Science Explorer Back to mapMap
Discussion
University · Kazan’ · Russia

Kazan State Technological University

In research, Kazan State Technological University stands highest in Materials Science (#1,978 of 2,276 worldwide), Organic Chemistry (#605 of 618 worldwide) and Chemistry (#1,279 of 1,299 worldwide), 2022-now. Relative to its size it is most specialised in General Materials Science and Polymers and Plastics (General Materials Science is 67.4× its share of world research).

kstu.kstu.ru/knrtu/news.jspROR OpenAlex
World rank, 2022-now
#22,071
of 22,385 · #34,846 all time
Rank in Russia
#696
of 735
Research works
5.1k
◆ 2% vs 2018-21
Citations
22k
4.3 per fractional work
Top-10% rate
3.6%
all institutions 10.0%
vs its own fields
0.44×
1.00× is exactly expected
Open access
32%
world 40%
International
6%
world 18%
Kazan State Technological University

What is Kazan State Technological University known for in research?

The fields where it stands highest, 2022-now, ranked among every institution above the floor in each field.

FieldWorld rankWhere that sitsTop-10% rateWorksAll time
Materials ScienceField #1,978 of 2,276 1.6%216 #2828
Organic ChemistrySubfield #605 of 618 1.2%81 #1783
ChemistryField #1,279 of 1,299 1.5%154 #2815
Biomedical EngineeringSubfield #1,525 of 1,539 1.8%92 #2379
Mechanical EngineeringSubfield #1,311 of 1,319 1.7%112 #2271
EngineeringField #5,866 of 5,901 2.2%453 #8533
Social SciencesDomain #9,533 of 9,585 8.1%220 #14263
Life SciencesDomain #6,377 of 6,403 3.7%87 #10959
Social SciencesField #5,975 of 5,988 8.2%112 #9243
Physical SciencesDomain #10,647 of 10,670 2.3%1,057 #17321

Each strip is that field's whole ranked pool, with the notch where Kazan State Technological University sits in it, in the colour of the band that rank falls in. The track under the rate is the rate itself: it carries no average mark, because the average differs by field (from about 6% in Dentistry to 21% in Economics).

Which of those standings moved

The same fields on both windows: where it stood over the whole record, and where it stands in 2022-now. The distance is the story, and it is the one thing the two rank columns above cannot show.

  1. Materials Science#2,828 #1,978
  2. Organic Chemistry#1,783 #605
  3. Chemistry#2,815 #1,279
  4. Biomedical Engineering#2,379 #1,525
  5. Mechanical Engineering#2,271 #1,311
  6. Engineering#8,533 #5,866
  7. Social Sciences#14,263 #9,533
  8. Life Sciences#10,959 #6,377
  9. Social Sciences#9,243 #5,975
  10. Physical Sciences#17,321 #10,647
all time2022-now, better2022-now, worse

A dot further right is a better standing. Fields it was not ranked in over the whole record are left out.

Which fields of science does Kazan State Technological University work in?

In 2022-now, 74% of research at Kazan State Technological University is in Physical Sciences, 16% in Social Sciences. Its largest fields are Engineering (31%), Materials Science (15%), Chemistry (11%). It does 1.9× the world's share of Physical Sciences.

