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Ethiopia vs Malawi

On research quality in 2022-now, Ethiopia ranks #51 in the world and Malawi #61, of 189 countries. Ethiopia stands higher in 21 of the 21 fields both publish in, Malawi in 0.

Research profiles alike: 0.78very similar shapes of research, whatever their size. How it is measured

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Ethiopia

World rank, 2022-now
#51
#51 all time
Works, 2022-now
43k
fractional
Top-10% rate
13.1%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
80%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: Agronomy and Crop Science, Soil Science, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

Malawi

World rank, 2022-now
#61
#55 all time
Works, 2022-now
3k
fractional
Top-10% rate
9.5%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
63%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: Forestry, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Parasitology.

Who leads, measure by measure?

Ethiopia leads on 5 of 9 measures: research quality, excellence for its fields, output, top-10% rate and open access. Malawi leads on 3 of 9 measures: citations per work, international co-authorship and growth. The two are level on institutions in the world top 100.

Ethiopia 51 level3 Malawi
  1. #51Research qualityworld rank of 189 countries, 2022-now#61
  2. 1.24×Excellence for its fieldsits top-10% rate against what its topics predict; 1.00× is as expected1.12×
  3. 43kOutputfractional works, 2022-now3k
  4. 13.1%Top-10% rateshare of its works among the world's most cited9.5%
  5. 13.5Citations per workall time, per fractional work16.6
  6. 0World top 100institutions it holds among the world's best 1000
  7. 80%Open accessof its works free to read, all time63%
  8. 25%Internationalof its works written with co-authors abroad, all time49%
  9. +36%Growthworks in 2022-25 against 2018-21; half a bar is no change+46%

A rank is drawn as its standing: the longer the bar, the nearer the top. Anything else is drawn against the larger of the two, and two values a hair apart are called level. Quality, excellence and the top-10% rate are explained in the methodology.

Who leads in each field?

Ethiopia stands higher in 21 of 21 fields, Malawi in 0. Ethiopia leads most in Environmental Science (#60 against #72). Each bar is that side's standing among all countries ranked in the field: the full bar is first place.

Ethiopia 210 Malawi
  1. #40Agricultural and Biological Sciences#51
  2. #89Arts and Humanities-
  3. #45Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology-
  4. #66Business, Management and Accounting-
  5. #55Chemistry-
  6. #76Computer Science-
  7. #63Decision Sciences-
  8. #55Earth and Planetary Sciences-
  9. #60Economics, Econometrics and Finance-
  10. #59Energy-
  11. #60Engineering-
  12. #60Environmental Science#72
  13. #36Health Professions-
  14. #37Immunology and Microbiology-
  15. #55Materials Science-
  16. #64Mathematics-
  17. #39Medicine#45
  18. #29Nursing-
  19. #71Physics and Astronomy-
  20. #56Psychology-
  21. #63Social Sciences#65

Standing is the percentile of world rank within each field, 2022-now; the printed number is the rank itself. A dash means the field is too small there to rank. How sides are compared.

The numbers behind each field

Click a heading to sort. The side that does better in a pair of columns is shaded: a lower rank, a higher rate, more works.

Field Ethiopia rankMalawi rank Ethiopia top 10%Malawi top 10% Ethiopia worksMalawi works
Agricultural and Biological Sciences #40 #51 12.1% 11.7% 7.3k 336
Arts and Humanities #89 - 14.1% - 357 -
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology #45 - 11.3% - 1.6k -
Business, Management and Accounting #66 - 16.5% - 999 -
Chemistry #55 - 13.0% - 373 -
Computer Science #76 - 13.1% - 1.3k -
Decision Sciences #63 - 9.8% - 280 -
Earth and Planetary Sciences #55 - 12.8% - 336 -
Economics, Econometrics and Finance #60 - 14.7% - 916 -
Energy #59 - 9.9% - 292 -
Engineering #60 - 11.6% - 3.4k -
Environmental Science #60 #72 10.8% 7.4% 4.2k 275
Health Professions #36 - 20.6% - 1.7k -
Immunology and Microbiology #37 - 12.3% - 842 -
Materials Science #55 - 12.7% - 960 -
Mathematics #64 - 12.8% - 452 -
Medicine #39 #45 13.2% 11.8% 11k 641
Nursing #29 - 15.0% - 1.2k -
Physics and Astronomy #71 - 4.4% - 280 -
Psychology #56 - 13.8% - 975 -
Social Sciences #63 #65 15.6% 8.2% 3.7k 534

What is each known for?

The keywords that describe each side's research, by fractional works in 2022-now and weighted toward what it does more of than the world.

