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University · Büyükçekmece · Türkiye

Istanbul Arel University

In research, Istanbul Arel University stands highest in Social Sciences (#4,313 of 9,585 worldwide), Health Sciences (#5,236 of 9,902 worldwide) and Medicine (#4,796 of 8,541 worldwide), 2022-now.

World rank, 2022-now
#5,043
of 22,385 · #7,892 all time
Rank in Türkiye
#111
of 297
Research works
1.9k
▲ 83% vs 2018-21
Citations
9.9k
5.3 per fractional work
Top-10% rate
6.4%
all institutions 10.0%
vs its own fields
0.72×
1.00× is exactly expected
Open access
74%
world 40%
International
8%
world 18%

What is Istanbul Arel University known for in research?

The fields where it stands highest, 2022-now, ranked among every institution above the floor in each field.

FieldWorld rankWhere that sitsTop-10% rateWorksAll time
Social SciencesDomain #4,313 of 9,585 6.7%412 #5657
Health SciencesDomain #5,236 of 9,902 3.9%244 #8919
MedicineField #4,796 of 8,541 3.7%183 #7998
Physical SciencesDomain #6,441 of 10,670 8.9%193 #7994
Social SciencesField #4,376 of 5,988 6.5%177 #5918
EngineeringField #4,748 of 5,901 10.8%89 #7097
PsychologyField #1,774 of 2,121 5.9%64 #2723
Life SciencesDomain #5,447 of 6,403 5.8%76 #9044
Arts and HumanitiesField #1,641 of 1,896 7.4%68 #2866

Each strip is that field's whole ranked pool, with the notch where Istanbul Arel University sits in it, in the colour of the band that rank falls in. The track under the rate is the rate itself: it carries no average mark, because the average differs by field (from about 6% in Dentistry to 21% in Economics).

Which of those standings moved

The same fields on both windows: where it stood over the whole record, and where it stands in 2022-now. The distance is the story, and it is the one thing the two rank columns above cannot show.

  1. Social Sciences#5,657 #4,313
  2. Health Sciences#8,919 #5,236
  3. Medicine#7,998 #4,796
  4. Physical Sciences#7,994 #6,441
  5. Social Sciences#5,918 #4,376
  6. Engineering#7,097 #4,748
  7. Psychology#2,723 #1,774
  8. Life Sciences#9,044 #5,447
  9. Arts and Humanities#2,866 #1,641
all time2022-now, better2022-now, worse

A dot further right is a better standing. Fields it was not ranked in over the whole record are left out.

Which fields of science does Istanbul Arel University work in?

In 2022-now, 44% of research at Istanbul Arel University is in Social Sciences, 26% in Health Sciences. Its largest fields are Medicine (20%), Social Sciences (19%), Engineering (10%). It does 1.8× the world's share of Social Sciences.

