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Kosovo vs Romania

On research quality in 2022-now, Romania ranks #41 in the world and Kosovo #128, of 189 countries. Kosovo stands higher in 0 of the 25 fields both publish in, Romania in 25.

Research profiles alike: 0.73very similar shapes of research, whatever their size. How it is measured

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Kosovo

World rank, 2022-now
#128
#161 all time
Works, 2022-now
3.6k
fractional
Top-10% rate
8.1%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
74%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: General Energy, Cultural Studies, Economics and Econometrics.

Romania

World rank, 2022-now
#41
#61 all time
Works, 2022-now
85k
fractional
Top-10% rate
9.1%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
58%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: General Energy, Orthodontics, Music.

Who leads, measure by measure?

Romania leads on 5 of 9 measures: research quality, citation excellence for its fields, output, top-10% rate and citations per work. Kosovo leads on 3 of 9 measures: open access, international co-authorship and growth. The two are level on institutions in the world top 100.

Kosovo 31 level5 Romania
  1. #128Research qualityworld rank of 189 countries, 2022-now#41
  2. 0.58×Citation excellence for its fieldsits top-10% rate against what its topics predict; 1.00× is as expected1.10×
  3. 3.6kOutputfractional works, 2022-now85k
  4. 8.1%Top-10% rateshare of its works among the world's most cited9.1%
  5. 4.8Citations per workall time, per fractional work7.8
  6. 0World top 100institutions it holds among the world's best 1000
  7. 74%Open accessof its works free to read, all time58%
  8. 28%Internationalof its works written with co-authors abroad, all time17%
  9. +22%Growthworks in 2022-25 against 2018-21; half a bar is no change+9%

A rank is drawn as its standing: the longer the bar, the nearer the top. Anything else is drawn against the larger of the two, and two values a hair apart are called level. Quality, citation excellence and the top-10% rate are explained in the methodology.

Who leads in each field?

Kosovo stands higher in 0 of 25 fields, Romania in 25. Romania leads most in Medicine (#55 against #138). Each bar is that side's standing among all countries ranked in the field: the full bar is first place.

Kosovo 025 Romania
  1. -Agricultural and Biological Sciences#53
  2. -Arts and Humanities#49
  3. -Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology#48
  4. #93Business, Management and Accounting#55
  5. -Chemical Engineering#37
  6. -Chemistry#51
  7. #98Computer Science#55
  8. -Decision Sciences#48
  9. -Dentistry#33
  10. -Earth and Planetary Sciences#39
  11. #68Economics, Econometrics and Finance#55
  12. -Energy#51
  13. #109Engineering#53
  14. -Environmental Science#43
  15. -Health Professions#53
  16. -Immunology and Microbiology#44
  17. -Materials Science#47
  18. -Mathematics#41
  19. #138Medicine#55
  20. -Neuroscience#46
  21. -Nursing#46
  22. -Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics#34
  23. -Physics and Astronomy#42
  24. -Psychology#51
  25. #94Social Sciences#61

Standing is the percentile of world rank within each field, 2022-now; the printed number is the rank itself. A dash means the field is too small there to rank. How sides are compared.

The numbers behind each field

Click a heading to sort. The side that does better in a pair of columns is shaded: a lower rank, a higher rate, more works.

Field Kosovo rankRomania rank Kosovo top 10%Romania top 10% Kosovo worksRomania works
Agricultural and Biological Sciences - #53 - 11.6% - 3.8k
Arts and Humanities - #49 - 6.7% - 4k
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology - #48 - 12.2% - 3k
Business, Management and Accounting #93 #55 8.2% 7.6% 249 3.7k
Chemical Engineering - #37 - 5.1% - 263
Chemistry - #51 - 8.7% - 1k
Computer Science #98 #55 7.3% 7.2% 241 6.1k
Decision Sciences - #48 - 9.3% - 1k
Dentistry - #33 - 14.8% - 1k
Earth and Planetary Sciences - #39 - 8.3% - 1.2k
Economics, Econometrics and Finance #68 #55 12.1% 8.7% 318 3k
Energy - #51 - 6.5% - 862
Engineering #109 #53 6.4% 5.8% 256 13k
Environmental Science - #43 - 8.9% - 4.1k
Health Professions - #53 - 11.9% - 1.7k
Immunology and Microbiology - #44 - 13.1% - 608
Materials Science - #47 - 7.0% - 2.7k
Mathematics - #41 - 10.7% - 1.7k
Medicine #138 #55 3.3% 13.6% 511 16k
Neuroscience - #46 - 11.2% - 961
Nursing - #46 - 16.8% - 398
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics - #34 - 16.6% - 276
Physics and Astronomy - #42 - 6.4% - 1.4k
Psychology - #51 - 9.0% - 2.7k
Social Sciences #94 #61 9.6% 6.9% 801 10k

What is each known for?

