Afghanistan vs Serbia
On research quality in 2022-now, Serbia ranks #74 in the world and Afghanistan #106, of 189 countries. Afghanistan stands higher in 0 of the 23 fields both publish in, Serbia in 23.
Research profiles alike: 0.64similar shapes of research, whatever their size. How it is measured
Compare other countries
Afghanistan
- World rank, 2022-now
- #106
- #135 all time
- Works, 2022-now
- 4.5k
- fractional
- Top-10% rate
- 9.0%
- share of its work among the world's most cited
- Open access
- 86%
- of its works free to read
Strongest relative focus: Transportation, Political Science and International Relations, Chemical Health and Safety.
Serbia
- World rank, 2022-now
- #74
- #80 all time
- Works, 2022-now
- 39k
- fractional
- Top-10% rate
- 7.4%
- share of its work among the world's most cited
- Open access
- 59%
- of its works free to read
Strongest relative focus: Biochemistry, Filtration and Separation, Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management.
Who leads, measure by measure?
Afghanistan leads on 5 of 9 measures: citation excellence for its fields, top-10% rate, open access, international co-authorship and growth. Serbia leads on 3 of 9 measures: research quality, output and citations per work. The two are level on institutions in the world top 100.
- #106Research qualityworld rank of 189 countries, 2022-now#74
- 0.80×Citation excellence for its fieldsits top-10% rate against what its topics predict; 1.00× is as expected0.71×
- 4.5kOutputfractional works, 2022-now39k
- 9.0%Top-10% rateshare of its works among the world's most cited7.4%
- 4.7Citations per workall time, per fractional work9.7
- 0World top 100institutions it holds among the world's best 1000
- 86%Open accessof its works free to read, all time59%
- 34%Internationalof its works written with co-authors abroad, all time23%
- +155%Growthworks in 2022-25 against 2018-21; half a bar is no change+3%
A rank is drawn as its standing: the longer the bar, the nearer the top. Anything else is drawn against the larger of the two, and two values a hair apart are called level. Quality, citation excellence and the top-10% rate are explained in the methodology.
Who leads in each field?
Afghanistan stands higher in 0 of 23 fields, Serbia in 23. Serbia leads most in Engineering (#69 against #99). Each bar is that side's standing among all countries ranked in the field: the full bar is first place.
- #95Agricultural and Biological Sciences#70
- -Arts and Humanities#67
- -Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology#69
- -Business, Management and Accounting#67
- -Chemistry#56
- #94Computer Science#71
- -Decision Sciences#58
- -Dentistry#49
- -Earth and Planetary Sciences#69
- -Economics, Econometrics and Finance#57
- -Energy#58
- #99Engineering#69
- -Environmental Science#79
- -Health Professions#82
- -Immunology and Microbiology#61
- -Materials Science#60
- -Mathematics#46
- #115Medicine#87
- -Neuroscience#60
- -Nursing#63
- -Physics and Astronomy#50
- -Psychology#81
- #89Social Sciences#83
Standing is the percentile of world rank within each field, 2022-now; the printed number is the rank itself. A dash means the field is too small there to rank. How sides are compared.
The numbers behind each field
Click a heading to sort. The side that does better in a pair of columns is shaded: a lower rank, a higher rate, more works.
| Field | Afghanistan rank | Serbia rank | Afghanistan top 10% | Serbia top 10% | Afghanistan works | Serbia works |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agricultural and Biological Sciences | #95 | #70 | 8.9% | 8.7% | 317 | 2.9k |
| Arts and Humanities | - | #67 | - | 6.8% | - | 1.3k |
| Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | - | #69 | - | 6.7% | - | 1.7k |
| Business, Management and Accounting | - | #67 | - | 9.0% | - | 1.6k |
| Chemistry | - | #56 | - | 6.5% | - | 674 |
| Computer Science | #94 | #71 | 13.5% | 8.0% | 260 | 2.5k |
| Decision Sciences | - | #58 | - | 11.9% | - | 505 |
| Dentistry | - | #49 | - | 8.7% | - | 247 |
| Earth and Planetary Sciences | - | #69 | - | 8.7% | - | 466 |
| Economics, Econometrics and Finance | - | #57 | - | 11.4% | - | 2k |
| Energy | - | #58 | - | 6.1% | - | 304 |
| Engineering | #99 | #69 | 9.0% | 5.6% | 416 | 5.4k |
| Environmental Science | - | #79 | - | 6.2% | - | 2.1k |
| Health Professions | - | #82 | - | 8.0% | - | 754 |
| Immunology and Microbiology | - | #61 | - | 7.1% | - | 304 |
| Materials Science | - | #60 | - | 5.4% | - | 996 |
| Mathematics | - | #46 | - | 11.2% | - | 733 |
| Medicine | #115 | #87 | 6.5% | 6.8% | 690 | 6.9k |
| Neuroscience | - | #60 | - | 6.9% | - | 485 |
| Nursing | - | #63 | - | 8.0% | - | 244 |
| Physics and Astronomy | - | #50 | - | 4.3% | - | 752 |
| Psychology | - | #81 | - | 5.4% | - | 1.2k |
| Social Sciences | #89 | #83 | 10.4% | 8.0% | 1.3k | 4.7k |
What is each known for?