Physical Sciences: 1,153 fractional works · 73.7% of its workEngineering: 490 fractional works · 31.3% of its workMechanical Engineering: 124 fractional works · 7.9% of its workBiomedical Engineering: 101 fractional works · 6.4% of its workComputational Mechanics: 44 fractional works · 2.8% of its workElectrical and Electronic Engineering: 42 fractional works · 2.7% of its workMechanics of Materials: 38 fractional works · 2.5% of its workOcean Engineering: 35 fractional works · 2.3% of its workIndustrial and Manufacturing Engineering: 27 fractional works · 1.7% of its workControl and Systems Engineering: 24 fractional works · 1.5% of its workBuilding and Construction: 17 fractional works · 1.1% of its workAerospace Engineering: 13 fractional works · 0.8% of its workCivil and Structural Engineering: 12 fractional works · 0.8% of its workAutomotive Engineering: 5 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSafety, Risk, Reliability and Quality: 4 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 3 fractional works · 0.2% of its workMaterials Science: 236 fractional works · 15.1% of its workMaterials Chemistry: 86 fractional works · 5.5% of its workPolymers and Plastics: 67 fractional works · 4.3% of its workGeneral Materials Science: 46 fractional works · 2.9% of its workBiomaterials: 20 fractional works · 1.3% of its workElectronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials: 12 fractional works · 0.8% of its workSurfaces, Coatings and Films: 4 fractional works · 0.2% of its workChemistry: 168 fractional works · 10.7% of its workOrganic Chemistry: 89 fractional works · 5.7% of its workAnalytical Chemistry: 25 fractional works · 1.6% of its workSpectroscopy: 24 fractional works · 1.6% of its workInorganic Chemistry: 16 fractional works · 1.0% of its workPhysical and Theoretical Chemistry: 11 fractional works · 0.7% of its workSmaller subfields together: 3 fractional works · 0.2% of its workComputer Science: 116 fractional works · 7.4% of its workInformation Systems: 90 fractional works · 5.8% of its workArtificial Intelligence: 10 fractional works · 0.6% of its workComputer Networks and Communications: 6 fractional works · 0.4% of its workComputer Science Applications: 3 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 7 fractional works · 0.5% of its workEnvironmental Science: 65 fractional works · 4.2% of its workWater Science and Technology: 18 fractional works · 1.2% of its workManagement, Monitoring, Policy and Law: 13 fractional works · 0.8% of its workEnvironmental Engineering: 9 fractional works · 0.6% of its workIndustrial and Manufacturing Engineering: 8 fractional works · 0.5% of its workPollution: 6 fractional works · 0.4% of its workEnvironmental Chemistry: 5 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 6 fractional works · 0.4% of its workChemical Engineering: 29 fractional works · 1.8% of its workCatalysis: 12 fractional works · 0.8% of its workFluid Flow and Transfer Processes: 6 fractional works · 0.4% of its workProcess Chemistry and Technology: 6 fractional works · 0.4% of its workSmaller subfields together: 4 fractional works · 0.3% of its workEnergy: 24 fractional works · 1.5% of its workRenewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment: 16 fractional works · 1.0% of its workFuel Technology: 6 fractional works · 0.4% of its workSmaller subfields together: 2 fractional works · 0.1% of its workPhysics and Astronomy: 9 fractional works · 0.6% of its workAtomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics: 5 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 4 fractional works · 0.3% of its workEarth and Planetary Sciences: 8 fractional works · 0.5% of its workMathematics: 8 fractional works · 0.5% of its workSocial Sciences: 248 fractional works · 15.8% of its workSocial Sciences: 123 fractional works · 7.9% of its workEducation: 41 fractional works · 2.7% of its workSociology and Political Science: 23 fractional works · 1.5% of its workDevelopment: 19 fractional works · 1.2% of its workPolitical Science and International Relations: 8 fractional works · 0.5% of its workDemography: 8 fractional works · 0.5% of its workHealth: 6 fractional works · 0.4% of its workTransportation: 4 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSafety Research: 3 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 11 fractional works · 0.7% of its workBusiness, Management and Accounting: 55 fractional works · 3.5% of its workStrategy and Management: 27 fractional works · 1.7% of its workManagement of Technology and Innovation: 22 fractional works · 1.4% of its workManagement Information Systems: 5 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 1 fractional works · 0.0% of its workEconomics, Econometrics and Finance: 37 fractional works · 2.4% of its workEconomics and Econometrics: 23 fractional works · 1.5% of its workGeneral Economics, Econometrics and Finance: 14 fractional works · 0.9% of its workPsychology: 15 fractional works · 1.0% of its workDevelopmental and Educational Psychology: 7 fractional works · 0.5% of its workClinical Psychology: 3 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 5 fractional works · 0.3% of its workArts and Humanities: 10 fractional works · 0.6% of its workArcheology: 3 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 6 fractional works · 0.4% of its workDecision Sciences: 7 fractional works · 0.5% of its workManagement Science and Operations Research: 5 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 3 fractional works · 0.2% of its workLife Sciences: 98 fractional works · 6.3% of its workAgricultural and Biological Sciences: 59 fractional works · 3.7% of its workFood Science: 32 fractional works · 2.0% of its workPlant Science: 11 fractional works · 0.7% of its workGeneral Agricultural and Biological Sciences: 4 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 12 fractional works · 0.8% of its workBiochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology: 29 fractional works · 1.8% of its workMolecular Biology: 20 fractional works · 1.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 8 fractional works · 0.5% of its workPharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics: 8 fractional works · 0.5% of its workPharmaceutical Science: 7 fractional works · 0.5% of its workSmaller subfields together: 1 fractional works · 0.1% of its workImmunology and Microbiology: 1 fractional works · 0.1% of its workNeuroscience: 1 fractional works · 0.1% of its workHealth Sciences: 66 fractional works · 4.2% of its workMedicine: 48 fractional works · 3.1% of its workComplementary and alternative medicine: 5 fractional works · 0.3% of its workOncology: 5 fractional works · 0.3% of its workPharmacology: 5 fractional works · 0.3% of its workAnatomy: 4 fractional works · 0.3% of its workRadiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging: 4 fractional works · 0.2% of its workBiochemistry: 3 fractional works · 0.2% of its workPublic Health, Environmental and Occupational Health: 3 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 19 fractional works · 1.2% of its workNursing: 11 fractional works · 0.7% of its workNutrition and Dietetics: 11 fractional works · 0.7% of its workHealth Professions: 6 fractional works · 0.4% of its workPhysical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation: 3 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 3 fractional works · 0.2% of its workDentistry: 1 fractional works · 0.0% of its workALL ITS WORKKazan StateTechnological…1,564fractional works, 2022-now
Life Sciences6%Physical Sciences74%Health Sciences4%Social Sciences16%