Social Sciences: 446 fractional works · 43.6% of its workSocial Sciences: 193 fractional works · 18.9% of its workSociology and Political Science: 65 fractional works · 6.3% of its workPolitical Science and International Relations: 38 fractional works · 3.7% of its workEducation: 20 fractional works · 1.9% of its workGender Studies: 18 fractional works · 1.7% of its workUrban Studies: 14 fractional works · 1.3% of its workCommunication: 9 fractional works · 0.9% of its workDemography: 7 fractional works · 0.7% of its workHealth: 7 fractional works · 0.7% of its workSafety Research: 3 fractional works · 0.3% of its workCultural Studies: 3 fractional works · 0.3% of its workLife-span and Life-course Studies: 3 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 6 fractional works · 0.6% of its workArts and Humanities: 72 fractional works · 7.1% of its workLiterature and Literary Theory: 23 fractional works · 2.3% of its workMuseology: 17 fractional works · 1.6% of its workPhilosophy: 7 fractional works · 0.7% of its workArcheology: 6 fractional works · 0.6% of its workLanguage and Linguistics: 6 fractional works · 0.5% of its workVisual Arts and Performing Arts: 4 fractional works · 0.4% of its workReligious studies: 4 fractional works · 0.4% of its workHistory: 4 fractional works · 0.4% of its workSmaller subfields together: 3 fractional works · 0.3% of its workPsychology: 69 fractional works · 6.8% of its workClinical Psychology: 35 fractional works · 3.4% of its workSocial Psychology: 23 fractional works · 2.3% of its workExperimental and Cognitive Psychology: 6 fractional works · 0.5% of its workApplied Psychology: 3 fractional works · 0.3% of its workDevelopmental and Educational Psychology: 2 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 0 fractional works · 0.0% of its workBusiness, Management and Accounting: 61 fractional works · 5.9% of its workOrganizational Behavior and Human Resource Management: 17 fractional works · 1.6% of its workStrategy and Management: 15 fractional works · 1.4% of its workMarketing: 12 fractional works · 1.1% of its workAccounting: 8 fractional works · 0.7% of its workManagement Information Systems: 5 fractional works · 0.5% of its workManagement of Technology and Innovation: 4 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 2 fractional works · 0.2% of its workEconomics, Econometrics and Finance: 40 fractional works · 3.9% of its workEconomics and Econometrics: 26 fractional works · 2.6% of its workFinance: 8 fractional works · 0.8% of its workGeneral Economics, Econometrics and Finance: 6 fractional works · 0.6% of its workDecision Sciences: 11 fractional works · 1.1% of its workManagement Science and Operations Research: 7 fractional works · 0.7% of its workInformation Systems and Management: 2 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 1 fractional works · 0.1% of its workHealth Sciences: 269 fractional works · 26.3% of its workMedicine: 201 fractional works · 19.6% of its workSurgery: 27 fractional works · 2.6% of its workPublic Health, Environmental and Occupational Health: 17 fractional works · 1.7% of its workPulmonary and Respiratory Medicine: 14 fractional works · 1.4% of its workPhysiology: 13 fractional works · 1.2% of its workEpidemiology: 12 fractional works · 1.1% of its workOncology: 11 fractional works · 1.1% of its workPediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health: 8 fractional works · 0.8% of its workPsychiatry and Mental health: 8 fractional works · 0.7% of its workRadiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging: 7 fractional works · 0.7% of its workCardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine: 7 fractional works · 0.7% of its workEndocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism: 7 fractional works · 0.7% of its workInfectious Diseases: 6 fractional works · 0.6% of its workPathology and Forensic Medicine: 6 fractional works · 0.6% of its workNeurology: 5 fractional works · 0.5% of its workPharmacology: 5 fractional works · 0.5% of its workRehabilitation: 5 fractional works · 0.5% of its workRheumatology: 5 fractional works · 0.4% of its workObstetrics and Gynecology: 4 fractional works · 0.4% of its workReproductive Medicine: 4 fractional works · 0.4% of its workDermatology: 4 fractional works · 0.4% of its workComplementary and alternative medicine: 3 fractional works · 0.3% of its workOrthopedics and Sports Medicine: 3 fractional works · 0.3% of its workBiochemistry: 2 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 18 fractional works · 1.8% of its workHealth Professions: 50 fractional works · 4.9% of its workGeneral Health Professions: 24 fractional works · 2.3% of its workSpeech and Hearing: 5 fractional works · 0.5% of its workRadiological and Ultrasound Technology: 5 fractional works · 0.5% of its workPharmacy: 4 fractional works · 0.4% of its workEmergency Medical Services: 4 fractional works · 0.4% of its