Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena

Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena is a research topic within Astronomy and Astrophysics. Science Explorer counts 49k research works in it since 1956. 9.9% of them reached the world's top 10% most cited for their field and year.

This cluster of papers explores the formation and evolution of galaxies, including topics such as stellar populations, black holes, dark matter, cosmic evolution, quasars, and the extensive use of data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. It also includes discussions on astrophysical simulations to understand various aspects of galaxy formation.

Galaxies
Cosmology
Black Holes
Stellar Populations
Star Formation
Dark Matter
Cosmic Evolution
Quasars
Sloan Digital Sky Survey
Astrophysical Simulations

Research works: 49k
In the world top 10%: 4.8k
Top-10% rate: 9.9%
Growth, 2018-21 → 2022-25: -15%
Largest producer: United States

Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena

Which countries lead Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena research?

By volume, the United States and China publish the most (1.5k and 658 works in 2022-now).

By volume, 2022-now

1 United States 1.5k works
2 China 658 works
3 United Kingdom 496 works
4 France 478 works
5 Italy 451 works
6 India 433 works
7 Germany 360 works
8 Japan 296 works
9 Spain 278 works
10 Australia 228 works

How concentrated that is

The same countries as shares of everything the list above accounts for. A node where two countries do two thirds of the work and one spread evenly across twelve read alike as a ranking and not at all alike here.

United States1,510 · 29.1%China658 · 12.7%United Kingdom496 · 9.6%France478 · 9.2%6 others listed2,046 · 39.4%

Shares of the rows listed above, not of the whole node.

Which institutions lead Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena research?

By volume in 2022-now, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique publishes the most Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena research, followed by National Institute for Astrophysics and Chinese Academy of Sciences.

By volume, 2022-now

1 Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueFrance 248 works
2 National Institute for AstrophysicsItaly 198 works
3 Chinese Academy of SciencesChina 196 works
4 Max Planck SocietyGermany 130 works
5 Russian Academy of SciencesRussia 76 works
6 Harvard UniversityUnited States 72 works
7 Universidad de La LagunaSpain 63 works
8 University of CambridgeUnited Kingdom 55 works
9 California Institute of TechnologyUnited States 53 works
10 Stanford UniversityUnited States 51 works

Who are the leading researchers in Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena?

The most-cited researchers publishing on Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena include P. Jackson, Peter John Barnes and Martin J. White.

1 P. Jackson France 230k citations
2 Peter John Barnes United Kingdom 225k citations
3 Martin J. White France 183k citations
4 Douglas Scott Canada 172k citations
5 Sanjit Mitra India 167k citations
6 B. S. Acharya France 164k citations
7 Hartmut F.-W. Sadrozinski United States 154k citations
8 Sophie Henrot-Versillé France 151k citations

Ranked by citations received across their whole record, among researchers with at least three works on this topic.

What are the most cited papers in Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena?

The most cited paper in Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena is "A smooth particle mesh Ewald method" (Ulrich Essmann, L. Perera, Max L. Berkowitz et al., 1995), with 23,377 citations. Next come "Maps of Dust Infrared Emission for Use in Estimation of Reddening and Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation Foregrounds" (15,435) and "Planck 2018 results" (14,737).

Most cited papers
#	Paper	Released	Citations
1	A smooth particle mesh Ewald method Ulrich Essmann, L. Perera, Max L. Berkowitz et al. · The Journal of Chemical Physics	15 Nov 1995	23,377
2	Maps of Dust Infrared Emission for Use in Estimation of Reddening and Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation Foregrounds David J. Schlegel, Douglas P. Finkbeiner, Marc Davis · The Astrophysical Journal Open access	20 Jun 1998	15,435
3	Planck 2018 results N. Aghanim et al. · Astronomy and Astrophysics Open access181 authors	3 Apr 2020	14,737
4	emcee : The MCMC Hammer Daniel Foreman-Mackey, David W. Hogg, Dustin Lang et al. · Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific Open access	Mar 2013	12,323
5	The Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) Michael F. Skrutskie et al. · The Astronomical Journal Open access	24 Jan 2006	12,280

All 97 most cited papers, with filters and sorting

Where is Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena research done?