Each ring splits the one inside it: the four domains of science, their fields, their subfields. Size is fractional works in 2022-now. Every slice is a page; the interactive view zooms down to single topics and colours each by how much more of it this institution does than the world.

Its 4 domains and 26 fields, with their numbers
    1. Engineering49031.3%
    2. Materials Science23615.1%
    3. Chemistry16810.7%
    4. Computer Science1167.4%
    5. Environmental Science654.2%
    6. Chemical Engineering291.8%
    7. Energy241.5%
    8. Physics and Astronomy90.6%
    9. Earth and Planetary Sciences80.5%
    10. Mathematics80.5%
    1. Social Sciences1237.9%
    2. Business, Management and Accounting553.5%
    3. Economics, Econometrics and Finance372.4%
    4. Psychology151.0%
    5. Arts and Humanities100.6%
    6. Decision Sciences70.5%
    1. Agricultural and Biological Sciences593.7%
    2. Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology291.8%
    3. Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics80.5%
    4. Immunology and Microbiology10.1%
    5. Neuroscience10.1%
    1. Medicine483.1%
    2. Nursing110.7%
    3. Health Professions60.4%
    4. Dentistry10.0%
    5. Veterinary00.0%
All of science, and how each field's share has moved since 1950: the Science domain explorer

What does Kazan State Technological University specialise in?

Where its research is concentrated relative to its size: General Materials Science takes 67.4× the share of its output that it takes of world research.

  1. General Materials ScienceSubfield · 46.0 works67×
  2. Polymers and PlasticsSubfield · 66.8 works11×
← less than its size predicts1×more →

Location quotient, a volume reading rather than an impact one. It surfaces small, lopsided specialities.

Field profile

Location quotient across every field it publishes in: outside the ring is more than an institution of this size would be expected to publish, inside it is less.

