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Mali vs Uganda

On research quality in 2022-now, Uganda ranks #47 in the world and Mali #118, of 189 countries. Mali stands higher in 0 of the 13 fields both publish in, Uganda in 13.

Research profiles alike: 0.85very similar shapes of research, whatever their size. How it is measured

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Mali

World rank, 2022-now
#118
#81 all time
Works, 2022-now
1.9k
fractional
Top-10% rate
5.0%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
62%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: Medical Terminology, Forestry, Horticulture.

Uganda

World rank, 2022-now
#47
#49 all time
Works, 2022-now
13k
fractional
Top-10% rate
9.5%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
71%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: Virology, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Infectious Diseases.

Who leads, measure by measure?

Uganda leads on 6 of 9 measures: research quality, excellence for its fields, output, top-10% rate, open access and growth. Mali leads on 1 of 9 measures: international co-authorship. The two are level on citations per work and institutions in the world top 100.

Mali 12 level6 Uganda
  1. #118Research qualityworld rank of 189 countries, 2022-now#47
  2. 0.56×Excellence for its fieldsits top-10% rate against what its topics predict; 1.00× is as expected1.05×
  3. 1.9kOutputfractional works, 2022-now13k
  4. 5.0%Top-10% rateshare of its works among the world's most cited9.5%
  5. 14.4Citations per workall time, per fractional work14.5
  6. 0World top 100institutions it holds among the world's best 1000
  7. 62%Open accessof its works free to read, all time71%
  8. 46%Internationalof its works written with co-authors abroad, all time41%
  9. +9%Growthworks in 2022-25 against 2018-21; half a bar is no change+75%

A rank is drawn as its standing: the longer the bar, the nearer the top. Anything else is drawn against the larger of the two, and two values a hair apart are called level. Quality, excellence and the top-10% rate are explained in the methodology.

Who leads in each field?

Mali stands higher in 0 of 13 fields, Uganda in 13. Uganda leads most in Social Sciences (#54 against #119). Each bar is that side's standing among all countries ranked in the field: the full bar is first place.

Mali 013 Uganda
  1. #73Agricultural and Biological Sciences#46
  2. -Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology#58
  3. -Business, Management and Accounting#52
  4. -Computer Science#66
  5. -Economics, Econometrics and Finance#58
  6. -Engineering#63
  7. -Environmental Science#64
  8. -Health Professions#35
  9. -Immunology and Microbiology#31
  10. #88Medicine#35
  11. -Nursing#33
  12. -Psychology#49
  13. #119Social Sciences#54

Standing is the percentile of world rank within each field, 2022-now; the printed number is the rank itself. A dash means the field is too small there to rank. How sides are compared.

The numbers behind each field

Click a heading to sort. The side that does better in a pair of columns is shaded: a lower rank, a higher rate, more works.

Field Mali rankUganda rank Mali top 10%Uganda top 10% Mali worksUganda works
Agricultural and Biological Sciences #73 #46 7.4% 10.4% 261 1k
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology - #58 - 9.6% - 384
Business, Management and Accounting - #52 - 7.9% - 793
Computer Science - #66 - 9.8% - 458
Economics, Econometrics and Finance - #58 - 6.4% - 502
Engineering - #63 - 11.9% - 529
Environmental Science - #64 - 7.4% - 779
Health Professions - #35 - 11.5% - 683
Immunology and Microbiology - #31 - 12.1% - 293
Medicine #88 #35 2.6% 10.5% 792 3.7k
Nursing - #33 - 9.3% - 222
Psychology - #49 - 8.7% - 477
Social Sciences #119 #54 6.9% 8.0% 221 2.1k

What is each known for?

The keywords that describe each side's research, by fractional works in 2022-now and weighted toward what it does more of than the world.

