institution's own topics predict and adds a small reward for size, so the rates do not fall in order.

Who are the top researchers on each side?

The most cited researchers on each side, among those ranked.

Estonia

  1. 1 Tõnu Esko #672 worldwide 156k citations · 825 works
  2. 2 Leho Tedersoo #1,145 worldwide 66k citations · 375 works
  3. 3 Lili A. Milani #1,515 worldwide 75k citations · 479 works
  4. 4 Reedik Mägi #1,607 worldwide 91k citations · 582 works
  5. 5 Andres Metspalu #2,577 worldwide 134k citations · 841 works

Mongolia

  1. 1 Munkhtuya Tumurkhuu #26,249 worldwide 24k citations · 79 works
  2. 2 Yanjinlkham Munkhsaikhan #149,169 worldwide 3.7k citations · 25 works
  3. 3 Ryenchindorj Erkhembayar #171,998 worldwide 17k citations · 37 works
  4. 4 Болормаа Норов #173,089 worldwide 2.7k citations · 45 works
  5. 5 Jamsranjav Bayarsaikhan #177,653 worldwide 2.4k citations · 82 works