Global Educational Reforms and Inequalities
Global Educational Reforms and Inequalities is a research topic within Demography. Science Explorer counts 10k research works in it since 1950. 28.3% of them reached the world's top 10% most cited for their field and year.
This cluster of papers explores the global phenomenon of shadow education, focusing on private tutoring, supplementary education demand, inequality in schooling systems, parental involvement, and academic achievement. It includes cross-national comparisons and discussions on policy responses to the growing prevalence of shadow education.
- Shadow Education
- Private Tutoring
- Supplementary Tutoring
- Education Demand
- Inequality
- Schooling System
- Cross-National Comparison
- Parental Involvement
- Academic Achievement
- Policy Responses
- Research works
- 10k fractional, since 1950
- In the world top 10%
- 2.9k per year above
- Top-10% rate
- 28.3% share of its works in the world top 10%
- Growth, 2013–17 → 2018–22
- +30% the tick is no change
Which countries lead Global Educational Reforms and Inequalities research?
By volume, China and the United States publish the most (584 and 367 works in 2022–2025).
By volume, 2022–2025
- 1 China 584 works
- 2 United States 367 works
- 3 United Kingdom 153 works
- 4 India 137 works
- 5 Japan 91 works
- 6 Hong Kong 87 works
- 7 South Korea 74 works
- 8 Vietnam 73 works
- 9 Indonesia 72 works
- 10 Germany 72 works
How concentrated that is
The same countries as shares of everything the list above accounts for. A node where two countries do two thirds of the work and one spread evenly across twelve read alike as a ranking and not at all alike here.
Shares of the rows listed above, not of the whole node.
Which institutions lead Global Educational Reforms and Inequalities research?
By volume in 2022–2025, Beijing Normal University publishes the most Global Educational Reforms and Inequalities research, followed by University of Hong Kong and East China Normal University.
By volume, 2022–2025
- 1 Beijing Normal UniversityChina 59 works
- 2 University of Hong KongHong Kong 38 works
- 3 East China Normal UniversityChina 32 works
- 4 University College LondonUnited Kingdom 23 works
- 5 Education University of Hong KongHong Kong 22 works
- 6 Nazarbayev UniversityKazakhstan 17 works
- 7 Peking UniversityChina 15 works
- 8 Zhejiang UniversityChina 14 works
- 9 Capital Normal UniversityChina 13 works
- 10 Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong 12 works
Who are the leading researchers in Global Educational Reforms and Inequalities?
The most-cited researchers publishing on Global Educational Reforms and Inequalities include Francisco O. Ramírez.
- 1 Francisco O. Ramírez United States 1.5k citations
Ranked by citations received across their whole record, among researchers with at least three works on this topic.
Where is Global Educational Reforms and Inequalities research done?
The largest centres of Global Educational Reforms and Inequalities research in 2022–2025 are Beijing (China), Shanghai (China), London (United Kingdom) and Seoul (South Korea). Among places with at least 20 works in it, it is an unusually large share of all research in Tai Po, Pok Fu Lam and Hanoi.
Largest cities, 2022–2025
Where it is the local speciality
- Tai PoCN · 23.6 works61×
- Pok Fu LamHK · 37.8 works17×
- HanoiVN · 36.8 works8.9×
Location quotient: how much more of its research is in Global Educational Reforms and Inequalities than the world average.
Where is the best place to study Global Educational Reforms and Inequalities?
Among universities, judged by research, University of Hong Kong, Nazarbayev University and Education University of Hong Kong score highest, combining excellence, specialisation, size, growth and international reach. Research strength is one signal when choosing where to study; it does not measure teaching.
One dot per university in the table below. The upper left is the interesting corner: small places doing unusually strong work.
| # | University | Score | Top 10% | Specialisation | Works | Growth |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | University of Hong KongHong Kong | 84.5 | 71.2% | 17.4× | 38 | +46.5% |
| 2 | Nazarbayev UniversityKazakhstan | 79.3 | 74.6% | 45.2× | 17 | +144.4% |
| 3 | Education University of Hong KongHong Kong | 64.1 | 53.0% | 58.5× | 22 | +17.1% |
| 4 | Beijing Normal UniversityChina | 59.9 | 33.9% | 33.1× | 58 | +14.1% |
| 5 | University College LondonUnited Kingdom | 58.3 | 39.4% | 6.7× | 23 | +962.6% |
| 6 | East China Normal UniversityChina | 51.8 | 37.2% | 25.5× | 32 | -44.8% |
| 7 | Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong | 42.1 | 44.4% | 6.5× | 12 | -26.4% |
| 8 | Capital Normal UniversityChina | 41.3 | 14.8% | 35.9× | 13 | +140.1% |
| 9 | Renmin University of ChinaChina | 35.7 | 20.0% | 13.6× | 11 | +3.9% |
| 10 | Nanyang Technological UniversitySingapore | 31.8 | 45.2% | 4.0× | 8 | +10.9% |
Universities only. Score blends excellence (30%), specialisation (25%), size (20%), growth (15%) and international reach (10%), 2015–2022; growth compares 2010–14 with 2015–19.
Is Global Educational Reforms and Inequalities research growing?
Output in 2018–2022 was 30% higher than in 2013–2017, peaking in 2024. The fastest-growing topics are Global Educational Reforms and Inequalities.
The same series as a ribbon — one cell per year, darker for more. The line above answers how much; this answers when.
Which topics inside it are moving
Growth and decline on one axis around a shared zero. Two lists side by side hide the thing that matters: whether the growth dwarfs the decline, or the other way round.