The keywords that describe each side's research, by fractional works in 2022-now and weighted toward what it does more of than the world.

Kosovo

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Sustainable Development204▲ 3.2×72 topics
  2. Economic Growth175▲ 5.3×30 topics
  3. Globalization168▲ 2.1×91 topics
  4. Epidemiology159◆ 0.98×115 topics
  5. Identity123▲ 4.2×31 topics
  6. Sustainability122▲ 1.23×81 topics
  7. Ethnicity122▲ 8.0×12 topics
  8. Nationalism120▲ 6.6×14 topics
  9. Education111▲ 1.59×63 topics
  10. Conflict107▲ 16×8 topics
  11. Religion106▲ 5.6×17 topics
  12. Balkans105▲ 112×2 topics
  13. Regional Development104▲ 7.5×12 topics
  14. Human Rights102▲ 2.5×63 topics
  15. Financial Performance99▲ 4.3×14 topics
  16. Mental Health98▲ 1.68×38 topics
  17. Memory94▲ 9.5×10 topics
  18. Eastern Europe92▲ 43×2 topics
  19. Innovation92▲ 2.2×49 topics
  20. Post-war91▲ 192×1 topic
  21. Yugoslavia91▲ 192×1 topic
  22. Renewable Energy91▲ 1.55×42 topics
  23. Organizational Culture88▲ 5.7×10 topics
  24. Economic Development77▲ 2.4×32 topics
  25. Small and Medium Enterprises71▲ 9.9×8 topics
  26. Innovation Management70▲ 11×5 topics
  27. Agricultural Sustainability68▲ 15×5 topics
  28. Leadership Emergence67▲ 120×1 topic
  29. Rural Tourism67▲ 53×1 topic
  30. Global Governance57▲ 5.8×20 topics
  31. Labor Market55▲ 4.8×13 topics
  32. International Relations55▲ 5.5×23 topics
  33. Governance54▲ 4.1×12 topics
  34. Fiscal Policy52▲ 6.2×9 topics
  35. Nation-Building48▲ 22×4 topics
  36. Geopolitics41▲ 6.7×8 topics
  37. Sovereignty41▲ 11×9 topics
  38. International Trade40▲ 7.1×8 topics
  39. Foreign Policy40▲ 26×3 topics
  40. Institutional Quality39▲ 9.1×3 topics

Romania

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Epidemiology3,763◆ 1.00×140 topics
  2. Sustainability3,280▲ 1.41×137 topics
  3. Machine Learning2,912◆ 0.92×97 topics
  4. Climate Change2,713◆ 1.05×129 topics
  5. Deep Learning2,665▼ 0.81×85 topics
  6. Globalization2,600▲ 1.39×176 topics
  7. Renewable Energy2,190▲ 1.60×60 topics
  8. Inflammation2,092◆ 1.04×83 topics
  9. Sustainable Development2,054▲ 1.38×109 topics
  10. Environmental Impact1,995▲ 1.23×73 topics
  11. Artificial Intelligence1,769▲ 1.31×67 topics
  12. Education1,636◆ 1.00×155 topics
  13. Oxidative Stress1,524◆ 0.98×63 topics
  14. Economic Growth1,476▲ 1.91×36 topics
  15. Innovation1,410▲ 1.44×88 topics
  16. Quality of Life1,338◆ 0.98×61 topics
  17. Neural Networks1,301◆ 0.89×42 topics
  18. Biomedical Applications1,283◆ 1.14×36 topics
  19. Energy Efficiency1,242▲ 1.42×45 topics
  20. Human Rights1,237▲ 1.27×90 topics
  21. COVID-191,236◆ 1.00×34 topics
  22. Social Media1,232◆ 0.94×41 topics
  23. Identity1,231▲ 1.79×78 topics
  24. Cardiovascular Disease1,225◆ 1.13×39 topics
  25. Treatment1,201◆ 1.04×52 topics
  26. Supply Chain Management1,200▲ 1.41×27 topics
  27. Mental Health1,199◆ 0.88×48 topics
  28. Big Data1,164▲ 1.28×37 topics
  29. Internet of Things1,149▲ 1.41×33 topics
  30. Mechanical Properties1,136▲ 1.22×39 topics
  31. Risk Factors1,082◆ 1.04×37 topics
  32. Environmental Management962▲ 2.5×23 topics
  33. Literature910▲ 1.75×62 topics
  34. Security909▲ 1.43×31 topics
  35. Ethics892▲ 1.86×60 topics
  36. Tissue Engineering846▲ 1.47×13 topics
  37. European Union631▲ 3.0×29 topics
  38. International Relations591▲ 2.6×29 topics
  39. Regional Disparities397▲ 8.9×2 topics
  40. Social Perception355▲ 8.9×4 topics

Size is fractional works in the topics tagged with each word; colour is the word's share of the side's work against its share of the world's. Each word links to the topic it comes from most.