The largest centres of Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena research in 2022-now are Beijing (China), Paris (France), Garching (Germany) and Tokyo (Japan). Among places with at least 20 works in it, it is an unusually large share of all research in Crawley, Nizhniy Arkhyz and Mitaka-shi.

Largest cities, 2022-now

1 BeijingChina 255 works
2 ParisFrance 240 works
3 GarchingGermany 102 works
4 TokyoJapan 94 works
5 RomeItaly 92 works
6 CambridgeUnited States 92 works
7 HeidelbergGermany 77 works
8 ShanghaiChina 73 works
9 BaltimoreUnited States 71 works
10 New YorkUnited States 71 works

Where it is the local speciality

CrawleyAU · 21.0 works360×
Nizhniy ArkhyzRU · 25.4 works241×
Mitaka-shiJP · 30.4 works207×
GarchingDE · 102.3 works147×

← less than its size predicts1×more →

Location quotient: how much more of its research is in Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena than the world average.

See Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena on the map

Where is the best place to study Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena?

Among universities, judged by research, Scuola Normale Superiore, Stanford University and University of Cambridge score highest, combining excellence, specialisation, size, growth and international reach. Research strength is one signal when choosing where to study; it does not measure teaching.

above the meannear itbelow it

One dot per university in the first ten of the table below, at the default weights. The upper left is the interesting corner: small places doing unusually strong work.

Excellenceshare of its work in the world top 10%, 2022-now and all time averaged

40%

Specialisationhow much of its work is in this field, counted up to 10× the world share

10%

Sizeits output in this field, on a log scale

30%

Growthoutput growth, counted from -20% to +20%

10%

Internationalshare of its work with a co-author abroad

10%

Each slider sets a weight; the share it gets of the score is beside it.

