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City · South Korea

Research in Seongnam-si

Science Explorer records 50 research institutions in Seongnam-si, South Korea. The highest-ranked on research quality in 2022-now are Gachon University, Language Science (South Korea) and CHA University.

Research institutions
50
10 of them ranked worldwide
Research works
40k
▲ 21% vs 2018-21
Citations
677k
16.8 per fractional work, all time
Top-10% rate, 2022-now
20.2%
all institutions 10.0%
Active span
1952-2026
75 years on the record
Seongnam-si

A city carries no overall standing here. The quality score is built for institutions and countries, the units its floors and field normalisation were designed around. An empty rank on this page is a statement about the measure, not about the place.

Which research institutions are in Seongnam-si?

#InstitutionWorksAgainst the largest hereWorld rank
1Gachon UniversityUniversity 14,454 #1,357
2CHA UniversityUniversity 7,191 #4,461
3Korea Electronics Technology InstituteResearch facility 2,993 #5,597
4Language Science (South Korea)Company 1,764 #3,923
5Hyundai Motors (South Korea)Company 1,749 #6,232
6Naver (South Korea)Company 867 #4,631
7Armed Forces Capital HospitalHospital / health system 693 #12,403
8Korean Academy of Science and TechnologyUniversity 670 #19,581
9Bundang Jesaeng HospitalHospital / health system 662 #21,452
10Mando Corporation (South Korea)Company 258 #23,482 all time
11Sejong InstituteNonprofit 232 #16,734
12Korea District Heating CorporationInstitution 173 #33,529 all time
13Shingu CollegeUniversity 169 #29,024 all time
14Academy of Korean StudiesUniversity 155 #29,807 all time
15Korea International Cooperation AgencyGovernment institution 151 #29,362 all time
16Solid (South Korea)Company 115 not ranked
17Genome and Company (South Korea)Company 100 not ranked
18CrystalGenomics (South Korea)Company 85 not ranked
19Nkmax (South Korea)Company 81 not ranked
20Medipost (South Korea)Company 73 not ranked
21NCSOFT (South Korea)Company 69 not ranked
22NC bit (South Korea)Company 65 not ranked
23Bobath memorial hospitalHospital / health system 62 not ranked
24Phyzen (South Korea)Company 40 not ranked
25Korea Petroleum Quality & Distribution AuthorityInstitution 40 not ranked
26ABL Bio (South Korea)Company 36 not ranked
27Genexine (South Korea)Company 32 not ranked
28NHN (South Korea)Company 30 not ranked
29Qurient (South Korea)Company 29 not ranked
30Korea Medicine Research InstituteResearch facility 25 not ranked
31Corestem (South Korea)Company 21 not ranked
32KoreaBioResearch facility 21 not ranked
33YD Global Life Science (South Korea)Company 20 not ranked
34CHA Vaccine Institute (South Korea)Company 18 not ranked
35PeopleBio (South Korea)Company 18 not ranked
36Samyang Holdings (South Korea)Company 13 not ranked
37Korean Society of Design ScienceInstitution 12 not ranked
38Biocera (South Korea)Company 11 not ranked
39Tech Valley (South Korea)Company 9 not ranked
40NutraPharm Tech (South Korea)Company 7 not ranked
41PharmaResearch Products (South Korea)Company 4 not ranked
42SK Discovery (South Korea)Company 3 not ranked
43National Institute for International EducationGovernment institution 3 not ranked
44Korea Foundation Of Nuclear SafetyInstitution 3 not ranked
45Korea Drug Development FundInstitution 1 not ranked
46Corepharmbio (South Korea)Company 1 not ranked
47The Korean Society for Early Childhood EducationInstitution 1 not ranked
48Culinary Society of KoreaInstitution 1 not ranked
49Brand Design Association of KoreaInstitution 1 not ranked
50The Korean Society of Design CultureInstitution 0 not ranked

By fractional works over the whole record; world rank on research quality in 2022-now. Bars are scaled to the largest institution in this city, not to anything off the page.

