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Ghana vs Slovakia

On research quality in 2022-now, Slovakia ranks #56 in the world and Ghana #58, of 189 countries. Ghana stands higher in 9 of the 22 fields both publish in, Slovakia in 13.

Research profiles alike: 0.19somewhat alike shapes of research, whatever their size. How it is measured

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Ghana

World rank, 2022-now
#58
#68 all time
Works, 2022-now
27k
fractional
Top-10% rate
10.8%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
65%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: Library and Information Sciences, Horticulture, Research and Theory.

Slovakia

World rank, 2022-now
#56
#53 all time
Works, 2022-now
33k
fractional
Top-10% rate
8.0%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
46%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: Life-span and Life-course Studies, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, General Materials Science.

Who leads, measure by measure?

Ghana leads on 5 of 9 measures: excellence for its fields, top-10% rate, open access, international co-authorship and growth. Slovakia leads on 2 of 9 measures: research quality and output. The two are level on citations per work and institutions in the world top 100.

Ghana 52 level2 Slovakia
  1. #58Research qualityworld rank of 189 countries, 2022-now#56
  2. 1.00×Excellence for its fieldsits top-10% rate against what its topics predict; 1.00× is as expected0.69×
  3. 27kOutputfractional works, 2022-now33k
  4. 10.8%Top-10% rateshare of its works among the world's most cited8.0%
  5. 12.1Citations per workall time, per fractional work12.2
  6. 0World top 100institutions it holds among the world's best 1000
  7. 65%Open accessof its works free to read, all time46%
  8. 33%Internationalof its works written with co-authors abroad, all time30%
  9. +42%Growthworks in 2022-25 against 2018-21; half a bar is no change-4%

A rank is drawn as its standing: the longer the bar, the nearer the top. Anything else is drawn against the larger of the two, and two values a hair apart are called level. Quality, excellence and the top-10% rate are explained in the methodology.

Who leads in each field?

Ghana stands higher in 9 of 22 fields, Slovakia in 13. Slovakia leads most in Materials Science (#45 against #70); Ghana leads most in Health Professions (#42 against #64). Each bar is that side's standing among all countries ranked in the field: the full bar is first place.

Ghana 913 Slovakia
  1. #43Agricultural and Biological Sciences#56
  2. #55Arts and Humanities#48
  3. #61Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology#50
  4. #46Business, Management and Accounting#51
  5. -Chemistry#44
  6. #62Computer Science#57
  7. #45Decision Sciences#53
  8. #58Earth and Planetary Sciences#52
  9. #41Economics, Econometrics and Finance#50
  10. #57Energy#55
  11. #72Engineering#52
  12. #52Environmental Science#67
  13. #42Health Professions#64
  14. #40Immunology and Microbiology#45
  15. #70Materials Science#45
  16. #60Mathematics#49
  17. #58Medicine#48
  18. -Neuroscience#48
  19. #40Nursing-
  20. -Physics and Astronomy#55
  21. #58Psychology#63
  22. #59Social Sciences#57

Standing is the percentile of world rank within each field, 2022-now; the printed number is the rank itself. A dash means the field is too small there to rank. How sides are compared.

The numbers behind each field

Click a heading to sort. The side that does better in a pair of columns is shaded: a lower rank, a higher rate, more works.

Field Ghana rankSlovakia rank Ghana top 10%Slovakia top 10% Ghana worksSlovakia works
Agricultural and Biological Sciences #43 #56 11.0% 8.9% 2.3k 1.9k
Arts and Humanities #55 #48 11.5% 8.1% 746 1.2k
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology #61 #50 9.3% 7.3% 637 1.4k
Business, Management and Accounting #46 #51 12.9% 10.9% 2.3k 1.2k
Chemistry - #44 - 6.0% - 535
Computer Science #62 #57 10.8% 7.8% 1.4k 2.5k
Decision Sciences #45 #53 9.5% 8.5% 458 417
Earth and Planetary Sciences #58 #52 11.4% 6.3% 207 636
Economics, Econometrics and Finance #41 #50 13.1% 10.6% 1.6k 1.1k
Energy #57 #55 9.8% 7.8% 235 231
Engineering #72 #52 8.0% 6.4% 1.7k 6.1k
Environmental Science #52 #67 9.1% 7.5% 1.9k 2.2k
Health Professions #42 #64 13.2% 9.0% 1.1k 514
Immunology and Microbiology #40 #45 12.1% 7.9% 295 247
Materials Science #70 #45 7.5% 6.4% 206 1.3k
Mathematics #60 #49 11.1% 9.1% 277 425
Medicine #58 #48 10.1% 8.6% 4.3k 3.7k
Neuroscience - #48 - 6.7% - 416
Nursing #40 - 11.6% - 396 -
Physics and Astronomy - #55 - 4.9% - 872
Psychology #58 #63 8.7% 7.7% 1k 931
Social Sciences #59 #57 11.6% 9.7% 5k 4.3k

What is each known for?