Agricultural and Biological Sciences: 0.79× its world share, 59 worksAgricultural and Bio…Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology: 0.34× its world share, 29 worksBiochemistry, Geneti…Immunology and Microbiology: 0.09× its world share, 1 worksImmunology and Micro…Neuroscience: 0.04× its world share, 1 worksNeurosciencePharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics: 1.51× its world share, 8 worksPharmacology, Toxico…Chemical Engineering: 5.28× its world share, 29 worksChemical EngineeringChemistry: 6.83× its world share, 168 worksChemistryComputer Science: 0.95× its world share, 116 worksComputer ScienceEarth and Planetary Sciences: 0.34× its world share, 8 worksEarth and Planetary …Energy: 1.67× its world share, 24 worksEnergyEngineering: 2.09× its world share, 490 worksEngineeringEnvironmental Science: 0.84× its world share, 65 worksEnvironmental ScienceMaterials Science: 4.32× its world share, 236 worksMaterials ScienceMathematics: 0.43× its world share, 8 worksMathematicsPhysics and Astronomy: 0.26× its world share, 9 worksPhysics and AstronomyDentistry: 0.09× its world share, 1 worksDentistryHealth Professions: 0.15× its world share, 6 worksHealth ProfessionsMedicine: 0.16× its world share, 48 worksMedicineNursing: 1.48× its world share, 11 worksNursingVeterinary: 0.08× its world share, 0 worksVeterinaryArts and Humanities: 0.22× its world share, 10 worksArts and HumanitiesBusiness, Management and Accounting: 1.09× its world share, 55 worksBusiness, Management…Decision Sciences: 0.49× its world share, 7 worksDecision SciencesEconomics, Econometrics and Finance: 1.11× its world share, 37 worksEconomics, Econometr…Psychology: 0.32× its world share, 15 worksPsychologySocial Sciences: 0.62× its world share, 124 worksSocial Sciences1×world share
more than its size predictsabout as predictedless

Rings at 0.5×, 1× and 2×. Widest outward: Chemistry, 6.8×. Every wedge is a field page.

All 26 fields, with their numbers
  1. Chemistry6.83×168 works
  2. Chemical Engineering5.28×29 works
  3. Materials Science4.32×236 works
  4. Engineering2.09×490 works
  5. Energy1.67×24 works
  6. Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics1.51×8 works
  7. Nursing1.48×11 works
  8. Economics, Econometrics and Finance1.11×37 works
  9. Business, Management and Accounting1.09×55 works
  10. Computer Science0.95×116 works
  11. Environmental Science0.84×65 works
  12. Agricultural and Biological Sciences0.79×59 works
  13. Social Sciences0.62×124 works
  14. Decision Sciences0.49×7 works
  15. Mathematics0.43×8 works
  16. Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology0.34×29 works
  17. Earth and Planetary Sciences0.34×8 works
  18. Psychology0.32×15 works
  19. Physics and Astronomy0.26×9 works
  20. Arts and Humanities0.22×10 works
  21. Medicine0.16×48 works
  22. Health Professions0.15×6 works
  23. Immunology and Microbiology0.09×1 works
  24. Dentistry0.09×1 works
  25. Veterinary0.08×0 works
  26. Neuroscience0.04×1 works

Who are the top researchers at Kazan State Technological University?

Ranked on the quality score, Michael D. Bronshtein, Ekaterina М. Zueva and Tamara T. Zinkicheva lead among researchers whose main affiliation is Kazan State Technological University.

  1. 1 Michael D. Bronshtein Russia · #3,075,182 worldwide 527 citations · 23 works
  2. 2 Ekaterina М. Zueva #4,453,336 worldwide 1.2k citations · 296 works
  3. 3 Tamara T. Zinkicheva Russia · #5,743,663 worldwide 461 citations · 46 works
  4. 4 Julia N. ZIYATDINOVA Russia · #5,966,960 worldwide 437 citations · 61 works
  5. 5 Renat R. Nazmutdinov Russia · #6,044,557 worldwide 2.8k citations · 157 works
  6. 6 Elmira Robertovna Khairullina Russia · #6,100,517 worldwide 606 citations · 80 works
  7. 7 Е. О. Михайлова Russia · #6,199,353 worldwide 1.3k citations · 45 works
  8. 8 Мaria М. Petrova #6,271,015 worldwide 222 citations · 61 works
  9. 9 Elena Yu. Girfanova Russia · #6,364,423 worldwide 75 citations · 15 works
  10. 10 Petr Nikolaevich Osipov Russia · #6,410,307 worldwide 275 citations · 50 works
All ranked researchers at Kazan State Technological University

What are the most cited papers from Kazan State Technological University?