How concentrated the city is

The same institutions as shares of everything the list accounts for. A city that is one university and a city that is twelve read alike as a table and not at all alike here.

Gachon University: 43.5%CHA University: 21.6%Korea Electronics Technology Institute: 9.0%Language Science (South Korea): 5.3%45 others listed: 20.6%43%largest
Gachon University14k · 43.5%CHA University7,191 · 21.6%Korea Electronics Technology Institute2,993 · 9.0%Language Science (South Korea)1,764 · 5.3%45 others listed6,829 · 20.6%

Shares of the rows listed above, not of the whole node.

Which fields of science does Seongnam-si work in?

In 2022-now, 39% of research in Seongnam-si is in Health Sciences, 37% in Physical Sciences. Its largest fields are Medicine (35%), Engineering (17%), Computer Science (10%). It does 1.7× the world's share of Health Sciences.

Health Sciences: 5,122 fractional works · 38.8% of its workMedicine: 4,687 fractional works · 35.5% of its workSurgery: 741 fractional works · 5.6% of its workPulmonary and Respiratory Medicine: 400 fractional works · 3.0% of its workOncology: 308 fractional works · 2.3% of its workEpidemiology: 302 fractional works · 2.3% of its workRadiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging: 252 fractional works · 1.9% of its workPhysiology: 241 fractional works · 1.8% of its workCardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine: 221 fractional works · 1.7% of its workPublic Health, Environmental and Occupational Health: 206 fractional works · 1.6% of its workNeurology: 155 fractional works · 1.2% of its workEndocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism: 139 fractional works · 1.1% of its workPathology and Forensic Medicine: 135 fractional works · 1.0% of its workPsychiatry and Mental health: 107 fractional works · 0.8% of its workRheumatology: 97 fractional works · 0.7% of its workInfectious Diseases: 95 fractional works · 0.7% of its workPharmacology: 85 fractional works · 0.6% of its workDermatology: 85 fractional works · 0.6% of its workOrthopedics and Sports Medicine: 82 fractional works · 0.6% of its workOphthalmology: 81 fractional works · 0.6% of its workHepatology: 77 fractional works · 0.6% of its workObstetrics and Gynecology: 77 fractional works · 0.6% of its workPediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health: 73 fractional works · 0.6% of its workComplementary and alternative medicine: 71 fractional works · 0.5% of its workRehabilitation: 71 fractional works · 0.5% of its workGenetics: 69 fractional works · 0.5% of its workReproductive Medicine: 66 fractional works · 0.5% of its workNephrology: 57 fractional works · 0.4% of its workEmergency Medicine: 53 fractional works · 0.4% of its workHematology: 44 fractional works · 0.3% of its workCritical Care and Intensive Care Medicine: 44 fractional works · 0.3% of its workGastroenterology: 41 fractional works · 0.3% of its workGeriatrics and Gerontology: 37 fractional works · 0.3% of its workUrology: 29 fractional works · 0.2% of its workAnesthesiology and Pain Medicine: 27 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 119 fractional works · 0.9% of its workHealth Professions: 261 fractional works · 2.0% of its workGeneral Health Professions: 106 fractional works · 0.8% of its workSpeech and Hearing: 32 fractional works · 0.2% of its workEmergency Medical Services: 27 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 97 fractional works · 0.7% of its workNursing: 99 fractional works · 0.8% of its workNutrition and Dietetics: 70 fractional works · 0.5% of its workSmaller subfields together: 29 fractional works · 0.2% of its workDentistry: 66 fractional works · 0.5% of its workOral Surgery: 30 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 35 fractional works · 0.3% of its workVeterinary: 9 fractional works · 0.1% of its workPhysical Sciences: 4,872 fractional works · 36.9% of its workEngineering: 2,234 fractional works · 16.9% of its workElectrical and Electronic Engineering: 835 fractional works · 6.3% of its workBiomedical Engineering: 417 fractional works · 3.2% of its workAutomotive Engineering: 162 fractional works · 1.2% of its workMechanical Engineering: 159 fractional works · 1.2% of its workControl and Systems Engineering: 147 fractional works · 1.1% of its workCivil and Structural Engineering: 110 fractional works · 0.8% of its workAerospace Engineering: 105 fractional works · 0.8% of its workBuilding and Construction: 53 fractional works · 0.4% of its workIndustrial and Manufacturing Engineering: 47 fractional works · 0.4% of its workComputational Mechanics: 43 fractional works · 0.3% of its workMedia Technology: 41 fractional works · 0.3% of its workMechanics of Materials: 40 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSafety, Risk, Reliability and Quality: 38 fractional works · 0.3% of its workOcean Engineering: 35 fractional works · 0.3% of its workComputer Science: 1,338 fractional works · 10.1% of its workArtificial Intelligence: 486 fractional works · 3.7% of its workComputer Vision and Pattern Recognition: 372 fractional works · 2.8% of its workInformation Systems: 154 fractional works · 1.2% of its workComputer Networks and Communications: 125 fractional works · 0.9% of its workSignal Processing: 