How has their output grown?

Romania has out-published Kosovo every year since 1980.

still counting10k20k30kRomania23k in 2025Kosovo1,052 in 20251990200020102020

Fractional works per year.

Their share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share, because all of science grows. Each line is a side as a percentage of every work published that year.

still counting0.20%0.40%0.60%Romania0.38% in 2025Kosovo0.018% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

The share of each side's works, year by year, that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. The average of all institutions is 10.0% (why not 10%).

still counting5%10%15%Romania11.2% in 2025Kosovo8.0% in 2025200020102020

A year with under 1% of the side's peak output is left out: a rate over a handful of papers says nothing. The latest years are still being cited.

Who holds more of the world's best institutions?

A country's average quality and the number of institutions it holds at the very top can disagree, and both are worth knowing. The counts are nested: an institution in the top 50 is also in the top 100.

Kosovo 05 level0 Romania
  1. 0In the world top 500
  2. 0In the top 1000
  3. 0In the top 5000
  4. 0In the top 1,0000
  5. #51Elite capacityrank among 204 countries#51

Institutions ranked on research quality, 2022-now. Elite capacity counts a country's institutions by their worldwide rank, weighted so a place at #1 counts for more than one at #480.

Which publishes more research, Kosovo or Romania?

Romania publishes 23.7× as much research as Kosovo in 2022-now (85k against 3.6k fractional works).

Whose research has more impact, Kosovo or Romania?

9.1% of Romania's research reaches the world's top 10% most cited, against 8.1% for Kosovo.

Is Kosovo or Romania growing faster?

Output in 2022-25 was +22% against 2018-21 for Kosovo, and +9% for Romania.

Which has more open access research, Kosovo or Romania?

74% of Kosovo's research is free to read, against 58% of Romania's.

Which has more world-class institutions, Kosovo or Romania?

Kosovo holds 0 of the world's top 100 research institutions and Romania 0; in the top 1,000 it is 0 against 0.

Which institutions lead in each country?

The highest-ranked institutions on each side on research quality, 2022-now. The percentage is each institution's own top-10% rate: the share of its works that are among the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. Every figure stands alone, so they do not add up to 100%.

Kosovo

  1. 1University of Prishtina8.3% top 10% · 1.9k works
  2. 2University for Business and Technology9.9% top 10% · 507 works
  3. 3AAB College7.7% top 10% · 332 works
  4. 4University Clinical Center of Kosovo6.7% top 10% · 575 works
  5. 5Rochester Institute of Technology Kosovo6.7% top 10% · 152 works
  6. 6Kosovo Telecom (Kosovo)5.8% top 10% · 88 works

Romania

  1. 1Ministry of Education19.4% top 10% · 712 works
  2. 2Bucharest University of Economic Studies8.5% top 10% · 3.5k works
  3. 3University of Oradea13.0% top 10% · 1.8k works
  4. 4West University of Timişoara9.2% top 10% · 1.9k works
  5. 5Ştefan cel Mare University of Suceava8.1% top 10% · 1.7k works
  6. 6Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu11.1% top 10% · 1.8k works

The number is the rank inside the country. The track on each row is the top-10% rate; the tick is the average of all institutions, 10.0% (how it is set): teal above it, red below. The ranking is the quality score, which compares the rate with what each institution's own topics predict and adds a small reward for size, so the rates do not fall in order.

Who are the top researchers on each side?

The most cited researchers on each side, among those ranked.

Kosovo

  1. 1 Lul Raka #152,106 worldwide 8.6k citations · 100 works
  2. 2 Gani Bajraktari #349,991 worldwide 53k citations · 239 works
  3. 3 Shpend Elezi #506,177 worldwide 33k citations · 107 works
  4. 4 Hyrije Koraqi #549,076 worldwide 962 citations · 56 works
  5. 5 Arianit Jakupi #576,652 worldwide 1.2k citations · 27 works

Romania

  1. 1 D. Felea #4,035 worldwide 23k citations · 200 works
  2. 2 Ovidiu Chioncel #4,732 worldwide 55k citations · 351 works
  3. 3 Robert Ancuceanu #6,028 worldwide 74k citations · 151 works
  4. 4 Ionuţ Negoi #7,120 worldwide 154k citations · 380 works
  5. 5 Bogdan Oancea #7,278 worldwide 85k citations · 215 works