workHealth Information Management: 3 fractional works · 0.3% of its workOccupational Therapy: 3 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 3 fractional works · 0.3% of its workNursing: 12 fractional works · 1.1% of its workNutrition and Dietetics: 7 fractional works · 0.6% of its workSmaller subfields together: 5 fractional works · 0.5% of its workDentistry: 5 fractional works · 0.5% of its workVeterinary: 1 fractional works · 0.1% of its workPhysical Sciences: 225 fractional works · 22.0% of its workEngineering: 102 fractional works · 9.9% of its workCivil and Structural Engineering: 18 fractional works · 1.7% of its workElectrical and Electronic Engineering: 17 fractional works · 1.7% of its workBiomedical Engineering: 17 fractional works · 1.6% of its workBuilding and Construction: 14 fractional works · 1.4% of its workMechanical Engineering: 8 fractional works · 0.8% of its workMechanics of Materials: 6 fractional works · 0.6% of its workIndustrial and Manufacturing Engineering: 5 fractional works · 0.5% of its workControl and Systems Engineering: 4 fractional works · 0.4% of its workAerospace Engineering: 4 fractional works · 0.4% of its workAutomotive Engineering: 2 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 6 fractional works · 0.6% of its workComputer Science: 54 fractional works · 5.3% of its workArtificial Intelligence: 15 fractional works · 1.5% of its workInformation Systems: 10 fractional works · 1.0% of its workComputer Vision and Pattern Recognition: 9 fractional works · 0.9% of its workComputer Networks and Communications: 5 fractional works · 0.5% of its workHuman-Computer Interaction: 5 fractional works · 0.5% of its workSignal Processing: 4 fractional works · 0.4% of its workComputational Theory and Mathematics: 2 fractional works · 0.2% of its workComputer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design: 2 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 1 fractional works · 0.1% of its workEnvironmental Science: 23 fractional works · 2.3% of its workManagement, Monitoring, Policy and Law: 4 fractional works · 0.4% of its workHealth, Toxicology and Mutagenesis: 4 fractional works · 0.4% of its workGlobal and Planetary Change: 4 fractional works · 0.3% of its workEnvironmental Engineering: 3 fractional works · 0.3% of its workIndustrial and Manufacturing Engineering: 3 fractional works · 0.3% of its workPollution: 2 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 4 fractional works · 0.3% of its workMaterials Science: 17 fractional works · 1.7% of its workMaterials Chemistry: 9 fractional works · 0.9% of its workBiomaterials: 4 fractional works · 0.4% of its workSmaller subfields together: 4 fractional works · 0.4% of its workChemistry: 7 fractional works · 0.7% of its workOrganic Chemistry: 3 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 4 fractional works · 0.4% of its workEnergy: 7 fractional works · 0.6% of its workGeneral Energy: 4 fractional works · 0.4% of its workSmaller subfields together: 3 fractional works · 0.3% of its workMathematics: 6 fractional works · 0.5% of its workPhysics and Astronomy: 5 fractional works · 0.5% of its workAtomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics: 3 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 2 fractional works · 0.2% of its workEarth and Planetary Sciences: 4 fractional works · 0.4% of its workChemical Engineering: 1 fractional works · 0.1% of its workLife Sciences: 83 fractional works · 8.2% of its workBiochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology: 39 fractional works · 3.8% of its workMolecular Biology: 21 fractional works · 2.1% of its workGenetics: 6 fractional works · 0.6% of its workCancer Research: 4 fractional works · 0.4% of its workCell Biology: 3 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 4 fractional works · 0.4% of its workAgricultural and Biological Sciences: 21 fractional works · 2.1% of its workFood Science: 7 fractional works · 0.7% of its workPlant Science: 6 fractional works · 0.6% of its workEcology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics: 3 fractional works · 0.3% of its workForestry: 2 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 2 fractional works · 0.2% of its workNeuroscience: 15 fractional works · 1.5% of its workCognitive Neuroscience: 5 fractional works · 0.5% of its workNeurology: 3 fractional works · 0.3% of its workCellular and Molecular Neuroscience: 3 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 3 fractional works · 0.3% of its workImmunology and Microbiology: 5 fractional works · 0.5% of its workImmunology: 3 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 2 fractional works · 0.2% of its workPharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics: 2 fractional works · 0.2% of its workALL ITS WORKIstanbul ArelUniversity1,023fractional works, 2022-now
Life Sciences8%Physical Sciences22%Health Sciences26%Social Sciences44%