70 fractional works · 0.5% of its workHuman-Computer Interaction: 44 fractional works · 0.3% of its workComputational Theory and Mathematics: 37 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 49 fractional works · 0.4% of its workMaterials Science: 623 fractional works · 4.7% of its workMaterials Chemistry: 342 fractional works · 2.6% of its workElectronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials: 122 fractional works · 0.9% of its workPolymers and Plastics: 84 fractional works · 0.6% of its workBiomaterials: 53 fractional works · 0.4% of its workSmaller subfields together: 22 fractional works · 0.2% of its workEnvironmental Science: 212 fractional works · 1.6% of its workHealth, Toxicology and Mutagenesis: 45 fractional works · 0.3% of its workEnvironmental Engineering: 37 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 129 fractional works · 1.0% of its workChemistry: 120 fractional works · 0.9% of its workOrganic Chemistry: 54 fractional works · 0.4% of its workSmaller subfields together: 66 fractional works · 0.5% of its workEnergy: 109 fractional works · 0.8% of its workRenewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment: 100 fractional works · 0.8% of its workSmaller subfields together: 9 fractional works · 0.1% of its workPhysics and Astronomy: 104 fractional works · 0.8% of its workAtomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics: 52 fractional works · 0.4% of its workSmaller subfields together: 52 fractional works · 0.4% of its workMathematics: 55 fractional works · 0.4% of its workChemical Engineering: 44 fractional works · 0.3% of its workEarth and Planetary Sciences: 33 fractional works · 0.2% of its workLife Sciences: 1,810 fractional works · 13.7% of its workBiochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology: 975 fractional works · 7.4% of its workMolecular Biology: 575 fractional works · 4.3% of its workGenetics: 121 fractional works · 0.9% of its workCancer Research: 112 fractional works · 0.9% of its workCell Biology: 59 fractional works · 0.4% of its workBiotechnology: 26 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 81 fractional works · 0.6% of its workNeuroscience: 372 fractional works · 2.8% of its workCognitive Neuroscience: 142 fractional works · 1.1% of its workNeurology: 83 fractional works · 0.6% of its workCellular and Molecular Neuroscience: 67 fractional works · 0.5% of its workSensory Systems: 27 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 52 fractional works · 0.4% of its workAgricultural and Biological Sciences: 204 fractional works · 1.5% of its workPlant Science: 85 fractional works · 0.6% of its workFood Science: 52 fractional works · 0.4% of its workSmaller subfields together: 67 fractional works · 0.5% of its workImmunology and Microbiology: 179 fractional works · 1.4% of its workImmunology: 149 fractional works · 1.1% of its workSmaller subfields together: 30 fractional works · 0.2% of its workPharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics: 80 fractional works · 0.6% of its workPharmacology: 42 fractional works · 0.3% of its workPharmaceutical Science: 29 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 9 fractional works · 0.1% of its workSocial Sciences: 1,407 fractional works · 10.6% of its workSocial Sciences: 489 fractional works · 3.7% of its workSociology and Political Science: 145 fractional works · 1.1% of its workEducation: 88 fractional works · 0.7% of its workCultural Studies: 37 fractional works · 0.3% of its workDemography: 28 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSafety Research: 28 fractional works · 0.2% of its workPolitical Science and International Relations: 27 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 136 fractional works · 1.0% of its workPsychology: 391 fractional works · 3.0% of its workClinical Psychology: 120 fractional works · 0.9% of its workSocial Psychology: 100 fractional works · 0.8% of its workExperimental and Cognitive Psychology: 100 fractional works · 0.8% of its workDevelopmental and Educational Psychology: 50 fractional works · 0.4% of its workSmaller subfields together: 21 fractional works · 0.2% of its workBusiness, Management and Accounting: 185 fractional works · 1.4% of its workMarketing: 47 fractional works · 0.4% of its workStrategy and Management: 43 fractional works · 0.3% of its workOrganizational Behavior and Human Resource Management: 36 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 59 fractional works · 0.4% of its workArts and Humanities: 147 fractional works · 1.1% of its workLanguage and Linguistics: 51 fractional works · 0.4% of its workLiterature and Literary Theory: 34 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 63 fractional works · 0.5% of its workEconomics, Econometrics and Finance: 121 fractional works · 0.9% of its workEconomics and Econometrics: 90 fractional works · 0.7% of its workSmaller subfields together: 32 fractional works · 0.2% of its workDecision Sciences: 74 fractional works · 0.6% of its workManagement Science and Operations Research: 37 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 37 fractional works · 0.3% of its workALL ITS WORKSeongnam-si13kfractional works, 2022-now
Life Sciences14%Physical Sciences37%Health Sciences39%Social Sciences11%