The keywords that describe each side's research, by fractional works in 2022-now and weighted toward what it does more of than the world.

Ghana

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Epidemiology1,614▲ 1.30×136 topics
  2. Sustainability1,476▲ 1.93×109 topics
  3. Climate Change1,179▲ 1.39×111 topics
  4. Globalization1,054▲ 1.72×132 topics
  5. Environmental Impact932▲ 1.75×67 topics
  6. Renewable Energy815▲ 1.80×53 topics
  7. Sustainable Development808▲ 1.65×89 topics
  8. Education786▲ 1.46×101 topics
  9. Economic Growth786▲ 3.1×34 topics
  10. Social Capital700▲ 4.3×21 topics
  11. Public Health690▲ 1.52×65 topics
  12. Mental Health661▲ 1.48×43 topics
  13. Risk Management650▲ 4.4×18 topics
  14. Supply Chain Management597▲ 2.1×26 topics
  15. Maternal Mortality544▲ 7.8×5 topics
  16. Corporate Governance529▲ 2.3×27 topics
  17. Poverty Reduction517▲ 13×7 topics
  18. Consumer Behavior514▲ 2.6×18 topics
  19. Community Health Workers479▲ 17×2 topics
  20. Biodiversity Conservation456▲ 3.9×17 topics
  21. Health Inequalities456▲ 12×5 topics
  22. Urbanization456▲ 3.6×13 topics
  23. Child Development449▲ 3.5×8 topics
  24. Leadership447▲ 2.9×35 topics
  25. Socio-economic Factors435▲ 12×3 topics
  26. Child Mortality432▲ 19×1 topic
  27. Health Systems432▲ 19×1 topic
  28. Smallholder Farmers429▲ 6.5×6 topics
  29. Social Networks417▲ 4.9×13 topics
  30. Governance412▲ 4.0×15 topics
  31. Development397▲ 3.6×19 topics
  32. Sustainable Agriculture395▲ 4.1×15 topics
  33. Gender Inequality381▲ 8.8×6 topics
  34. Global Burden of Disease372▲ 4.8×4 topics
  35. Poverty Alleviation372▲ 12×3 topics
  36. Vulnerability370▲ 5.1×8 topics
  37. ICT305▲ 7.3×5 topics
  38. Maternal and Child Undernutrition305▲ 12×1 topic
  39. Water Sanitation Hygiene305▲ 12×1 topic
  40. Institutional Quality302▲ 9.2×3 topics

Slovakia

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Sustainability1,583▲ 1.73×133 topics
  2. Climate Change1,484▲ 1.46×128 topics
  3. Sustainable Development1,086▲ 1.85×110 topics
  4. Machine Learning1,048▼ 0.84×97 topics
  5. Epidemiology931▼ 0.62×138 topics
  6. Deep Learning899▼ 0.70×85 topics
  7. Globalization868▲ 1.18×171 topics
  8. Environmental Impact776▲ 1.21×73 topics
  9. Mechanical Properties767▲ 2.1×39 topics
  10. Artificial Intelligence739▲ 1.39×66 topics
  11. Renewable Energy686▲ 1.27×61 topics
  12. Innovation683▲ 1.77×87 topics
  13. Education666◆ 1.03×144 topics
  14. Energy Efficiency661▲ 1.91×45 topics
  15. Remote Sensing566▲ 1.24×41 topics
  16. Human Rights562▲ 1.47×85 topics
  17. Biodiversity559▲ 1.96×38 topics
  18. Economic Development540▲ 1.80×55 topics
  19. Big Data519▲ 1.45×37 topics
  20. Supply Chain Management495▲ 1.47×27 topics
  21. Internet of Things483▲ 1.51×33 topics
  22. Invasive Species428▲ 2.7×21 topics
  23. Environmental Management421▲ 2.8×22 topics
  24. Microstructure412▲ 2.1×19 topics
  25. Ethics385▲ 2.0×57 topics
  26. Simulation373▲ 3.9×18 topics
  27. Cyber-Physical Systems366▲ 3.7×9 topics
  28. Supply Chain312▲ 4.1×12 topics
  29. Digitalization309▲ 4.0×16 topics
  30. European Union289▲ 3.5×26 topics
  31. Digital Education279▲ 5.0×7 topics
  32. Logistics277▲ 4.8×10 topics
  33. Media264▲ 4.7×17 topics
  34. School Climate236▲ 13×3 topics
  35. Financial Security234▲ 5.9×3 topics
  36. Learning Environments228▲ 21×3 topics
  37. Student Attitudes222▲ 5.9×2 topics
  38. Educational Methods221▲ 104×1 topic
  39. Pedagogical Research221▲ 104×1 topic
  40. Human Resource201▲ 22×3 topics

Size is fractional works in the topics tagged with each word; colour is the word's share of the side's work against its share of the world's. Each word links to the topic it comes from most.

