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Kazakhstan vs Slovakia

On research quality in 2022-now, Slovakia ranks #56 in the world and Kazakhstan #91, of 189 countries. Kazakhstan stands higher in 0 of the 21 fields both publish in, Slovakia in 21.

Research profiles alike: 0.64similar shapes of research, whatever their size. How it is measured

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Kazakhstan

World rank, 2022-now
#91
#85 all time
Works, 2022-now
40k
fractional
Top-10% rate
7.7%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
68%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: Fuel Technology, General Energy, Nuclear Energy and Engineering.

Slovakia

World rank, 2022-now
#56
#53 all time
Works, 2022-now
33k
fractional
Top-10% rate
8.0%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
46%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: Life-span and Life-course Studies, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, General Materials Science.

Who leads, measure by measure?

Kazakhstan leads on 3 of 9 measures: output, open access and growth. Slovakia leads on 3 of 9 measures: research quality, top-10% rate and citations per work. The two are level on excellence for its fields, institutions in the world top 100 and international co-authorship.

Kazakhstan 33 level3 Slovakia
  1. #91Research qualityworld rank of 189 countries, 2022-now#56
  2. 0.69×Excellence for its fieldsits top-10% rate against what its topics predict; 1.00× is as expected0.69×
  3. 40kOutputfractional works, 2022-now33k
  4. 7.7%Top-10% rateshare of its works among the world's most cited8.0%
  5. 5.0Citations per workall time, per fractional work12.2
  6. 0World top 100institutions it holds among the world's best 1000
  7. 68%Open accessof its works free to read, all time46%
  8. 30%Internationalof its works written with co-authors abroad, all time30%
  9. +81%Growthworks in 2022-25 against 2018-21; half a bar is no change-4%

A rank is drawn as its standing: the longer the bar, the nearer the top. Anything else is drawn against the larger of the two, and two values a hair apart are called level. Quality, excellence and the top-10% rate are explained in the methodology.

Who leads in each field?

Kazakhstan stands higher in 0 of 21 fields, Slovakia in 21. Slovakia leads most in Medicine (#48 against #132). Each bar is that side's standing among all countries ranked in the field: the full bar is first place.

Kazakhstan 021 Slovakia
  1. #96Agricultural and Biological Sciences#56
  2. #73Arts and Humanities#48
  3. #79Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology#50
  4. #91Business, Management and Accounting#51
  5. #67Chemistry#44
  6. #88Computer Science#57
  7. #71Decision Sciences#53
  8. #67Earth and Planetary Sciences#52
  9. #89Economics, Econometrics and Finance#50
  10. #66Energy#55
  11. #77Engineering#52
  12. #91Environmental Science#67
  13. #93Health Professions#64
  14. #64Immunology and Microbiology#45
  15. #59Materials Science#45
  16. #61Mathematics#49
  17. #132Medicine#48
  18. #58Neuroscience#48
  19. #59Physics and Astronomy#55
  20. #82Psychology#63
  21. #74Social Sciences#57

Standing is the percentile of world rank within each field, 2022-now; the printed number is the rank itself. A dash means the field is too small there to rank. How sides are compared.

The numbers behind each field

Click a heading to sort. The side that does better in a pair of columns is shaded: a lower rank, a higher rate, more works.

Field Kazakhstan rankSlovakia rank Kazakhstan top 10%Slovakia top 10% Kazakhstan worksSlovakia works
Agricultural and Biological Sciences #96 #56 8.7% 8.9% 2.8k 1.9k
Arts and Humanities #73 #48 10.0% 8.1% 1.5k 1.2k
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology #79 #50 6.5% 7.3% 1.1k 1.4k
Business, Management and Accounting #91 #51 8.2% 10.9% 1.4k 1.2k
Chemistry #67 #44 4.2% 6.0% 500 535
Computer Science #88 #57 8.6% 7.8% 3.3k 2.5k
Decision Sciences #71 #53 7.4% 8.5% 316 417
Earth and Planetary Sciences #67 #52 6.3% 6.3% 608 636
Economics, Econometrics and Finance #89 #50 7.7% 10.6% 1.5k 1.1k
Energy #66 #55 6.0% 7.8% 522 231
Engineering #77 #52 6.6% 6.4% 7.1k 6.1k
Environmental Science #91 #67 6.8% 7.5% 1.8k 2.2k
Health Professions #93 #64 8.2% 9.0% 708 514
Immunology and Microbiology #64 #45 6.8% 7.9% 232 247
Materials Science #59 #45 6.1% 6.4% 1.4k 1.3k
Mathematics #61 #49 6.5% 9.1% 806 425
Medicine #132 #48 6.2% 8.6% 4.1k 3.7k
Neuroscience #58 #48 7.0% 6.7% 239 416
Physics and Astronomy #59 #55 6.2% 4.9% 736 872
Psychology #82 #63 7.3% 7.7% 1.1k 931
Social Sciences #74 #57 9.6% 9.7% 8.1k 4.3k

What is each known for?