Each ring splits the one inside it: the four domains of science, their fields, their subfields. Size is fractional works in 2022-now. Every slice is a page; the interactive view zooms down to single topics and colours each by how much more of it this city does than the world.

Its 4 domains and 26 fields, with their numbers
  1. Health Sciences5,12238.8%
    1. Medicine4,68735.5%
    2. Health Professions2612.0%
    3. Nursing990.8%
    4. Dentistry660.5%
    5. Veterinary90.1%
    1. Engineering2,23416.9%
    2. Computer Science1,33810.1%
    3. Materials Science6234.7%
    4. Environmental Science2121.6%
    5. Chemistry1200.9%
    6. Energy1090.8%
    7. Physics and Astronomy1040.8%
    8. Mathematics550.4%
    9. Chemical Engineering440.3%
    10. Earth and Planetary Sciences330.2%
  3. Life Sciences1,81013.7%
    1. Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology9757.4%
    2. Neuroscience3722.8%
    3. Agricultural and Biological Sciences2041.5%
    4. Immunology and Microbiology1791.4%
    5. Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics800.6%
  4. Social Sciences1,40710.6%
    1. Social Sciences4893.7%
    2. Psychology3913.0%
    3. Business, Management and Accounting1851.4%
    4. Arts and Humanities1471.1%
    5. Economics, Econometrics and Finance1210.9%
    6. Decision Sciences740.6%
All of science, and how each field's share has moved since 1950: the Science domain explorer

What is Seongnam-si strongest at in research?

Relative to its size, research in Seongnam-si is most concentrated in Hepatology, Rehabilitation and Sensory Systems (3.1× the world share in Hepatology).

  1. HepatologySubfield · 69.7 works3.1×
  2. RehabilitationSubfield · 63.9 works2.7×
  3. Sensory SystemsSubfield · 23.3 works2.6×
  4. Geriatrics and GerontologySubfield · 32.3 works2.6×
  5. GastroenterologySubfield · 35.1 works2.6×
  6. DermatologySubfield · 76.9 works2.5×
  7. Orthopedics and Sports MedicineSubfield · 73.9 works2.5×
← less than its size predicts1×more →

Location quotient against the world baseline. Inside a single field a city is a meaningful unit, which is why this is where a city is measured at all.

The whole field profile

All 26 fields at once: above the ring is more than a place this size would be expected to do. A specialist and a generalist produce the same ranked list and a completely different shape.