The keywords that describe each side's research, by fractional works in 2022-now and weighted toward what it does more of than the world.
Afghanistan
- Muslim Students
- Religious Education
- Teacher Training
- Transport Policy
- Warfare
- Foresight
- Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
- Design
- Legal Regulation
- Sustainable Development
- Malay Language
- Social Influence
- Philosophy
- Climate Change
- Culture
- Globalization
- Afghanistan
- Reconstruction
- Central Asia
- Epidemiology
- Security
- Conflict
- Nation-Building
- State-Building
- Pakistan
- Ethnicity
- History
- Literature
- Islam
- Science
- Sharia Law
- Economic Security
- Strategic Planning
- Modernization
- International Trade Law
- Air Force
- Public Oversight
- Human Rights
- Islamic Education
- Madrasa
All 40 words, with their numbers
- Security309▲ 8.7×24 topics
- Epidemiology296▲ 1.39×126 topics
- Conflict293▲ 34×9 topics
- Central Asia260▲ 69×4 topics
- Nation-Building252▲ 89×3 topics
- Reconstruction252▲ 28×6 topics
- State-Building251▲ 133×2 topics
- Afghanistan249▲ 196×1 topic
- Pakistan249▲ 196×1 topic
- Globalization244▲ 2.3×91 topics
- Ethnicity210▲ 11×14 topics
- Culture207▲ 7.4×16 topics
- History204▲ 5.5×20 topics
- Climate Change202▲ 1.39×97 topics
- Literature201▲ 6.9×23 topics
- Philosophy198▲ 8.4×13 topics
- Islam191▲ 17×5 topics
- Social Influence190▲ 17×3 topics
- Science189▲ 14×3 topics
- Malay Language188▲ 25×1 topic
- Sharia Law188▲ 25×1 topic
- Sustainable Development178▲ 2.1×76 topics
- Economic Security164▲ 14×7 topics
- Legal Regulation162▲ 14×7 topics
- Strategic Planning158▲ 20×3 topics
- Design158▲ 18×4 topics
- Modernization157▲ 16×4 topics
- Unmanned Aerial Vehicles157▲ 16×4 topics
- International Trade Law156▲ 22×2 topics
- Foresight156▲ 22×2 topics
- Air Force155▲ 25×1 topic
- Warfare155▲ 25×1 topic
- Public Oversight155▲ 24×1 topic
- Transport Policy155▲ 24×1 topic
- Human Rights133▲ 2.4×55 topics
- Teacher Training107▲ 3.3×16 topics
- Islamic Education87▲ 4.9×4 topics
- Religious Education68▲ 7.9×3 topics
- Madrasa66▲ 18×1 topic
- Muslim Students66▲ 18×1 topic
Serbia
- Yugoslavia
- Eastern Europe
- Conflict
- Commercial Diplomacy
- Flavonoids
- Sovereign Debt Crises
- Legal Regulation
- Religion
- International Relations
- Ethnicity
- Renewable Energy
- Rural Tourism
- Globalization
- Agricultural Sustainability
- Organizational Culture
- Environmental Impact
- Regional Development
- Climate Change
- Economic Growth
- Epidemiology
- Sustainable Development
- Sustainability
- Machine Learning
- Oxidative Stress
- Financial Performance
- Inflammation
- Innovation Management
- Small and Medium Enterprises
- Artificial Intelligence
- Leadership Emergence
- Antioxidant
- Identity
- Antioxidant Activity
- International Trade
- Foreign Policy
- Nation-Building
- Negotiation
- Economic Diplomacy
- Balkans
- Post-war
All 40 words, with their numbers
- Sustainable Development1,762▲ 2.6×103 topics
- Epidemiology1,436▼ 0.82×138 topics
- Sustainability1,361▲ 1.27×126 topics
- Economic Growth1,315▲ 3.7×36 topics
- Machine Learning1,287◆ 0.88×95 topics
- Climate Change1,224◆ 1.03×125 topics
- Oxidative Stress969▲ 1.34×63 topics
- Regional Development957▲ 6.4×19 topics
- Financial Performance950▲ 3.9×16 topics
- Environmental Impact911▲ 1.22×72 topics
- Inflammation888◆ 0.95×83 topics
- Organizational Culture887▲ 5.2×15 topics
- Innovation Management834▲ 12×10 topics
- Agricultural Sustainability824▲ 17×6 topics
- Small and Medium Enterprises822▲ 11×10 topics
- Globalization815◆ 0.95×163 topics
- Artificial Intelligence811▲ 1.30×62 topics
- Rural Tourism780▲ 57×2 topics
- Leadership Emergence780▲ 130×1 topic
- Renewable Energy736▲ 1.16×61 topics
- Antioxidant610▲ 2.0×51 topics
- Ethnicity558▲ 3.4×21 topics
- Identity558▲ 1.76×72 topics
- International Relations547▲ 5.2×29 topics
- Antioxidant Activity510▲ 1.87×32 topics
- Religion449▲ 2.2×40 topics
- International Trade429▲ 7.0×11 topics
- Legal Regulation412▲ 4.2×8 topics
- Foreign Policy403▲ 24×4 topics
- Sovereign Debt Crises397▲ 22×2 topics
- Nation-Building395▲ 17×4 topics
- Flavonoids371▲ 3.3×12 topics
- Negotiation368▲ 24×3 topics
- Commercial Diplomacy359▲ 70×1 topic
- Economic Diplomacy359▲ 70×1 topic
- Conflict313▲ 4.4×11 topics
- Balkans284▲ 28×2 topics
- Eastern Europe264▲ 12×3 topics
- Post-war244▲ 48×1 topic
- Yugoslavia244▲ 48×1 topic
Size is fractional works in the topics tagged with each word; colour is the word's share of the side's work against its share of the world's. Each word links to the topic it comes from most.
