Science Explorer Back to mapMap
Discussion
Topic · Mechanics of Materials

Freezing and Crystallization Processes

Freezing and Crystallization Processes is a research topic within Mechanics of Materials. Science Explorer counts 15k research works in it since 1950. 10.1% of them reached the world's top 10% most cited for their field and year.

This cluster of papers focuses on the application of freeze desalination and concentration techniques, including progressive freeze-concentration, eutectic freeze crystallization, and membrane distillation, for water treatment, wastewater management, and food processing. The use of LNG cold energy and scraped surface heat exchangers is explored to enhance the efficiency of these processes.

  • Freeze Desalination
  • Concentration
  • Wastewater Treatment
  • Ice Morphology
  • Cryoconcentration Technology
  • Membrane Distillation
  • LNG Cold Energy
  • Progressive Freeze-Concentration
  • Eutectic Freeze Crystallization
  • Scraped Surface Heat Exchanger
Research works
15k
fractional, since 1950
In the world top 10%
1.5k
per year above
Top-10% rate
10.1%
share of its works in the world top 10%
Growth, 2018-21 → 2022-25
+28%
the tick is no change
Largest producer
China
36% of the 10 largest, 2022-now
Freezing and Crystallization Processes

Which countries lead Freezing and Crystallization Processes research?

By volume, China and Russia publish the most (630 and 242 works in 2022-now).

By volume, 2022-now

  1. 1 China 630 works
  2. 2 Russia 242 works
  3. 3 India 205 works
  4. 4 United States 191 works
  5. 5 Indonesia 104 works
  6. 6 Ukraine 94 works
  7. 7 Türkiye 81 works
  8. 8 Japan 80 works
  9. 9 Brazil 69 works
  10. 10 Poland 56 works

How concentrated that is

The same countries as shares of everything the list above accounts for. A node where two countries do two thirds of the work and one spread evenly across twelve read alike as a ranking and not at all alike here.

China: 36.0%Russia: 13.8%India: 11.7%United States: 10.9%6 others listed: 27.6%36%largest
China630 · 36.0%Russia242 · 13.8%India205 · 11.7%United States191 · 10.9%6 others listed484 · 27.6%

Shares of the rows listed above, not of the whole node.

Which institutions lead Freezing and Crystallization Processes research?

By volume in 2022-now, Russian Academy of Sciences publishes the most Freezing and Crystallization Processes research, followed by Indian Council of Agricultural Research and Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.

By volume, 2022-now

  1. 1 Russian Academy of SciencesRussia 36 works
  2. 2 Indian Council of Agricultural ResearchIndia 21 works
  3. 3 Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChina 21 works
  4. 4 Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueFrance 18 works
  5. 5 Chinese Academy of SciencesChina 16 works
  6. 6 Jiangnan UniversityChina 15 works
  7. 7 National Academy of Sciences of UkraineUkraine 13 works
  8. 8 Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsChina 13 works
  9. 9 All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Refrigeration IndustryRussia 13 works
  10. 10 Nanchang UniversityChina 12 works

Who are the leading researchers in Freezing and Crystallization Processes?

The most-cited researchers publishing on Freezing and Crystallization Processes include Jun Wang, Hans C. Clevers and John Joseph McGrath.

  1. 1 Jun Wang China 340k citations
  2. 2 Hans C. Clevers Netherlands 260k citations
  3. 3 John Joseph McGrath Australia 214k citations
  4. 4 David Julian McClements United States 185k citations

Ranked by citations received across their whole record, among researchers with at least three works on this topic.

What are the most cited papers in Freezing and Crystallization Processes?

The most cited paper in Freezing and Crystallization Processes is "Comparative physiology of salt and water stress" (Rana Munns, 2002), with 6,387 citations. Next come "Revised equation and table for determining the freezing point depression of H2O-Nacl solutions" (2,287) and "Cryobiology: The Freezing of Biological Systems" (1,661).

Most cited papers
#PaperReleasedCitations
1 Comparative physiology of salt and water stress Rana Munns · Plant Cell & Environment Open access Feb 2002 6,387
2 Revised equation and table for determining the freezing point depression of H2O-Nacl solutions Robert J. Bodnar · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta Feb 1993 2,287
3 Cryobiology: The Freezing of Biological Systems Peter Mazur · Science 22 May 1970 1,661
4 Fractal Growth Phenomena Tamás Vicsek, Harvey Gould · Computers in Physics Sep 1989 1,615
5 A NEW MODEL FOR SINGLE-LAYER DRYING Adnan Mi̇di̇lli̇, H. Kucuk, Ziya Yapar · Drying Technology 23 Jul 2002 1,557
All 100 most cited papers, with filters and sorting

Where is Freezing and Crystallization Processes research done?