Agricultural and Biological Sciences: 0.33× its world share, 184 worksAgricultural and Bio…Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology: 1.39× its world share, 866 worksBiochemistry, Geneti…Immunology and Microbiology: 1.39× its world share, 163 worksImmunology and Micro…Neuroscience: 1.69× its world share, 319 worksNeurosciencePharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics: 1.73× its world share, 71 worksPharmacology, Toxico…Chemical Engineering: 0.93× its world share, 38 worksChemical EngineeringChemistry: 0.55× its world share, 101 worksChemistryComputer Science: 1.32× its world share, 1,194 worksComputer ScienceEarth and Planetary Sciences: 0.16× its world share, 29 worksEarth and Planetary …Energy: 0.88× its world share, 94 worksEnergyEngineering: 1.14× its world share, 1,998 worksEngineeringEnvironmental Science: 0.32× its world share, 185 worksEnvironmental ScienceMaterials Science: 1.35× its world share, 548 worksMaterials ScienceMathematics: 0.36× its world share, 50 worksMathematicsPhysics and Astronomy: 0.34× its world share, 88 worksPhysics and AstronomyDentistry: 0.97× its world share, 55 worksDentistryHealth Professions: 0.75× its world share, 229 worksHealth ProfessionsMedicine: 1.86× its world share, 4,172 worksMedicineNursing: 1.56× its world share, 89 worksNursingVeterinary: 0.51× its world share, 8 worksVeterinaryArts and Humanities: 0.33× its world share, 110 worksArts and HumanitiesBusiness, Management and Accounting: 0.43× its world share, 163 worksBusiness, Management…Decision Sciences: 0.58× its world share, 65 worksDecision SciencesEconomics, Econometrics and Finance: 0.41× its world share, 102 worksEconomics, Econometr…Psychology: 0.92× its world share, 326 worksPsychologySocial Sciences: 0.28× its world share, 406 worksSocial Sciences1×world share
more than its size predictsabout as predictedless

Rings at 0.5×, 1× and 2×. Widest outward: Medicine, 1.9×. Every wedge is a field page.

All 26 fields, with their numbers
  1. Medicine1.86×4,172 works
  2. Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics1.73×71 works
  3. Neuroscience1.69×319 works
  4. Nursing1.56×89 works
  5. Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology1.39×866 works
  6. Immunology and Microbiology1.39×163 works
  7. Materials Science1.35×548 works
  8. Computer Science1.32×1,194 works
  9. Engineering1.14×1,998 works
  10. Dentistry0.97×55 works
  11. Chemical Engineering0.93×38 works
  12. Psychology0.92×326 works
  13. Energy0.88×94 works
  14. Health Professions0.75×229 works
  15. Decision Sciences0.58×65 works
  16. Chemistry0.55×101 works
  17. Veterinary0.51×8 works
  18. Business, Management and Accounting0.43×163 works
  19. Economics, Econometrics and Finance0.41×102 works
  20. Mathematics0.36×50 works
  21. Physics and Astronomy0.34×88 works
  22. Agricultural and Biological Sciences0.33×184 works
  23. Arts and Humanities0.33×110 works
  24. Environmental Science0.32×185 works
  25. Social Sciences0.28×406 works
  26. Earth and Planetary Sciences0.16×29 works

Which keywords describe research in Seongnam-si?

By fractional works in 2022-now, weighted toward what it does more of than the world: Deep Learning, Epidemiology, Inflammation, Machine Learning, Neural Networks, Oxidative Stress, Cathode Materials and Energy Storage.

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's

Size is fractional works in 2022-now in the topics tagged with each word; colour is the word's share of this city's work against its share of the world's. The 40 words are chosen for being large and distinctive. Each links to the topic it comes from most.