Each ring splits the one inside it: the four domains of science, their fields, their subfields. Size is fractional works in 2022-now. Every slice is a page; the interactive view zooms down to single topics and colours each by how much more of it this institution does than the world.

Its 4 domains and 26 fields, with their numbers
    1. Social Sciences19318.9%
    2. Arts and Humanities727.1%
    3. Psychology696.8%
    4. Business, Management and Accounting615.9%
    5. Economics, Econometrics and Finance403.9%
    6. Decision Sciences111.1%
    1. Medicine20119.6%
    2. Health Professions504.9%
    3. Nursing121.1%
    4. Dentistry50.5%
    5. Veterinary10.1%
    1. Engineering1029.9%
    2. Computer Science545.3%
    3. Environmental Science232.3%
    4. Materials Science171.7%
    5. Chemistry70.7%
    6. Energy70.6%
    7. Mathematics60.5%
    8. Physics and Astronomy50.5%
    9. Earth and Planetary Sciences40.4%
    10. Chemical Engineering10.1%
    1. Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology393.8%
    2. Agricultural and Biological Sciences212.1%
    3. Neuroscience151.5%
    4. Immunology and Microbiology50.5%
    5. Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics20.2%
All of science, and how each field's share has moved since 1950: the Science domain explorer

Field profile

Location quotient across every field it publishes in: outside the ring is more than an institution of this size would be expected to publish, inside it is less.

Agricultural and Biological Sciences: 0.44× its world share, 21 worksAgricultural and Bio…Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology: 0.72× its world share, 39 worksBiochemistry, Geneti…Immunology and Microbiology: 0.53× its world share, 6 worksImmunology and Micro…Neuroscience: 0.92× its world share, 15 worksNeurosciencePharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics: 0.55× its world share, 2 worksPharmacology, Toxico…Chemical Engineering: 0.25× its world share, 1 worksChemical EngineeringChemistry: 0.42× its world share, 7 worksChemistryComputer Science: 0.68× its world share, 54 worksComputer ScienceEarth and Planetary Sciences: 0.24× its world share, 4 worksEarth and Planetary …Energy: 0.70× its world share, 7 worksEnergyEngineering: 0.66× its world share, 102 worksEngineeringEnvironmental Science: 0.46× its world share, 23 worksEnvironmental ScienceMaterials Science: 0.47× its world share, 17 worksMaterials ScienceMathematics: 0.47× its world share, 6 worksMathematicsPhysics and Astronomy: 0.22× its world share, 5 worksPhysics and AstronomyDentistry: 1.10× its world share, 6 worksDentistryHealth Professions: 1.87× its world share, 50 worksHealth ProfessionsMedicine: 1.02× its world share, 201 worksMedicineNursing: 2.31× its world share, 12 worksNursingVeterinary: 0.48× its world share, 1 worksVeterinaryArts and Humanities: 2.45× its world share, 72 worksArts and HumanitiesBusiness, Management and Accounting: 1.84× its world share, 61 worksBusiness, Management…Decision Sciences: 1.11× its world share, 11 worksDecision SciencesEconomics, Econometrics and Finance: 1.82× its world share, 40 worksEconomics, Econometr…Psychology: 2.22× its world share, 69 worksPsychologySocial Sciences: 1.49× its world share, 193 worksSocial Sciences1×world share
more than its size predictsabout as predictedless

Rings at 0.5×, 1× and 2×. Widest outward: Arts and Humanities, 2.5×. Every wedge is a field page.

All 26 fields, with their numbers
  1. Arts and Humanities2.45×72 works
  2. Nursing2.31×12 works
  3. Psychology2.22×69 works
  4. Health Professions1.87×50 works
  5. Business, Management and Accounting1.84×61 works
  6. Economics, Econometrics and Finance1.82×40 works
  7. Social Sciences1.49×193 works
  8. Decision Sciences1.11×11 works
  9. Dentistry1.10×6 works
  10. Medicine1.02×201 works
  11. Neuroscience0.92×15 works
  12. Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology0.72×39 works
  13. Energy0.70×7 works
  14. Computer Science0.68×54 works
  15. Engineering0.66×102 works
  16. Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics0.55×2 works
  17. Immunology and Microbiology0.53×6 works
  18. Veterinary0.48×1 works
  19. Materials Science0.47×17 works
  20. Mathematics0.47×6 works
  21. Environmental Science0.46×23 works
  22. Agricultural and Biological Sciences0.44×21 works
  23. Chemistry0.42×7 works
  24. Chemical Engineering0.25×1 works
  25. Earth and Planetary Sciences0.24×4 works
  26. Physics and Astronomy0.22×5 works

Who are the top researchers at Istanbul Arel University?