How has their output grown?
Serbia has out-published Afghanistan every year since 1980.
Fractional works per year.
Their share of all research
Growing output can still be a shrinking share, because all of science grows. Each line is a side as a percentage of every work published that year.
Fractional works over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.
How much of it reaches the world top 10%
The share of each side's works, year by year, that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. The average of all institutions is 10.0% (why not 10%).
A year with under 1% of the side's peak output is left out: a rate over a handful of papers says nothing. The latest years are still being cited.
Who holds more of the world's best institutions?
A country's average quality and the number of institutions it holds at the very top can disagree, and both are worth knowing. The counts are nested: an institution in the top 50 is also in the top 100.
- 0In the world top 500
- 0In the top 1000
- 0In the top 5000
- 0In the top 1,0000
- #51Elite capacityrank among 204 countries#51
Institutions ranked on research quality, 2022-now. Elite capacity counts a country's institutions by their worldwide rank, weighted so a place at #1 counts for more than one at #480.
Which publishes more research, Afghanistan or Serbia?
Serbia publishes 8.8× as much research as Afghanistan in 2022-now (39k against 4.5k fractional works).
Whose research has more impact, Afghanistan or Serbia?
9.0% of Afghanistan's research reaches the world's top 10% most cited, against 7.4% for Serbia.
Is Afghanistan or Serbia growing faster?
Output in 2022-25 was +155% against 2018-21 for Afghanistan, and +3% for Serbia.
Which has more open access research, Afghanistan or Serbia?
86% of Afghanistan's research is free to read, against 59% of Serbia's.
Which has more world-class institutions, Afghanistan or Serbia?
Afghanistan holds 0 of the world's top 100 research institutions and Serbia 0; in the top 1,000 it is 0 against 0.
Which institutions lead in each country?
The highest-ranked institutions on each side on research quality, 2022-now. The percentage is each institution's own top-10% rate: the share of its works that are among the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. Every figure stands alone, so they do not add up to 100%.
Afghanistan
- 1Kabul University8.3% top 10% · 1.2k works
- 2Kandahar University12.7% top 10% · 207 works
- 3Herat University10.0% top 10% · 340 works
- 4Kabul Education University7.5% top 10% · 249 works
- 5Nangarhar University8.9% top 10% · 332 works
- 6Kardan University13.9% top 10% · 145 works
Serbia
- 1University of Belgrade7.3% top 10% · 14k works
- 2Singidunum University11.5% top 10% · 725 works
- 3University of Novi Sad7.5% top 10% · 6.6k works
- 4Univerzitet Union Nikola Tesla7.6% top 10% · 504 works
- 5Gulf University15.9% top 10% · 417 works
- 6University of Kragujevac8.7% top 10% · 2.4k works
The number is the rank inside the country. The track on each row is the top-10% rate; the tick is the average of all institutions, 10.0% (how it is set): teal above it, red below. The ranking is the quality score, which compares the rate with what each institution's own topics predict and adds a small reward for size, so the rates do not fall in order.
Who are the top researchers on each side?
The most cited researchers on each side, among those ranked.
Afghanistan
- 1 Muhammad Haroon Stanikzai #146,569 worldwide 9.4k citations · 116 works
- 2 Ahmad Shah Irshad #157,819 worldwide 648 citations · 45 works
- 3 Sajid Ullah #165,934 worldwide 561 citations · 24 works
- 4 Sayeed Naqibullah Orfan #191,532 worldwide 523 citations · 37 works
- 5 Abdul Qawi Noori #209,787 worldwide 484 citations · 30 works
Serbia
- 1 Dragan Stevan Pamucar #1,015 worldwide 30k citations · 791 works
- 2 Mihajlo Jakovljević #2,006 worldwide 151k citations · 290 works
- 3 Petar M Seferovic #2,543 worldwide 70k citations · 423 works
- 4 Irena Ilić #6,030 worldwide 99k citations · 203 works
- 5 Vladimir Šimić #6,734 worldwide 7.5k citations · 346 works