All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Deep Learning830▲ 1.82×83 topics
  2. Epidemiology751▲ 1.43×128 topics
  3. Inflammation537▲ 1.91×83 topics
  4. Machine Learning491◆ 1.12×91 topics
  5. Oxidative Stress350▲ 1.61×61 topics
  6. Neural Networks349▲ 1.71×38 topics
  7. Quality of Life302▲ 1.58×55 topics
  8. Cancer301▲ 1.69×58 topics
  9. Treatment270▲ 1.68×52 topics
  10. Biomedical Applications254▲ 1.62×36 topics
  11. Cardiovascular Disease254▲ 1.68×38 topics
  12. Nanomaterials235▲ 1.70×19 topics
  13. Energy Storage230▲ 2.7×12 topics
  14. Convolutional Neural Networks223▲ 2.3×14 topics
  15. Chemotherapy214▲ 2.3×25 topics
  16. Diagnosis214▲ 1.74×40 topics
  17. Nanoparticles209▲ 1.25×43 topics
  18. Cathode Materials206▲ 4.0×3 topics
  19. Risk Factors197▲ 1.36×36 topics
  20. Management195▲ 1.85×37 topics
  21. Clinical Practice Guidelines185▲ 2.5×14 topics
  22. Metabolic Syndrome185▲ 1.73×23 topics
  23. Graphene180▲ 2.0×11 topics
  24. Immunotherapy179▲ 1.88×19 topics
  25. Lithium-ion Batteries176▲ 3.2×4 topics
  26. Obesity170▲ 1.67×27 topics
  27. Biomarkers164▲ 1.78×18 topics
  28. Complications163▲ 2.5×17 topics
  29. Clinical Trials155▲ 1.76×19 topics
  30. Biosensors154▲ 2.4×12 topics
  31. Aging152▲ 2.1×18 topics
  32. Tissue Engineering149▲ 1.86×13 topics
  33. Tumor Microenvironment149▲ 2.5×8 topics
  34. Rechargeable Batteries129▲ 3.7×2 topics
  35. Rehabilitation129▲ 2.5×13 topics
  36. Surgical Management123▲ 2.3×20 topics
  37. Battery Technology115▲ 3.1×3 topics
  38. Electric Vehicles109▲ 2.9×5 topics
  39. Battery Materials100▲ 4.6×1 topic
  40. Nanostructured Anodes100▲ 4.6×1 topic

What research is done in Seongnam-si?

Advancements in Battery Materials: 86 fractional worksAdvanced Battery Materials and Technologies: 68 fractional worksAdvanced Battery Technol…57Advanced Battery Technologies Research: 57 fractional worksAdvanced biosensing and …50Advanced biosensing and bioanalysis techniques: 50 fractional worksAdvanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials: 47 fractional worksNutrition and Health in Aging: 44 fractional worksAdvanced Neural Network …43Advanced Neural Network Applications: 43 fractional worksTopic Modeling: 43 fractional worksSupercapacitor Materials and Fabrication: 42 fractional worksNatural Language Process…41Natural Language Processing Techniques: 41 fractional works
Electrical and Electronic EngineeringAutomotive EngineeringMolecular BiologyBiomedical Engineering4 others

Area is fractional works; colour is the subfield each topic belongs to.

  1. 1 Advancements in Battery Materials Electrical and Electronic Engineering 86 works
  2. 2 Advanced Battery Materials and Technologies Electrical and Electronic Engineering 68 works
  3. 3 Advanced Battery Technologies Research Automotive Engineering 57 works
  4. 4 Advanced biosensing and bioanalysis techniques Molecular Biology 50 works
  5. 5 Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials Biomedical Engineering 47 works
  6. 6 Nutrition and Health in Aging Physiology 44 works
  7. 7 Advanced Neural Network Applications Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 43 works
  8. 8 Topic Modeling Artificial Intelligence 43 works
  9. 9 Supercapacitor Materials and Fabrication Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials 42 works
  10. 10 Natural Language Processing Techniques Artificial Intelligence 41 works

Research output over time

still counting1990200020102020
grewheldshrank

The same series as a ribbon: one cell per year, darker for more.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

Year by year, against all institutions in the same year.

still counting10%20%30%Seongnam-si21.3% in 2025all institutions10.0% in 2025200020102020

Of each year's output, the share that reached the world's 10% most cited for its field and year. Peak 22.0% in 2024.

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