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Topic · Demography

Retirement, Disability, and Employment

Retirement, Disability, and Employment is a research topic within Demography. Science Explorer counts 27k research works in it since 1950. 10.3% of them reached the world's top 10% most cited for their field and year.

This cluster of papers explores the impact of retirement on the aging workforce, including topics such as health effects, employment patterns, social security programs, age discrimination, bridge employment, work motivation, and retirement adjustment.

  • Retirement
  • Aging Workforce
  • Health Effects
  • Employment Patterns
  • Social Security Programs
  • Age Discrimination
  • Bridge Employment
  • Work Motivation
  • Labor Force Participation
  • Retirement Adjustment
Research works
27k
fractional, since 1950
In the world top 10%
2.8k
per year above
Top-10% rate
10.3%
share of its works in the world top 10%
Growth, 2018-21 → 2022-25
+14%
the tick is no change
Largest producer
United States
42% of the 10 largest, 2022-now
Retirement, Disability, and Employment

Which countries lead Retirement, Disability, and Employment research?

By volume, the United States and China publish the most (1.4k and 384 works in 2022-now).

By volume, 2022-now

  1. 1 United States 1.4k works
  2. 2 China 384 works
  3. 3 United Kingdom 311 works
  4. 4 Germany 230 works
  5. 5 Australia 218 works
  6. 6 Canada 178 works
  7. 7 Brazil 170 works
  8. 8 Spain 164 works
  9. 9 India 139 works
  10. 10 Netherlands 138 works

How concentrated that is

The same countries as shares of everything the list above accounts for. A node where two countries do two thirds of the work and one spread evenly across twelve read alike as a ranking and not at all alike here.

United States: 41.7%China: 11.6%United Kingdom: 9.4%Germany: 6.9%6 others listed: 30.4%42%largest
United States1,383 · 41.7%China384 · 11.6%United Kingdom311 · 9.4%Germany230 · 6.9%6 others listed1,007 · 30.4%

Shares of the rows listed above, not of the whole node.

Which institutions lead Retirement, Disability, and Employment research?

By volume in 2022-now, University of Toronto publishes the most Retirement, Disability, and Employment research, followed by University of Michigan and University College London.

By volume, 2022-now

  1. 1 University of TorontoCanada 28 works
  2. 2 University of MichiganUnited States 26 works
  3. 3 University College LondonUnited Kingdom 22 works
  4. 4 The University of SydneyAustralia 21 works
  5. 5 University of Massachusetts BostonUnited States 21 works
  6. 6 IZA - Institute of Labor EconomicsGermany 20 works
  7. 7 University of GroningenNetherlands 19 works
  8. 8 Sapienza University of RomeItaly 19 works
  9. 9 University of Wisconsin–MadisonUnited States 18 works
  10. 10 Stanford UniversityUnited States 17 works

Who are the leading researchers in Retirement, Disability, and Employment?

The most-cited researchers publishing on Retirement, Disability, and Employment include Christopher J L Murray, Theo Vos and George Davey Smith.

  1. 1 Christopher J L Murray United States 583k citations
  2. 2 Theo Vos United States 439k citations
  3. 3 George Davey Smith United Kingdom 435k citations
  4. 4 Ali H. Mokdad United States 429k citations
  5. 5 Ronald C. Kessler United States 360k citations
  6. 6 Cyrus Cooper United Kingdom 342k citations
  7. 7 Mika Kivimäki United Kingdom 318k citations
  8. 8 Luigi Ferrucci United States 281k citations
  9. 9 Martin McKee United Kingdom 270k citations

Ranked by citations received across their whole record, among researchers with at least three works on this topic.

What are the most cited papers in Retirement, Disability, and Employment?

The most cited paper in Retirement, Disability, and Employment is "The future of employment: How susceptible are jobs to computerisation?" (Carl Benedikt Frey, Michael A. Osborne, 2016), with 8,640 citations. Next come "The Gender Wage Gap: Extent, Trends, and Explanations" (3,052) and "Unemployment impairs mental health: Meta-analyses" (2,733).