Mali

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Epidemiology278▲ 3.2×126 topics
  2. Climate Change132▲ 2.2×76 topics
  3. Public Health110▲ 3.5×54 topics
  4. Sustainability107▲ 2.0×62 topics
  5. Smallholder Farmers101▲ 22×6 topics
  6. Adaptation77▲ 12×9 topics
  7. Diagnosis76▲ 3.7×38 topics
  8. Treatment69▲ 2.6×44 topics
  9. Agroecology64▲ 21×3 topics
  10. Vaccine Development64▲ 11×11 topics
  11. Agricultural Development62▲ 18×5 topics
  12. Diversity61▲ 16×5 topics
  13. Multifunctionality61▲ 60×2 topics
  14. Livestock Farming61▲ 47×3 topics
  15. Global Burden61▲ 5.1×12 topics
  16. Work Organization60▲ 72×1 topic
  17. Maternal Mortality58▲ 12×5 topics
  18. Immune Response57▲ 4.6×17 topics
  19. Sustainable Agriculture53▲ 7.8×12 topics
  20. Pathogenesis50▲ 4.4×22 topics
  21. Vaccine48▲ 5.5×11 topics
  22. Primary Care44▲ 5.4×12 topics
  23. Health Inequalities44▲ 16×3 topics
  24. Community Health Workers43▲ 22×2 topics
  25. Socio-economic Factors43▲ 18×3 topics
  26. Social Determinants of Health42▲ 8.9×6 topics
  27. Child Mortality42▲ 27×1 topic
  28. Health Systems42▲ 27×1 topic
  29. Insecticide Resistance40▲ 23×4 topics
  30. Genome Sequence39▲ 21×4 topics
  31. Digital Health37▲ 15×3 topics
  32. Healthcare Policy36▲ 18×3 topics
  33. Artemisinin Resistance36▲ 49×1 topic
  34. Plasmodium falciparum36▲ 49×1 topic
  35. Healthcare Management35▲ 20×2 topics
  36. Healthcare Quality Indicators34▲ 27×2 topics
  37. Inequalities34▲ 49×1 topic
  38. Universal Health Coverage34▲ 49×1 topic
  39. Maternal and Child Undernutrition31▲ 17×1 topic
  40. Water Sanitation Hygiene31▲ 17×1 topic

Uganda

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Epidemiology1,464▲ 2.4×135 topics
  2. Sustainability576▲ 1.52×105 topics
  3. Climate Change570▲ 1.35×104 topics
  4. Antiretroviral Therapy528▲ 21×6 topics
  5. Public Health472▲ 2.1×63 topics
  6. Globalization448▲ 1.47×113 topics
  7. Maternal Mortality443▲ 13×5 topics
  8. Vaccine430▲ 6.9×11 topics
  9. Immune Response417▲ 4.7×23 topics
  10. Risk Factors396▲ 2.3×37 topics
  11. Mental Health380▲ 1.71×45 topics
  12. Community Health Workers376▲ 27×2 topics
  13. Health Inequalities348▲ 18×5 topics
  14. Global Burden341▲ 4.0×12 topics
  15. Socio-economic Factors339▲ 20×3 topics
  16. Child Mortality336▲ 30×1 topic
  17. Health Systems336▲ 30×1 topic
  18. Diagnosis323▲ 2.2×40 topics
  19. Mortality Rates307▲ 21×2 topics
  20. Drug Resistance293▲ 6.5×9 topics
  21. HIV Transmission287▲ 24×2 topics
  22. Social Capital277▲ 3.4×19 topics
  23. Viral Load273▲ 23×2 topics
  24. Genetic Diversity272▲ 4.0×21 topics
  25. Poverty Reduction271▲ 13×6 topics
  26. Child Development268▲ 4.2×8 topics
  27. Pathogenesis263▲ 3.3×24 topics
  28. Preexposure Prophylaxis259▲ 34×1 topic
  29. Stigma and Discrimination259▲ 34×1 topic
  30. Vaccine Development259▲ 6.5×11 topics
  31. Global Burden of Disease229▲ 6.0×4 topics
  32. Smallholder Farmers196▲ 6.0×6 topics
  33. HIV Infection194▲ 12×4 topics
  34. Gender Inequality191▲ 8.9×6 topics
  35. Maternal and Child Undernutrition189▲ 15×1 topic
  36. Water Sanitation Hygiene189▲ 15×1 topic
  37. HIV Prevention179▲ 20×2 topics
  38. Global Health174▲ 7.2×8 topics
  39. HIV173▲ 13×4 topics
  40. Adolescent Health170▲ 13×3 topics

Size is fractional works in the topics tagged with each word; colour is the word's share of the side's work against its share of the world's. Each word links to the topic it comes from most.