The largest centres of Freezing and Crystallization Processes research in 2022-now are Beijing (China), Moscow (Russia), Shanghai (China) and Kyiv (Ukraine). Among places with at least 20 works in it, it is an unusually large share of all research in Wuxi.

Largest cities, 2022-now

  1. 1 BeijingChina 89 works
  2. 2 MoscowRussia 78 works
  3. 3 ShanghaiChina 39 works
  4. 4 KyivUkraine 35 works
  5. 5 WuxiChina 26 works
  6. 6 TianjinChina 26 works
  7. 7 NanjingChina 25 works
  8. 8 TokyoJapan 23 works
  9. 9 HarbinChina 23 works
  10. 10 ZhengzhouChina 20 works

Where it is the local speciality

  1. WuxiCN · 26.4 works10×
← less than its size predicts1×more →

Location quotient: how much more of its research is in Freezing and Crystallization Processes than the world average.

See Freezing and Crystallization Processes on the map

Where is the best place to study Freezing and Crystallization Processes?

Among universities, judged by research, Jiangnan University, Nanchang University and Jiangsu University score highest, combining excellence, specialisation, size, growth and international reach. Research strength is one signal when choosing where to study; it does not measure teaching.

0%20%40%mean 23.72%fractional works in this field (log) →share of work in the world top 10% →Jiangsu UniversityNanchang UniversityJiangnan UniversityKhalifa University o…
above the meannear itbelow it

One dot per university in the first ten of the table below, at the default weights. The upper left is the interesting corner: small places doing unusually strong work.

Excellenceshare of its work in the world top 10%, 2022-now and all time averaged
40%
Specialisationhow much of its work is in this field, counted up to 10× the world share
10%
Sizeits output in this field, on a log scale
30%
Growthoutput growth, counted from -20% to +20%
10%
Internationalshare of its work with a co-author abroad
10%
Each slider sets a weight; the share it gets of the score is beside it.
#UniversityScoreTop 10%SpecialisationWorksGrowth
1Jiangnan UniversityChina 82.529.8%10.8×15 +47.5%
2Nanchang UniversityChina 79.736.1%7.1×12 +44.8%
3Jiangsu UniversityChina 69.740.7%5.8×11 +174.7%
4Khalifa University of Science and TechnologyUnited Arab Emirates 65.815.4%20.1×11 +240.2%
5Henan University of TechnologyChina 62.341.9%19.3×9 +392.9%
6McGill UniversityCanada 61.629.5%4.1×10 +93.6%
7Warsaw University of Life SciencesPoland 54.627.5%31.1×12 -14.6%
8Technical University of DenmarkDenmark 33.27.0%7.0×8 +68.0%
9Weatherford CollegeUnited States 32.79.3%3.1×10 +107.2%
10Kemerovo State UniversityRussia 31.80.0%64.0×12 -15.2%

Universities only. The score blends excellence (40%), size (30%), specialisation (10%), growth (10%), international reach (10%), 2022-now; growth compares 2018-21 with 2022-25 and counts up to +20%, since a jump from a small base is mostly noise.

Every institution in Freezing and Crystallization Processes, country by country

Is Freezing and Crystallization Processes research growing?

Output in 2022-2025 was 28% higher than in 2018-2021, peaking in 2024. The fastest-growing topics are Freezing and Crystallization Processes.

still counting19801990200020102020
grewheldshrank

The same series as a ribbon: one cell per year, darker for more. The line above answers how much; this answers when.

Its share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share: all of science grows. This is Freezing and Crystallization Processes as a percentage of every work published that year, 0.014% in 2024.

still counting0.020%0.040%Freezing and Crystallization Processes0.012% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works of Freezing and Crystallization Processes over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

Year by year.

still counting5%10%15%Freezing and Crystallization Processes10.6% in 2025200020102020

Of each year's works in it, the share that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. A field is the world for its own topics, so there is no other line to hold it against.

Which topics inside it are moving

Growth and decline on one axis around a shared zero. Two lists side by side hide the thing that matters: whether the growth dwarfs the decline, or the other way round.

Discussion

Ask a question or share a note about Freezing and Crystallization Processes. Posts are plain text and can be reported.