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Topic · Demography

Global Educational Reforms and Inequalities

Global Educational Reforms and Inequalities is a research topic within Demography. Science Explorer counts 10k research works in it since 1950. 10.3% of them reached the world's top 10% most cited for their field and year.

This cluster of papers explores the global phenomenon of shadow education, focusing on private tutoring, supplementary education demand, inequality in schooling systems, parental involvement, and academic achievement. It includes cross-national comparisons and discussions on policy responses to the growing prevalence of shadow education.

  • Shadow Education
  • Private Tutoring
  • Supplementary Tutoring
  • Education Demand
  • Inequality
  • Schooling System
  • Cross-National Comparison
  • Parental Involvement
  • Academic Achievement
  • Policy Responses
Research works
10k
fractional, since 1950
In the world top 10%
1k
per year above
Top-10% rate
10.3%
share of its works in the world top 10%
Growth, 2018-21 → 2022-25
+52%
the tick is no change
Largest producer
China
38% of the 10 largest, 2022-now
Global Educational Reforms and Inequalities

Which countries lead Global Educational Reforms and Inequalities research?

By volume, China and the United States publish the most (729 and 398 works in 2022-now).

By volume, 2022-now

  1. 1 China 729 works
  2. 2 United States 398 works
  3. 3 United Kingdom 164 works
  4. 4 India 162 works
  5. 5 Japan 99 works
  6. 6 South Korea 83 works
  7. 7 Vietnam 82 works
  8. 8 Indonesia 81 works
  9. 9 Germany 75 works
  10. 10 Australia 61 works

How concentrated that is

The same countries as shares of everything the list above accounts for. A node where two countries do two thirds of the work and one spread evenly across twelve read alike as a ranking and not at all alike here.

China: 37.7%United States: 20.6%United Kingdom: 8.5%India: 8.4%6 others listed: 24.9%38%largest
China729 · 37.7%United States398 · 20.6%United Kingdom164 · 8.5%India162 · 8.4%6 others listed481 · 24.9%

Shares of the rows listed above, not of the whole node.

Which institutions lead Global Educational Reforms and Inequalities research?

By volume in 2022-now, Beijing Normal University publishes the most Global Educational Reforms and Inequalities research, followed by University of Hong Kong and East China Normal University.

By volume, 2022-now

  1. 1 Beijing Normal UniversityChina 63 works
  2. 2 University of Hong KongChina 39 works
  3. 3 East China Normal UniversityChina 33 works
  4. 4 University College LondonUnited Kingdom 25 works
  5. 5 Education University of Hong KongChina 23 works
  6. 6 Nazarbayev UniversityKazakhstan 18 works
  7. 7 Peking UniversityChina 16 works
  8. 8 Zhejiang UniversityChina 14 works
  9. 9 Renmin University of ChinaChina 13 works
  10. 10 Capital Normal UniversityChina 13 works

Who are the leading researchers in Global Educational Reforms and Inequalities?

The most-cited researchers publishing on Global Educational Reforms and Inequalities include Michael E. Porter, James J. Heckman and Sandra E. Black.

  1. 1 Michael E. Porter United States 165k citations
  2. 2 James J. Heckman United States 122k citations
  3. 3 Sandra E. Black Canada 111k citations
  4. 4 Robert J. Barro United States 110k citations

Ranked by citations received across their whole record, among researchers with at least three works on this topic.

What are the most cited papers in Global Educational Reforms and Inequalities?

The most cited paper in Global Educational Reforms and Inequalities is "An Analysis of Personal Financial Literacy Among College Students" (Haiyang Chen, Ronald P. Volpe, 1998), with 1,805 citations. Next come "Governing by numbers: the PISA ‘effect’ in Europe" (1,155) and "Educational Outcomes of Tutoring: A Meta-analysis of Findings" (1,127).

Most cited papers
#PaperReleasedCitations
1 An Analysis of Personal Financial Literacy Among College Students Haiyang Chen, Ronald P. Volpe · Financial Services Review Open access 30 Jun 1998 1,805
2 Governing by numbers: the PISA ‘effect’ in Europe Sotiria Grek · Journal of Education Policy Open access 2009 1,155
3 Educational Outcomes of Tutoring: A Meta-analysis of Findings Peter A. Cohen, James A. Kulik, Chen‐Lin C. Kulik · American Educational Research Journal Review 1982 1,127
4 Does Aid Matter? Measuring the Effect of Student Aid on College Attendance and Completion Susan Dynarski · American Economic Review Feb 2003 840
5 Schooling Resources, Educational Institutions and Student Performance: the International Evidence Ludger Wößmann · Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics May 2003 834
All 100 most cited papers, with filters and sorting

Where is Global Educational Reforms and Inequalities research done?