How has their output grown?

Uganda has out-published Mali every year since 1990, when it overtook it.

still counting2k4k6kUganda4,088 in 2025Mali378 in 20251990200020102020

Fractional works per year.

Their share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share, because all of science grows. Each line is a side as a percentage of every work published that year.

still counting0.025%0.050%0.075%Uganda0.069% in 2025Mali0.0064% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

The share of each side's works, year by year, that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. The average of all institutions is 10.0% (why not 10%).

still counting10%20%Uganda9.8% in 2025Mali6.6% in 2025200020102020

A year with under 1% of the side's peak output is left out: a rate over a handful of papers says nothing. The latest years are still being cited.

Who holds more of the world's best institutions?

A country's average quality and the number of institutions it holds at the very top can disagree, and both are worth knowing. The counts are nested: an institution in the top 50 is also in the top 100.

Mali 03 level2 Uganda
  1. 0In the world top 500
  2. 0In the top 1000
  3. 0In the top 5000
  4. 0In the top 1,0001
  5. #51Elite capacityrank among 204 countries#44

Institutions ranked on research quality, 2022-now. Elite capacity counts a country's institutions by their worldwide rank, weighted so a place at #1 counts for more than one at #480.

Which publishes more research, Mali or Uganda?

Uganda publishes 6.6× as much research as Mali in 2022-now (13k against 1.9k fractional works).

Whose research has more impact, Mali or Uganda?

9.5% of Uganda's research reaches the world's top 10% most cited, against 5.0% for Mali.

Is Mali or Uganda growing faster?

Output in 2022-25 was +75% against 2018-21 for Uganda, and +9% for Mali.

Which has more open access research, Mali or Uganda?

71% of Uganda's research is free to read, against 62% of Mali's.

Which has more world-class institutions, Mali or Uganda?

Mali holds 0 of the world's top 100 research institutions and Uganda 0; in the top 1,000 it is 0 against 1.

Which institutions lead in each country?

The highest-ranked institutions on each side on research quality, 2022-now. The percentage is each institution's own top-10% rate: the share of its works that are among the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. Every figure stands alone, so they do not add up to 100%.

Uganda

  1. 1Makerere University9.6% top 10% · 3.7k works
  2. 2Kampala International University12.9% top 10% · 1.4k works
  3. 3Mbarara University of Science and Technology9.8% top 10% · 741 works
  4. 4Kyambogo University6.5% top 10% · 574 works
  5. 5Gulu University9.0% top 10% · 426 works
  6. 6Kabale University8.8% top 10% · 337 works

The number is the rank inside the country. The track on each row is the top-10% rate; the tick is the average of all institutions, 10.0% (how it is set): teal above it, red below. The ranking is the quality score, which compares the rate with what each institution's own topics predict and adds a small reward for size, so the rates do not fall in order.

Who are the top researchers on each side?

The most cited researchers on each side, among those ranked.

Mali

  1. 1 Samba Ousmane Sow #66,530 worldwide 20k citations · 379 works
  2. 2 Robert B. Zougmoré #67,997 worldwide 8.3k citations · 341 works
  3. 3 Ogobara K. Doumbo #80,129 worldwide 33k citations · 514 works
  4. 4 Boubou Tamboura #86,714 worldwide 10k citations · 63 works
  5. 5 Kassoum Kayentao #103,548 worldwide 9k citations · 217 works

Uganda

  1. 1 Mahadih Kyambade #22,796 worldwide 818 citations · 67 works
  2. 2 Afulah Namatovu #24,940 worldwide 658 citations · 49 works
  3. 3 Adoke Yeka #39,181 worldwide 5.6k citations · 116 works
  4. 4 Jimmy Opigo #56,186 worldwide 2.3k citations · 144 works
  5. 5 Moses Robert Kamya #68,808 worldwide 28k citations · 864 works