#	University	Score	Top 10%	Specialisation	Works	Growth
1	Scuola Normale SuperioreItaly	68.2	26.2%	48.4×	17	+16.0%
2	Stanford UniversityUnited States	67.9	17.2%	5.7×	51	-9.2%
3	University of CambridgeUnited Kingdom	67.3	17.7%	7.6×	55	-26.7%
4	Harvard UniversityUnited States	65.0	16.5%	3.7×	72	-37.9%
5	Technical University of DenmarkDenmark	65.0	26.2%	3.7×	11	+155.9%
6	Princeton UniversityUnited States	64.0	15.1%	14.8×	40	-12.0%
7	University of CopenhagenDenmark	62.7	26.9%	4.4×	25	-11.3%
8	University of EdinburghUnited Kingdom	62.2	15.4%	6.1×	32	+3.8%
9	University of ArizonaUnited States	60.9	16.0%	11.6×	46	-13.2%
10	University of OxfordUnited Kingdom	60.5	18.3%	4.4×	38	-8.6%
11	Leiden UniversityNetherlands	60.0	12.2%	14.9×	50	-37.7%
12	California Institute of TechnologyUnited States	59.7	11.9%	24.1×	53	-28.7%
13	University of ChicagoUnited States	59.6	13.7%	5.9×	30	+8.4%
14	Swinburne University of TechnologyAustralia	59.5	20.3%	16.6×	29	-14.1%
15	Sorbonne UniversitéFrance	57.2	17.3%	7.1×	29	-19.4%
16	Durham UniversityUnited Kingdom	56.3	9.8%	19.7×	44	-41.6%
17	University of California, Santa CruzUnited States	55.9	19.6%	19.9×	22	-36.3%
18	The University of Texas at AustinUnited States	54.3	20.4%	5.1×	26	-16.6%
19	Université Bourgogne Franche-ComtéFrance	54.2	15.2%	28.0×	17	-34.9%
20	University of PortsmouthUnited Kingdom	53.8	13.6%	26.2×	24	-9.4%
21	University of GenevaSwitzerland	52.9	15.1%	11.2×	28	-24.7%
22	The University of Western AustraliaAustralia	52.5	10.7%	15.0×	39	-38.2%
23	Universidad de La LagunaSpain	52.2	7.6%	50.2×	63	-30.3%
24	University of Milano-BicoccaItaly	51.8	10.9%	9.8×	17	+53.1%
25	University of TorontoCanada	51.6	12.7%	2.4×	30	-13.6%
26	Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenGermany	51.5	12.0%	5.8×	30	-9.3%
27	The University of TokyoJapan	50.8	10.6%	6.6×	50	-22.7%
28	Heidelberg UniversityGermany	50.6	10.6%	7.6×	35	-38.3%
29	University of California, RiversideUnited States	50.5	16.6%	9.8×	17	-18.8%
30	Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaSpain	50.5	12.3%	4.2×	17	+37.1%
31	University of California, BerkeleyUnited States	50.1	15.0%	4.1×	24	-43.7%
32	University of GroningenNetherlands	49.9	16.6%	5.9×	24	-34.3%
33	University College LondonUnited Kingdom	49.3	16.5%	2.9×	28	-31.5%
34	Universidad Autónoma de MadridSpain	49.1	9.3%	7.2×	25	+4.7%
35	University of Science and Technology of ChinaChina	48.5	6.3%	5.5×	39	+17.1%
36	Johns Hopkins UniversityUnited States	47.8	15.2%	2.8×	26	-32.3%
37	The University of SydneyAustralia	47.7	12.3%	4.7×	35	-22.9%
38	Nagoya UniversityJapan	47.4	8.4%	8.2×	25	+30.1%
39	Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyUnited States	47.4	15.7%	4.5×	19	-22.7%
40	University of FlorenceItaly	46.7	16.4%	3.1×	11	+37.5%
41	University of SheffieldUnited Kingdom	45.9	25.7%	2.6×	8	+79.8%
42	Birla Institute of Technology and Science, PilaniIndia	44.4	11.4%	6.5×	16	+39.4%
43	GLA UniversityIndia	43.1	4.0%	22.9×	25	+33.2%
44	Universitat de BarcelonaSpain	42.5	21.1%	2.6×	12	-36.6%
45	University of ZurichSwitzerland	40.2	13.7%	3.4×	14	-29.4%
46	ETH ZurichSwitzerland	39.8	15.7%	2.6×	11	-60.0%
47	École Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneSwitzerland	39.6	10.9%	5.2×	13	-10.1%
48	Ben-Gurion University of the NegevIsrael	39.5	11.6%	5.1×	11	+47.2%
49	Northwestern UniversityUnited States	39.2	19.0%	2.0×	10	-29.8%
50	Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi AvanzatiItaly	37.7	6.9%	44.9×	11	-6.5%
51	Arizona State UniversityUnited States	37.5	8.0%	3.6×	14	+21.1%
52	Université Paris Sciences et LettresFrance	37.4	8.2%	7.4×	17	-17.2%
53	Ghent UniversityBelgium	26.4	12.4%	2.1×	10	-30.0%
54	Chalmers University of TechnologySweden	23.8	7.5%	5.4×	8	-34.6%

Universities only. The score blends excellence (40%), size (30%), specialisation (10%), growth (10%), international reach (10%), 2022-now; growth compares 2018-21 with 2022-25 and counts up to +20%, since a jump from a small base is mostly noise.

Every institution in Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena, country by country

Is Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena research growing?

Output in 2022-2025 was 15% lower than in 2018-2021, peaking in 2016.

grewheldshrank

The same series as a ribbon: one cell per year, darker for more. The line above answers how much; this answers when.

Its share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share: all of science grows. This is Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena as a percentage of every work published that year, 0.024% in 2024.

Fractional works of Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

Year by year.

Of each year's works in it, the share that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. A field is the world for its own topics, so there is no other line to hold it against.

Which topics inside it are moving

Growth and decline on one axis around a shared zero. Two lists side by side hide the thing that matters: whether the growth dwarfs the decline, or the other way round.

Questions people ask

Who leads research on how galaxies form?

All 1,273 questions in the Question Catalogue

Discussion

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Which countries lead Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena research?

By volume, 2022-now

How concentrated that is

Which institutions lead Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena research?

By volume, 2022-now

Who are the leading researchers in Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena?

What are the most cited papers in Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena?

Where is Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena research done?

Largest cities, 2022-now

Where it is the local speciality

Where is the best place to study Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena?

Is Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena research growing?

Its share of all research

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

Which topics inside it are moving

Related research

Questions people ask

Who leads research on how galaxies form?

Discussion