Most cited papers
#PaperReleasedCitations
1 The future of employment: How susceptible are jobs to computerisation? Carl Benedikt Frey, Michael A. Osborne · Technological Forecasting and Social Change Oct 2016 8,640
2 The Gender Wage Gap: Extent, Trends, and Explanations Francine D. Blau, Lawrence M. Kahn · Journal of Economic Literature Open access Sep 2017 3,052
3 Unemployment impairs mental health: Meta-analyses Karsten Ingmar Paul, Klaus Moser · Journal of Vocational Behavior 11 Jan 2009 2,733
4 The Effect of Minimum Wages on Low-Wage Jobs* Doruk Cengiz, Arindrajit Dubé, Attila Lindner et al. · The Quarterly Journal of Economics Open access May 2019 2,685
5 The State of US Health, 1990-2010 Christopher J L Murray · JAMA Open access 24 Jul 2013 2,483
All 99 most cited papers, with filters and sorting

Where is Retirement, Disability, and Employment research done?

The largest centres of Retirement, Disability, and Employment research in 2022-now are London (United Kingdom), Beijing (China), Washington D.C. (United States) and Seoul (South Korea). Among places with at least 20 works in it, it is an unusually large share of all research in Helsinki.

Largest cities, 2022-now

  1. 1 LondonUnited Kingdom 89 works
  2. 2 BeijingChina 87 works
  3. 3 Washington D.C.United States 74 works
  4. 4 SeoulSouth Korea 72 works
  5. 5 New YorkUnited States 62 works
  6. 6 BostonUnited States 55 works
  7. 7 TokyoJapan 53 works
  8. 8 MelbourneAustralia 50 works
  9. 9 HelsinkiFinland 45 works
  10. 10 SydneyAustralia 44 works

Where it is the local speciality

  1. HelsinkiFI · 44.9 works7.9×
← less than its size predicts1×more →

Location quotient: how much more of its research is in Retirement, Disability, and Employment than the world average.

See Retirement, Disability, and Employment on the map

Where is the best place to study Retirement, Disability, and Employment?

Among universities, judged by research, University of Toronto, University of Michigan and University College London score highest, combining excellence, specialisation, size, growth and international reach. Research strength is one signal when choosing where to study; it does not measure teaching.

0%10%20%mean 16.22%fractional works in this field (log) →share of work in the world top 10% →The University of Sy…University of TorontoUniversity of MichiganUniversity College L…
above the meannear itbelow it

One dot per university in the first ten of the table below, at the default weights. The upper left is the interesting corner: small places doing unusually strong work.

Excellenceshare of its work in the world top 10%, 2022-now and all time averaged
40%
Specialisationhow much of its work is in this field, counted up to 10× the world share
10%
Sizeits output in this field, on a log scale
30%
Growthoutput growth, counted from -20% to +20%
10%
Internationalshare of its work with a co-author abroad
10%
Each slider sets a weight; the share it gets of the score is beside it.
#UniversityScoreTop 10%SpecialisationWorksGrowth
1University of TorontoCanada 73.313.1%3.0×28 +41.9%
2University of MichiganUnited States 66.311.2%3.7×26 +6.0%
3University College LondonUnited Kingdom 66.39.1%3.1×22 +2.2%
4The University of SydneyAustralia 65.913.6%3.8×21 +25.5%
5Stanford UniversityUnited States 65.119.0%2.5×16 +58.6%
6Tilburg UniversityNetherlands 65.122.3%17.6×13 +1.0%
7Harvard UniversityUnited States 63.423.3%1.1×16 +10.0%
8New York UniversityUnited States 63.423.4%2.3×12 +32.6%
9University of GroningenNetherlands 62.915.1%6.2×19 -41.4%
10National University of SingaporeSingapore 62.712.1%2.8×15 +91.3%

Universities only. The score blends excellence (40%), size (30%), specialisation (10%), growth (10%), international reach (10%), 2022-now; growth compares 2018-21 with 2022-25 and counts up to +20%, since a jump from a small base is mostly noise.

Every institution in Retirement, Disability, and Employment, country by country

Is Retirement, Disability, and Employment research growing?

Output in 2022-2025 was 14% higher than in 2018-2021, peaking in 2024. The fastest-growing topics are Retirement, Disability, and Employment.

still counting19801990200020102020
grewheldshrank

The same series as a ribbon: one cell per year, darker for more. The line above answers how much; this answers when.

Its share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share: all of science grows. This is Retirement, Disability, and Employment as a percentage of every work published that year, 0.028% in 2024.

still counting0.020%0.040%Retirement, Disability, and Employment0.022% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works of Retirement, Disability, and Employment over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

Year by year.

still counting5%10%15%Retirement, Disability, and Employment10.8% in 2025200020102020

Of each year's works in it, the share that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. A field is the world for its own topics, so there is no other line to hold it against.

Which topics inside it are moving

Growth and decline on one axis around a shared zero. Two lists side by side hide the thing that matters: whether the growth dwarfs the decline, or the other way round.

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