The keywords that describe each side's research, by fractional works in 2022-now and weighted toward what it does more of than the world.

Kazakhstan

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Sustainable Development2,930▲ 4.0×107 topics
  2. Climate Change2,302▲ 1.83×125 topics
  3. Globalization2,060▲ 2.3×155 topics
  4. Innovation2,045▲ 4.3×77 topics
  5. Education1,859▲ 2.3×127 topics
  6. Sustainability1,598▲ 1.41×127 topics
  7. Educational Technology1,528▲ 2.8×47 topics
  8. Artificial Intelligence1,416▲ 2.1×65 topics
  9. Renewable Energy1,317▲ 1.96×59 topics
  10. Energy Efficiency1,275▲ 3.0×45 topics
  11. E-Learning1,254▲ 2.8×25 topics
  12. Digital Transformation1,221▲ 4.9×30 topics
  13. Online Learning1,056▲ 2.7×26 topics
  14. Pedagogy1,044▲ 4.5×27 topics
  15. Legal Regulation1,032▲ 9.9×8 topics
  16. Food Security1,014▲ 4.0×24 topics
  17. Economic Development995▲ 2.7×50 topics
  18. Economic Security965▲ 9.8×7 topics
  19. Digitalization959▲ 10×14 topics
  20. Teacher Training911▲ 3.2×26 topics
  21. Ethnicity894▲ 5.2×22 topics
  22. Digital Economy894▲ 9.6×19 topics
  23. Higher Education879▲ 3.6×30 topics
  24. Regional Development854▲ 5.4×21 topics
  25. Culture849▲ 3.5×33 topics
  26. Migration766▲ 4.8×30 topics
  27. Islam635▲ 6.6×5 topics
  28. Geopolitics627▲ 8.9×11 topics
  29. Strategic Planning618▲ 9.1×5 topics
  30. Foresight613▲ 10×2 topics
  31. International Trade Law612▲ 10×2 topics
  32. Public Oversight607▲ 11×1 topic
  33. Transport Policy607▲ 11×1 topic
  34. Modernization604▲ 7.1×5 topics
  35. Sharia Law592▲ 8.9×2 topics
  36. Malay Language592▲ 9.1×1 topic
  37. Design584▲ 7.7×6 topics
  38. Air Force572▲ 10×1 topic
  39. Warfare572▲ 10×1 topic
  40. Central Asia572▲ 17×4 topics

Slovakia

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Sustainability1,583▲ 1.73×133 topics
  2. Climate Change1,484▲ 1.46×128 topics
  3. Sustainable Development1,086▲ 1.85×110 topics
  4. Machine Learning1,048▼ 0.84×97 topics
  5. Epidemiology931▼ 0.62×138 topics
  6. Deep Learning899▼ 0.70×85 topics
  7. Globalization868▲ 1.18×171 topics
  8. Environmental Impact776▲ 1.21×73 topics
  9. Mechanical Properties767▲ 2.1×39 topics
  10. Artificial Intelligence739▲ 1.39×66 topics
  11. Renewable Energy686▲ 1.27×61 topics
  12. Innovation683▲ 1.77×87 topics
  13. Education666◆ 1.03×144 topics
  14. Energy Efficiency661▲ 1.91×45 topics
  15. Remote Sensing566▲ 1.24×41 topics
  16. Human Rights562▲ 1.47×85 topics
  17. Biodiversity559▲ 1.96×38 topics
  18. Economic Development540▲ 1.80×55 topics
  19. Big Data519▲ 1.45×37 topics
  20. Supply Chain Management495▲ 1.47×27 topics
  21. Internet of Things483▲ 1.51×33 topics
  22. Invasive Species428▲ 2.7×21 topics
  23. Environmental Management421▲ 2.8×22 topics
  24. Microstructure412▲ 2.1×19 topics
  25. Ethics385▲ 2.0×57 topics
  26. Simulation373▲ 3.9×18 topics
  27. Cyber-Physical Systems366▲ 3.7×9 topics
  28. Supply Chain312▲ 4.1×12 topics
  29. Digitalization309▲ 4.0×16 topics
  30. European Union289▲ 3.5×26 topics
  31. Digital Education279▲ 5.0×7 topics
  32. Logistics277▲ 4.8×10 topics
  33. Media264▲ 4.7×17 topics
  34. School Climate236▲ 13×3 topics
  35. Financial Security234▲ 5.9×3 topics
  36. Learning Environments228▲ 21×3 topics
  37. Student Attitudes222▲ 5.9×2 topics
  38. Educational Methods221▲ 104×1 topic
  39. Pedagogical Research221▲ 104×1 topic
  40. Human Resource201▲ 22×3 topics

Size is fractional works in the topics tagged with each word; colour is the word's share of the side's work against its share of the world's. Each word links to the topic it comes from most.