Ranked on the quality score, Farshad Ganji, Aylin Erdoğdu and Hasan Çubuk lead among researchers whose main affiliation is Istanbul Arel University.

  1. 1 Farshad Ganji Türkiye · #1,445,276 worldwide 105 citations · 15 works
  2. 2 Aylin Erdoğdu Türkiye · #1,959,532 worldwide 121 citations · 25 works
  3. 3 Hasan Çubuk Türkiye · #2,212,610 worldwide 162 citations · 18 works
  4. 4 Seda Karateke Türkiye · #2,632,312 worldwide 207 citations · 34 works
  5. 5 İzlem Gözükara Türkiye · #2,797,114 worldwide 444 citations · 25 works
  6. 6 Azadeh Rezafar Türkiye · #2,936,705 worldwide 51 citations · 19 works
  7. 7 Mehmet Palanci Türkiye · #2,974,613 worldwide 504 citations · 35 works
  8. 8 Taner Çevik Türkiye · #3,138,774 worldwide 346 citations · 38 works
  9. 9 Serkan Bengisu Türkiye · #3,140,490 worldwide 275 citations · 44 works
  10. 10 Ebru Gözükara Türkiye · #3,347,689 worldwide 112 citations · 18 works
All ranked researchers at Istanbul Arel University

What are the most cited papers from Istanbul Arel University?

The most cited paper from Istanbul Arel University is "Routing protocols in ad hoc networks: A survey" (Azzedine Boukerche, Begümhan Turgut, Nevin Aydın et al., 2011), with 541 citations. Next come "Smart Household Operation Considering Bi-Directional EV and ESS Utilization by Real-Time Pricing-Based DR" (467) and "Human Milk Composition: Nutrients and Bioactive Factors" (454).

Most cited papers
#PaperReleasedCitations
1 Routing protocols in ad hoc networks: A survey Azzedine Boukerche, Begümhan Turgut, Nevin Aydın et al. · Computer Networks Open access 26 May 2011 541
2 Smart Household Operation Considering Bi-Directional EV and ESS Utilization by Real-Time Pricing-Based DR Ozan Erdinç, Nikolaos G. Paterakis, Tiago D. P. Mendes et al. · IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 17 Sep 2014 467
3 Human Milk Composition: Nutrients and Bioactive Factors Senem Alkan Özdemir, Özlem Naciye Şahin, Despina D. Briana Book chapter 2023 454
4 The Impacts of Robotics, Artificial Intelligence On Business and Economics Cüneyt Dirican · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences Conference paperOpen access Jul 2015 404
5 Economic impacts of small-scale own generating and storage units, and electric vehicles under different demand response strategies for smart households Ozan Erdinç · Applied Energy 8 May 2014 222
All 60 most cited papers, with filters and sorting

Which keywords describe research at Istanbul Arel University?

By fractional works in 2022-now, weighted toward what it does more of than the world: Cultural Heritage, Mental Health, Ethnography, Job Satisfaction, Mythology, Storytelling, Folklore and Turkish Culture.

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's

Size is fractional works in 2022-now in the topics tagged with each word; colour is the word's share of this institution's work against its share of the world's. The 40 words are chosen for being large and distinctive. Each links to the topic it comes from most.