The most cited paper from Kazan State Technological University is "Silver Nanoparticles: Mechanism of Action and Probable Bio-Application" (Е. О. Михайлова, 2020), with 630 citations. Next come "Drought effects on soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics in global natural ecosystems" (449) and "Nanoparticle Delivery Systems in the Treatment of Diabetes Complications" (238).

Most cited papers
#PaperReleasedCitations
1 Silver Nanoparticles: Mechanism of Action and Probable Bio-Application Е. О. Михайлова · Journal of Functional Biomaterials Open access 26 Nov 2020 630
2 Drought effects on soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics in global natural ecosystems Lei Deng, Changhui Peng, Dong‐Gill Kim et al. · Earth-Science Reviews 30 Dec 2020 449
3 Nanoparticle Delivery Systems in the Treatment of Diabetes Complications Eliana B. Souto, Selma B. Souto, Joana R. S. Campos et al. · Molecules Open access 20 Nov 2019 238
4 Tetrahedron report number 186 R. А. Cherkasov, Gennadiy A. Kutyrev, Arkady N. Pudovik · Tetrahedron 1985 218
5 Gold Nanoparticles: Biosynthesis and Potential of Biomedical Application Е. О. Михайлова · Journal of Functional Biomaterials Open access 3 Dec 2021 194
All 62 most cited papers, with filters and sorting

Which keywords describe research at Kazan State Technological University?

By fractional works in 2022-now, weighted toward what it does more of than the world: Sustainable Development, Digital Transformation, Educational Technology, E-Learning, Metal Nanoparticles, Nanoparticles, Energy Efficiency and Innovation.

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's

Size is fractional works in 2022-now in the topics tagged with each word; colour is the word's share of this institution's work against its share of the world's. The 40 words are chosen for being large and distinctive. Each links to the topic it comes from most.

All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Sustainable Development128▲ 5.2×36 topics
  2. Educational Technology104▲ 5.6×16 topics
  3. Digital Transformation103▲ 12×14 topics
  4. Nanoparticles93▲ 4.7×33 topics
  5. E-Learning90▲ 6.0×8 topics
  6. Energy Efficiency84▲ 5.8×28 topics
  7. Innovation84▲ 5.2×31 topics
  8. Metal Nanoparticles77▲ 31×6 topics
  9. Renewable Energy65▲ 2.9×33 topics
  10. Mechanical Properties62▲ 4.0×27 topics
  11. Digitalization61▲ 19×9 topics
  12. Catalysis60▲ 5.8×26 topics
  13. Sustainability58▲ 1.52×35 topics
  14. Nanomaterials56▲ 3.4×19 topics
  15. Biomedical Applications55▲ 3.0×31 topics
  16. Pedagogy54▲ 6.8×5 topics
  17. Higher Education52▲ 6.3×12 topics
  18. Distance Learning51▲ 9.4×6 topics
  19. Online Learning47▲ 3.6×8 topics
  20. Aerospace Applications46▲ 31×2 topics
  21. Nanocomposites46▲ 3.7×19 topics
  22. Adhesive Joints46▲ 43×2 topics
  23. Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics46▲ 91×1 topic
  24. Polymer Composite Materials46▲ 91×1 topic
  25. Online Education44▲ 14×2 topics
  26. Student Experience43▲ 60×1 topic
  27. University Management43▲ 60×1 topic
  28. Environmental Management43▲ 6.7×11 topics
  29. Regional Development41▲ 7.7×8 topics
  30. Synthesis38▲ 6.5×28 topics
  31. Polymer Nanocomposites37▲ 56×3 topics
  32. Technology33▲ 4.1×9 topics
  33. Circular Economy33▲ 7.7×8 topics
  34. Innovation Management29▲ 12×4 topics
  35. Digital Economy28▲ 9.1×12 topics
  36. Resource Efficiency28▲ 13×3 topics
  37. Ionic Liquids27▲ 6.2×10 topics
  38. Cyber-Physical Systems27▲ 6.5×5 topics
  39. Sustainable Energy25▲ 8.7×3 topics
  40. Numerical Modeling24▲ 15×4 topics

Which research topics does Kazan State Technological University publish most on?