How has their output grown?

Kazakhstan has out-published Slovakia every year since 2022, when it overtook it.

still counting5k10k15kKazakhstan11k in 2025Slovakia8,800 in 20251990200020102020

Fractional works per year.

Their share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share, because all of science grows. Each line is a side as a percentage of every work published that year.

still counting0.10%0.20%0.30%Kazakhstan0.19% in 2025Slovakia0.15% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

The share of each side's works, year by year, that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. The average of all institutions is 10.0% (why not 10%).

still counting5%10%Kazakhstan8.7% in 2025Slovakia7.9% in 2025200020102020

A year with under 1% of the side's peak output is left out: a rate over a handful of papers says nothing. The latest years are still being cited.

Who holds more of the world's best institutions?

A country's average quality and the number of institutions it holds at the very top can disagree, and both are worth knowing. The counts are nested: an institution in the top 50 is also in the top 100.

Kazakhstan 03 level2 Slovakia
  1. 0In the world top 500
  2. 0In the top 1000
  3. 0In the top 5000
  4. 0In the top 1,0001
  5. #51Elite capacityrank among 204 countries#49

Institutions ranked on research quality, 2022-now. Elite capacity counts a country's institutions by their worldwide rank, weighted so a place at #1 counts for more than one at #480.

Which publishes more research, Kazakhstan or Slovakia?

Kazakhstan publishes 1.2× as much research as Slovakia in 2022-now (40k against 33k fractional works).

Whose research has more impact, Kazakhstan or Slovakia?

8.0% of Slovakia's research reaches the world's top 10% most cited, against 7.7% for Kazakhstan.

Is Kazakhstan or Slovakia growing faster?

Output in 2022-25 was +81% against 2018-21 for Kazakhstan, and -4% for Slovakia.

Which has more open access research, Kazakhstan or Slovakia?

68% of Kazakhstan's research is free to read, against 46% of Slovakia's.

Which has more world-class institutions, Kazakhstan or Slovakia?

Kazakhstan holds 0 of the world's top 100 research institutions and Slovakia 0; in the top 1,000 it is 0 against 1.

Which institutions lead in each country?

The highest-ranked institutions on each side on research quality, 2022-now. The percentage is each institution's own top-10% rate: the share of its works that are among the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. Every figure stands alone, so they do not add up to 100%.

Kazakhstan

  1. 1Nazarbayev University14.3% top 10% · 3.1k works
  2. 2Suleyman Demirel University5.8% top 10% · 2.9k works
  3. 3L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University7.3% top 10% · 3.1k works
  4. 4Astana Medical University7.4% top 10% · 1.8k works
  5. 5Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University8.9% top 10% · 1.2k works
  6. 6Ahmet Yesevi University7.6% top 10% · 795 works

Slovakia

  1. 1Slovak Academy of Sciences7.7% top 10% · 8.4k works
  2. 2Comenius University Bratislava9.8% top 10% · 4k works
  3. 3Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra11.2% top 10% · 800 works
  4. 4Technical University of Košice7.1% top 10% · 3k works
  5. 5University of Žilina9.6% top 10% · 2.4k works
  6. 6Matej Bel University7.1% top 10% · 737 works

The number is the rank inside the country. The track on each row is the top-10% rate; the tick is the average of all institutions, 10.0% (how it is set): teal above it, red below. The ranking is the quality score, which compares the rate with what each institution's own topics predict and adds a small reward for size, so the rates do not fall in order.

Who are the top researchers on each side?

The most cited researchers on each side, among those ranked.

Kazakhstan

  1. 1 Kairat Davletov #4,259 worldwide 125k citations · 151 works
  2. 2 Mukhtar Kulimbet #8,033 worldwide 26k citations · 91 works
  3. 3 Shazim Ali Memon #24,150 worldwide 9.8k citations · 153 works
  4. 4 Anas Hajar #24,262 worldwide 1.1k citations · 125 works
  5. 5 Mayowa Tosin Babalola #43,099 worldwide 3.7k citations · 74 works

Slovakia

  1. 1 Marek Majdán #18,656 worldwide 132k citations · 247 works
  2. 2 P. Strmeň #43,782 worldwide 21k citations · 304 works
  3. 3 Frantíšek Máliš #78,042 worldwide 4.2k citations · 92 works
  4. 4 B. Sitár #105,002 worldwide 12k citations · 110 works
  5. 5 Beáta Gavurová #106,962 worldwide 7.5k citations · 416 works