How has their output grown?

Slovakia has out-published Ghana every year since 1980.

still counting5k10kSlovakia8,800 in 2025Ghana7,317 in 20251990200020102020

Fractional works per year.

Their share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share, because all of science grows. Each line is a side as a percentage of every work published that year.

still counting0.10%0.20%0.30%Slovakia0.15% in 2025Ghana0.12% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

The share of each side's works, year by year, that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. The average of all institutions is 10.0% (why not 10%).

still counting5%10%15%Ghana11.1% in 2025Slovakia7.9% in 2025200020102020

A year with under 1% of the side's peak output is left out: a rate over a handful of papers says nothing. The latest years are still being cited.

Who holds more of the world's best institutions?

A country's average quality and the number of institutions it holds at the very top can disagree, and both are worth knowing. The counts are nested: an institution in the top 50 is also in the top 100.

Ghana 03 level2 Slovakia
  1. 0In the world top 500
  2. 0In the top 1000
  3. 0In the top 5000
  4. 0In the top 1,0001
  5. #51Elite capacityrank among 204 countries#49

Institutions ranked on research quality, 2022-now. Elite capacity counts a country's institutions by their worldwide rank, weighted so a place at #1 counts for more than one at #480.

Which publishes more research, Ghana or Slovakia?

Slovakia publishes 1.2× as much research as Ghana in 2022-now (33k against 27k fractional works).

Whose research has more impact, Ghana or Slovakia?

10.8% of Ghana's research reaches the world's top 10% most cited, against 8.0% for Slovakia.

Is Ghana or Slovakia growing faster?

Output in 2022-25 was +42% against 2018-21 for Ghana, and -4% for Slovakia.

Which has more open access research, Ghana or Slovakia?

65% of Ghana's research is free to read, against 46% of Slovakia's.

Which has more world-class institutions, Ghana or Slovakia?

Ghana holds 0 of the world's top 100 research institutions and Slovakia 0; in the top 1,000 it is 0 against 1.

Which institutions lead in each country?

The highest-ranked institutions on each side on research quality, 2022-now. The percentage is each institution's own top-10% rate: the share of its works that are among the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. Every figure stands alone, so they do not add up to 100%.

Ghana

  1. 1University of Ghana11.0% top 10% · 5.3k works
  2. 2University of Cape Coast12.8% top 10% · 2.8k works
  3. 3Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology10.8% top 10% · 4.5k works
  4. 4University for Development Studies11.1% top 10% · 1.9k works
  5. 5University of Education, Winneba8.0% top 10% · 1.4k works
  6. 6Takoradi Technical University13.8% top 10% · 404 works

Slovakia

  1. 1Slovak Academy of Sciences7.7% top 10% · 8.4k works
  2. 2Comenius University Bratislava9.8% top 10% · 4k works
  3. 3Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra11.2% top 10% · 800 works
  4. 4Technical University of Košice7.1% top 10% · 3k works
  5. 5University of Žilina9.6% top 10% · 2.4k works
  6. 6Matej Bel University7.1% top 10% · 737 works

The number is the rank inside the country. The track on each row is the top-10% rate; the tick is the average of all institutions, 10.0% (how it is set): teal above it, red below. The ranking is the quality score, which compares the rate with what each institution's own topics predict and adds a small reward for size, so the rates do not fall in order.

Who are the top researchers on each side?

The most cited researchers on each side, among those ranked.

Ghana

  1. 1 Richard Gyan Aboagye #22,347 worldwide 39k citations · 250 works
  2. 2 Emmanuel Joel Aikins Abakah #27,882 worldwide 4.7k citations · 132 works
  3. 3 Martin Amogre Ayanore #33,207 worldwide 54k citations · 181 works
  4. 4 Robert Kokou Dowou #33,244 worldwide 25k citations · 109 works
  5. 5 Hubert Amu #37,771 worldwide 49k citations · 190 works

Slovakia

  1. 1 Marek Majdán #18,656 worldwide 132k citations · 247 works
  2. 2 P. Strmeň #43,782 worldwide 21k citations · 304 works
  3. 3 Frantíšek Máliš #78,042 worldwide 4.2k citations · 92 works
  4. 4 B. Sitár #105,002 worldwide 12k citations · 110 works
  5. 5 Beáta Gavurová #106,962 worldwide 7.5k citations · 416 works