By volume in 2022-now: Material Properties and Applications, Educational Innovations and Challenges, Advanced Theoretical and Applied Studies in Material Sciences and Geometry and Engineering and Environmental Studies.

Material Properties and Applications: 46 fractional worksEducational Innovations and Challenges: 43 fractional worksAdvanced Theoretical and Applied Studies in Material Sciences and Geometry: 22 fractional worksEngineering and Environmental Studies: 20 fractional worksEconomic and Technological Developments in Russia: 18 fractional worksForeign Language Teaching Methods: 18 fractional worksIndustrial Engineering a…17Industrial Engineering and Technologies: 17 fractional worksEconomic and Technologic…16Economic and Technological Systems Analysis: 16 fractional worksEngineering Technology a…16Engineering Technology and Methodologies: 16 fractional worksCyclone Separators and F…16Cyclone Separators and Fluid Dynamics: 16 fractional works
General Materials ScienceInformation SystemsBiomedical EngineeringOcean Engineering6 others

Area is fractional works; colour is the subfield each topic belongs to.

  1. 1 Material Properties and Applications General Materials Science 46 works
  2. 2 Educational Innovations and Challenges Information Systems 43 works
  3. 3 Advanced Theoretical and Applied Studies in Material Sciences and Geometry Biomedical Engineering 22 works
  4. 4 Engineering and Environmental Studies Ocean Engineering 20 works
  5. 5 Economic and Technological Developments in Russia Development 18 works
  6. 6 Foreign Language Teaching Methods Education 18 works
  7. 7 Industrial Engineering and Technologies Mechanical Engineering 17 works
  8. 8 Economic and Technological Systems Analysis Management of Technology and Innovation 16 works
  9. 9 Engineering Technology and Methodologies Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering 16 works
  10. 10 Cyclone Separators and Fluid Dynamics Computational Mechanics 16 works

How open and international is its research?

Against the world's own shares: the tick on each track. Both are shares of its output, so they sit on one scale and can be read against each other as well as against the world.

openly available32.4%not open67.6%

World: 40% of research is openly available.

with international co-authors5.8%domestic only94.2%

World: 18% is written across borders.

How has Kazan State Technological University's research output changed?

Output in 2022-2025 was 2% lower than in 2018-2021.

still counting1990200020102020
grewheldshrank

The same series as a ribbon: one cell per year, darker for more. The line above answers how much; this answers when.

Its share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share: all of science grows. This is Kazan State Technological University as a percentage of every work published that year, 0.0058% in 2024.

still counting0.0050%0.010%Kazan State Technological University0.0046% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works of Kazan State Technological University over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

Year by year, against all institutions in the same year.

still counting5%10%15%all institutions10.0% in 2025Kazan State Technological University2.0% in 2025200020102020

Of each year's output, the share that reached the world's 10% most cited for its field and year. Peak 10.4% in 2013.

Other research institutions in Kazan’

All research institutions in Kazan’

Share Kazan State Technological University's ranking

Kazan State Technological University on Science Explorer

A card with Kazan State Technological University's standing and the fields it leads in, for a post or a slide. A link to this page previews as the same card.

Download the card

1200 × 630 PNG, sized for social posts, drawn from the latest snapshot.

Badges for a website1Each links back here and updates with every snapshot

Research measures only: rankings here say nothing about teaching, admissions or student experience. Comparable institutions and collaboration partners have tabs of their own, above.

Discussion

Ask a question or share a note about Kazan State Technological University. Posts are plain text and can be reported.