Ethiopia

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Epidemiology3,660▲ 1.85×137 topics
  2. Climate Change3,512▲ 2.6×115 topics
  3. Sustainability2,509▲ 2.1×109 topics
  4. Maternal Mortality1,469▲ 13×5 topics
  5. Sustainable Agriculture1,335▲ 8.7×17 topics
  6. Public Health1,292▲ 1.79×65 topics
  7. Child Development1,276▲ 6.3×8 topics
  8. Environmental Impact1,216▲ 1.44×69 topics
  9. Health Inequalities1,210▲ 20×5 topics
  10. Adaptation1,145▲ 7.7×14 topics
  11. Community Health Workers1,145▲ 26×2 topics
  12. Socio-economic Factors1,109▲ 20×3 topics
  13. Child Mortality1,108▲ 31×1 topic
  14. Health Systems1,108▲ 31×1 topic
  15. Genetic Diversity1,032▲ 4.8×22 topics
  16. Remote Sensing1,030▲ 1.70×39 topics
  17. Global Burden of Disease1,015▲ 8.3×4 topics
  18. Smallholder Farmers1,014▲ 9.7×6 topics
  19. Cardiovascular Disease996▲ 1.76×39 topics
  20. Land Use Change973▲ 6.6×8 topics
  21. Maternal and Child Undernutrition939▲ 23×1 topic
  22. Water Sanitation Hygiene939▲ 23×1 topic
  23. Biodiversity Conservation850▲ 4.6×17 topics
  24. Food Security826▲ 3.1×23 topics
  25. Global Burden812▲ 3.0×12 topics
  26. Drought Tolerance749▲ 11×9 topics
  27. Vaccine728▲ 3.7×11 topics
  28. Livelihoods703▲ 41×2 topics
  29. Social Networks690▲ 5.1×12 topics
  30. Rural Development682▲ 4.0×17 topics
  31. Drug Resistance655▲ 4.6×9 topics
  32. Antiretroviral Therapy617▲ 7.6×6 topics
  33. Ecological Knowledge617▲ 29×2 topics
  34. Land Management616▲ 36×2 topics
  35. Pastoralists614▲ 49×1 topic
  36. Rangeland Degradation614▲ 49×1 topic
  37. Breeding529▲ 14×5 topics
  38. Conflict524▲ 6.5×10 topics
  39. Genetic Improvement476▲ 11×4 topics
  40. Agricultural Sustainability475▲ 8.5×6 topics

Malawi

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Epidemiology245▲ 1.73×119 topics
  2. Climate Change202▲ 2.1×103 topics
  3. Sustainability141▲ 1.62×81 topics
  4. Globalization99▲ 1.41×86 topics
  5. Environmental Impact98▲ 1.61×51 topics
  6. Maternal Mortality91▲ 11×5 topics
  7. Sustainable Agriculture88▲ 8.0×13 topics
  8. Community Health Workers87▲ 28×2 topics
  9. Antiretroviral Therapy80▲ 14×6 topics
  10. Health Inequalities76▲ 18×4 topics
  11. Socio-economic Factors75▲ 19×2 topics
  12. Biodiversity74▲ 2.8×32 topics
  13. Child Mortality74▲ 29×1 topic
  14. Health Systems74▲ 29×1 topic
  15. Smallholder Farmers73▲ 9.8×6 topics
  16. Child Development72▲ 5.0×8 topics
  17. Social Networks70▲ 7.2×9 topics
  18. Food Security65▲ 3.4×20 topics
  19. Biodiversity Conservation65▲ 4.8×16 topics
  20. Rural Development64▲ 5.3×15 topics
  21. Global Burden62▲ 3.2×12 topics
  22. Poverty Reduction62▲ 13×5 topics
  23. Vaccine60▲ 4.2×11 topics
  24. Colonialism58▲ 3.5×17 topics
  25. Genetic Diversity58▲ 3.8×20 topics
  26. Global Burden of Disease57▲ 6.5×4 topics
  27. Mortality Rates53▲ 16×2 topics
  28. Technology Adoption53▲ 8.0×6 topics
  29. Maternal and Child Undernutrition52▲ 18×1 topic
  30. Water Sanitation Hygiene52▲ 18×1 topic
  31. HIV Transmission51▲ 19×2 topics
  32. Gender Inequality48▲ 9.7×6 topics
  33. Viral Load47▲ 17×2 topics
  34. Vulnerability47▲ 5.7×8 topics
  35. Agricultural Innovation44▲ 27×3 topics
  36. Preexposure Prophylaxis44▲ 26×1 topic
  37. Stigma and Discrimination44▲ 26×1 topic
  38. Livelihood Diversification44▲ 39×1 topic
  39. Market Participation44▲ 39×1 topic
  40. Global Health42▲ 7.6×6 topics

Size is fractional works in the topics tagged with each word; colour is the word's share of the side's work against its share of the world's. Each word links to the topic it comes from most.