The largest centres of Global Educational Reforms and Inequalities research in 2022-now are Beijing (China), Shanghai (China), Seoul (South Korea) and London (United Kingdom). Among places with at least 20 works in it, it is an unusually large share of all research in Tai Po, Pok Fu Lam and Hanoi.

Largest cities, 2022-now

  1. 1 BeijingChina 168 works
  2. 2 ShanghaiChina 73 works
  3. 3 SeoulSouth Korea 48 works
  4. 4 LondonUnited Kingdom 46 works
  5. 5 HanoiVietnam 40 works
  6. 6 Pok Fu LamChina 39 works
  7. 7 TokyoJapan 35 works
  8. 8 Hong KongChina 31 works
  9. 9 NanjingChina 29 works
  10. 10 HangzhouChina 26 works

Where it is the local speciality

  1. Tai PoCN · 24.8 works57×
  2. Pok Fu LamCN · 39.0 works16×
  3. HanoiVN · 39.8 works8.4×
← less than its size predicts1×more →

Location quotient: how much more of its research is in Global Educational Reforms and Inequalities than the world average.

See Global Educational Reforms and Inequalities on the map

Where is the best place to study Global Educational Reforms and Inequalities?

Among universities, judged by research, Nazarbayev University, University of Hong Kong and Education University of Hong Kong score highest, combining excellence, specialisation, size, growth and international reach. Research strength is one signal when choosing where to study; it does not measure teaching.

0%25%50%mean 22.6%fractional works in this field (log) →share of work in the world top 10% →Nazarbayev UniversityUniversity of Hong K…Education University…Beijing Normal Unive…
above the meannear itbelow it

One dot per university in the first ten of the table below, at the default weights. The upper left is the interesting corner: small places doing unusually strong work.

Excellenceshare of its work in the world top 10%, 2022-now and all time averaged
40%
Specialisationhow much of its work is in this field, counted up to 10× the world share
10%
Sizeits output in this field, on a log scale
30%
Growthoutput growth, counted from -20% to +20%
10%
Internationalshare of its work with a co-author abroad
10%
Each slider sets a weight; the share it gets of the score is beside it.
#UniversityScoreTop 10%SpecialisationWorksGrowth
1Nazarbayev UniversityKazakhstan 77.058.0%49.8×18 +289.3%
2University of Hong KongChina 76.635.2%16.8×39 +71.2%
3Education University of Hong KongChina 56.726.8%63.9×23 +7.3%
4Beijing Normal UniversityChina 54.29.6%31.8×63 +39.9%
5University College LondonUnited Kingdom 53.417.7%6.2×25 +66.4%
6East China Normal UniversityChina 53.020.9%27.7×33 +25.9%
7Chinese University of Hong KongChina 35.514.0%6.9×12 +0.9%
8Monash UniversityAustralia 35.317.9%4.4×11 +86.5%
9Renmin University of ChinaChina 32.611.1%15.9×13 +185.6%
10Peking UniversityChina 31.914.8%3.1×16 +98.0%

Universities only. The score blends excellence (40%), size (30%), specialisation (10%), growth (10%), international reach (10%), 2022-now; growth compares 2018-21 with 2022-25 and counts up to +20%, since a jump from a small base is mostly noise.

Every institution in Global Educational Reforms and Inequalities, country by country

Is Global Educational Reforms and Inequalities research growing?

Output in 2022-2025 was 52% higher than in 2018-2021, peaking in 2024. The fastest-growing topics are Global Educational Reforms and Inequalities.

still counting19801990200020102020
grewheldshrank

The same series as a ribbon: one cell per year, darker for more. The line above answers how much; this answers when.

Its share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share: all of science grows. This is Global Educational Reforms and Inequalities as a percentage of every work published that year, 0.013% in 2024.

still counting0.0050%0.010%0.015%Global Educational Reforms and Inequalities0.013% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works of Global Educational Reforms and Inequalities over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

Year by year.

still counting5%10%15%Global Educational Reforms and Inequalities10.8% in 2025200020102020

Of each year's works in it, the share that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. A field is the world for its own topics, so there is no other line to hold it against.

Which topics inside it are moving

Growth and decline on one axis around a shared zero. Two lists side by side hide the thing that matters: whether the growth dwarfs the decline, or the other way round.

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