All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Mental Health50▲ 3.4×31 topics
  2. Epidemiology44◆ 1.08×92 topics
  3. Cultural Heritage43▲ 7.9×15 topics
  4. Sustainability35▲ 1.40×43 topics
  5. Machine Learning33◆ 0.97×49 topics
  6. Quality of Life29▲ 1.95×48 topics
  7. Globalization29▲ 1.42×42 topics
  8. Social Media26▲ 1.84×20 topics
  9. Depression24▲ 2.7×19 topics
  10. COVID-1923▲ 1.72×19 topics
  11. Job Satisfaction23▲ 5.0×11 topics
  12. Ethnography22▲ 13×3 topics
  13. Nationalism19▲ 4.1×14 topics
  14. Social Support19▲ 3.4×14 topics
  15. Public Policy18▲ 3.7×7 topics
  16. Leadership17▲ 3.4×11 topics
  17. Consumer Behavior17▲ 2.6×10 topics
  18. Well-being16▲ 4.1×13 topics
  19. Mythology16▲ 30×2 topics
  20. Storytelling16▲ 31×2 topics
  21. Anxiety15▲ 3.1×10 topics
  22. Folklore15▲ 29×1 topic
  23. Turkish Culture15▲ 47×1 topic
  24. Gender Roles15▲ 13×4 topics
  25. Coping Strategies14▲ 5.5×9 topics
  26. Self-Efficacy14▲ 5.3×8 topics
  27. Migration14▲ 4.0×7 topics
  28. Sufism14▲ 29×2 topics
  29. Work Engagement13▲ 13×3 topics
  30. Community Health12▲ 7.3×4 topics
  31. Community Development11▲ 6.1×5 topics
  32. Nursing11▲ 5.9×6 topics
  33. Ottoman Empire11▲ 15×3 topics
  34. Human Resource Management11▲ 7.0×3 topics
  35. Content Analysis11▲ 8.4×7 topics
  36. Social Perception11▲ 25×3 topics
  37. Divan Poetry10▲ 39×1 topic
  38. Turkish Literature10▲ 39×1 topic
  39. Urban Design10▲ 9.2×2 topics
  40. Public Toilets10▲ 124×1 topic

Which research topics does Istanbul Arel University publish most on?

By volume in 2022-now: Cultural and Sociopolitical Studies, Turkish Literature and Culture, Gender Studies and Social Issues and Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior.

  1. 1 Cultural and Sociopolitical Studies Museology 15 works
  2. 2 Turkish Literature and Culture Literature and Literary Theory 10 works
  3. 3 Gender Studies and Social Issues Gender Studies 10 works
  4. 4 Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management 9 works
  5. 5 Turkish Urban and Social Issues Urban Studies 8 works
  6. 6 Turkey's Politics and Society Political Science and International Relations 7 works
  7. 7 Media Discourse and Social Analysis Sociology and Political Science 7 works
  8. 8 COVID-19 and Mental Health Clinical Psychology 7 works
  9. 9 Diverse Cultural and Social Studies Literature and Literary Theory 6 works
  10. 10 Historical Turkish Studies Political Science and International Relations 6 works

How open and international is its research?

Against the world's own shares: the tick on each track. Both are shares of its output, so they sit on one scale and can be read against each other as well as against the world.

openly available73.7%not open26.3%

World: 40% of research is openly available.

with international co-authors8.4%domestic only91.6%

World: 18% is written across borders.

How has Istanbul Arel University's research output changed?

Output in 2022-2025 was 83% higher than in 2018-2021.

still counting200020102020
grewheldshrank

The same series as a ribbon: one cell per year, darker for more. The line above answers how much; this answers when.

Its share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share: all of science grows. This is Istanbul Arel University as a percentage of every work published that year, 0.0040% in 2024.

still counting0.0020%0.0040%0.0060%Istanbul Arel University0.0046% in 2025200020102020

Fractional works of Istanbul Arel University over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

Year by year, against all institutions in the same year.

still counting5%10%15%all institutions10.0% in 2025Istanbul Arel University9.2% in 20252020

Of each year's output, the share that reached the world's 10% most cited for its field and year. Peak 9.2% in 2025.

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Istanbul Arel University on Science Explorer

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