How has their output grown?

Ethiopia has out-published Malawi every year since 1984, when it overtook it.

still counting5k10k15kEthiopia12k in 2025Malawi971 in 20251990200020102020

Fractional works per year.

Their share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share, because all of science grows. Each line is a side as a percentage of every work published that year.

still counting0.10%0.20%0.30%Ethiopia0.20% in 2025Malawi0.017% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

The share of each side's works, year by year, that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. The average of all institutions is 10.0% (why not 10%).

still counting5%10%15%Ethiopia13.8% in 2025Malawi10.2% in 2025200020102020

A year with under 1% of the side's peak output is left out: a rate over a handful of papers says nothing. The latest years are still being cited.

Who holds more of the world's best institutions?

A country's average quality and the number of institutions it holds at the very top can disagree, and both are worth knowing. The counts are nested: an institution in the top 50 is also in the top 100.

Ethiopia 05 level0 Malawi
  1. 0In the world top 500
  2. 0In the top 1000
  3. 0In the top 5000
  4. 0In the top 1,0000
  5. #51Elite capacityrank among 204 countries#51

Institutions ranked on research quality, 2022-now. Elite capacity counts a country's institutions by their worldwide rank, weighted so a place at #1 counts for more than one at #480.

Which publishes more research, Ethiopia or Malawi?

Ethiopia publishes 14.4× as much research as Malawi in 2022-now (43k against 3k fractional works).

Whose research has more impact, Ethiopia or Malawi?

13.1% of Ethiopia's research reaches the world's top 10% most cited, against 9.5% for Malawi.

Is Ethiopia or Malawi growing faster?

Output in 2022-25 was +46% against 2018-21 for Malawi, and +36% for Ethiopia.

Which has more open access research, Ethiopia or Malawi?

80% of Ethiopia's research is free to read, against 63% of Malawi's.

Which has more world-class institutions, Ethiopia or Malawi?

Ethiopia holds 0 of the world's top 100 research institutions and Malawi 0; in the top 1,000 it is 0 against 0.

Which institutions lead in each country?

The highest-ranked institutions on each side on research quality, 2022-now. The percentage is each institution's own top-10% rate: the share of its works that are among the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. Every figure stands alone, so they do not add up to 100%.

Ethiopia

  1. 1New Generation University College9.8% top 10% · 1k works
  2. 2Jimma University13.7% top 10% · 2.5k works
  3. 3University of Gondar17.8% top 10% · 3k works
  4. 4Bahir Dar University14.1% top 10% · 3k works
  5. 5Arba Minch University13.6% top 10% · 1.4k works
  6. 6Ministry of Education15.3% top 10% · 512 works

Malawi

  1. 1University of Malawi9.1% top 10% · 650 works
  2. 2Kamuzu Central Hospital12.3% top 10% · 279 works
  3. 3Ministry of Education Science and Technology7.7% top 10% · 312 works
  4. 4Mzuzu University6.9% top 10% · 241 works
  5. 5Malawi University of Science and Technology6.9% top 10% · 172 works
  6. 6Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources11.0% top 10% · 243 works

The number is the rank inside the country. The track on each row is the top-10% rate; the tick is the average of all institutions, 10.0% (how it is set): teal above it, red below. The ranking is the quality score, which compares the rate with what each institution's own topics predict and adds a small reward for size, so the rates do not fall in order.

Who are the top researchers on each side?

The most cited researchers on each side, among those ranked.

Ethiopia

  1. 1 Hadush Negash Meles #16,043 worldwide 11k citations · 69 works
  2. 2 Addisu Dagnaw Melese #17,267 worldwide 59k citations · 72 works
  3. 3 Sofonias Kifle Tessema #19,123 worldwide 3.7k citations · 120 works
  4. 4 Semaw Ferede Abera #19,266 worldwide 118k citations · 94 works
  5. 5 Gebre Teklemariam Demoz #20,104 worldwide 74k citations · 71 works

Malawi

  1. 1 Amelia Catharine Crampin #138,780 worldwide 23k citations · 372 works
  2. 2 Kelias Phiri Msyamboza #162,077 worldwide 12k citations · 53 works
  3. 3 Eduard E. Zijlstra #238,180 worldwide 4.8k citations · 91 works
  4. 4 Elsbeth Robson #239,786 worldwide 3k citations · 121 works
  5. 5 Felix Khuluza #244,579 worldwide 1.6k citations · 40 works