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Estonia vs Türkiye

On research quality in 2022-now, Türkiye ranks #43 in the world and Estonia #44, of 189 countries. Estonia stands higher in 3 of the 26 fields both publish in, Türkiye in 23.

Research profiles alike: -0.08different shapes of research, whatever their size. How it is measured

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Estonia

World rank, 2022-now
#44
#52 all time
Works, 2022-now
11k
fractional
Top-10% rate
10.9%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
47%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: Paleontology, Nature and Landscape Conservation, Oceanography.

Türkiye

World rank, 2022-now
#43
#45 all time
Works, 2022-now
460k
fractional
Top-10% rate
7.0%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
60%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: Museology, Religious studies, Life-span and Life-course Studies.

Who leads, measure by measure?

Estonia leads on 4 of 9 measures: excellence for its fields, top-10% rate, citations per work and international co-authorship. Türkiye leads on 4 of 9 measures: research quality, output, open access and growth. The two are level on institutions in the world top 100.

Estonia 41 level4 Türkiye
  1. #44Research qualityworld rank of 189 countries, 2022-now#43
  2. 1.00×Excellence for its fieldsits top-10% rate against what its topics predict; 1.00× is as expected0.62×
  3. 11kOutputfractional works, 2022-now460k
  4. 10.9%Top-10% rateshare of its works among the world's most cited7.0%
  5. 15.8Citations per workall time, per fractional work10.9
  6. 0World top 100institutions it holds among the world's best 1000
  7. 47%Open accessof its works free to read, all time60%
  8. 31%Internationalof its works written with co-authors abroad, all time11%
  9. +7%Growthworks in 2022-25 against 2018-21; half a bar is no change+32%

A rank is drawn as its standing: the longer the bar, the nearer the top. Anything else is drawn against the larger of the two, and two values a hair apart are called level. Quality, excellence and the top-10% rate are explained in the methodology.

Who leads in each field?

Estonia stands higher in 3 of 26 fields, Türkiye in 23. Türkiye leads most in Economics, Econometrics and Finance (#33 against #51); Estonia leads most in Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (#35 against #53). Each bar is that side's standing among all countries ranked in the field: the full bar is first place.

Estonia 323 Türkiye
  1. #42Agricultural and Biological Sciences#44
  2. #36Arts and Humanities#32
  3. #35Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology#53
  4. #54Business, Management and Accounting#42
  5. -Chemical Engineering#28
  6. -Chemistry#35
  7. #41Computer Science#34
  8. -Decision Sciences#35
  9. -Dentistry#37
  10. #45Earth and Planetary Sciences#41
  11. #51Economics, Econometrics and Finance#33
  12. -Energy#23
  13. #47Engineering#28
  14. #51Environmental Science#40
  15. #52Health Professions#40
  16. -Immunology and Microbiology#55
  17. #52Materials Science#39
  18. -Mathematics#32
  19. #41Medicine#61
  20. -Neuroscience#40
  21. -Nursing#42
  22. -Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics#35
  23. #47Physics and Astronomy#36
  24. #37Psychology#33
  25. #46Social Sciences#34
  26. -Veterinary#24

Standing is the percentile of world rank within each field, 2022-now; the printed number is the rank itself. A dash means the field is too small there to rank. How sides are compared.

The numbers behind each field

Click a heading to sort. The side that does better in a pair of columns is shaded: a lower rank, a higher rate, more works.

Field Estonia rankTürkiye rank Estonia top 10%Türkiye top 10% Estonia worksTürkiye works
Agricultural and Biological Sciences #42 #44 12.5% 6.4% 664 24k
Arts and Humanities #36 #32 12.8% 10.1% 697 39k
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology #35 #53 10.6% 4.5% 542 18k
Business, Management and Accounting #54 #42 13.1% 6.3% 382 15k
Chemical Engineering - #28 - 8.9% - 1k
Chemistry - #35 - 8.2% - 6k
Computer Science #41 #34 10.5% 9.6% 1k 20k
Decision Sciences - #35 - 9.3% - 4.9k
Dentistry - #37 - 7.9% - 5.4k
Earth and Planetary Sciences #45 #41 8.4% 8.4% 278 3.6k
Economics, Econometrics and Finance #51 #33 12.2% 5.9% 226 12k
Energy - #23 - 7.9% - 3.7k
Engineering #47 #28 9.5% 8.1% 1.6k 49k
Environmental Science #51 #40 10.1% 6.7% 751 16k
Health Professions #52 #40 9.0% 7.5% 272 13k
Immunology and Microbiology - #55 - 3.2% - 3.3k
Materials Science #52 #39 4.9% 6.4% 281 12k
Mathematics - #32 - 10.5% - 6.2k
Medicine #41 #61 10.4% 4.6% 1.1k 98k
Neuroscience - #40 - 4.4% - 5.6k
Nursing - #42 - 5.4% - 3.4k
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics - #35 - 6.8% - 1.3k
Physics and Astronomy #47 #36 11.9% 8.1% 307 5k
Psychology #37 #33 8.5% 6.5% 564 25k
Social Sciences #46 #34 13.4% 8.6% 1.9k 70k
Veterinary - #24 - 4.9% - 716

What is each known for?

The keywords that describe each side's research, by fractional works in 2022-now and weighted toward what it does more of than the world.

Estonia

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Climate Change634▲ 1.77×116 topics
  2. Machine Learning470◆ 1.07×89 topics
  3. Sustainability396▲ 1.23×118 topics
  4. Globalization383▲ 1.48×145 topics
  5. Deep Learning323▼ 0.71×81 topics
  6. Artificial Intelligence237▲ 1.26×59 topics
  7. Environmental Impact236◆ 1.05×68 topics
  8. Renewable Energy227▲ 1.19×53 topics
  9. Big Data222▲ 1.76×31 topics
  10. Social Media219▲ 1.20×36 topics
  11. Education216◆ 0.96×120 topics
  12. Biodiversity210▲ 2.1×35 topics
  13. Public Health193◆ 1.00×63 topics
  14. Identity188▲ 1.97×67 topics
  15. Ethics174▲ 2.6×53 topics
  16. Invasive Species168▲ 3.0×21 topics
  17. Internet of Things149▲ 1.32×24 topics
  18. Security146▲ 1.65×27 topics
  19. Power Electronics145▲ 3.4×8 topics
  20. Ecosystem Functioning138▲ 5.1×7 topics
  21. Renewable Energy Integration135▲ 3.1×6 topics
  22. Religion129▲ 2.1×41 topics
  23. Conservation128▲ 2.3×24 topics
  24. European Union124▲ 4.2×26 topics
  25. International Relations123▲ 3.9×26 topics
  26. Governance114▲ 2.6×19 topics
  27. Migration113▲ 2.5×28 topics
  28. Global Change104▲ 3.0×7 topics
  29. Corpus Linguistics98▲ 3.5×5 topics
  30. Trust97▲ 2.7×11 topics
  31. Model Predictive Control96▲ 2.9×6 topics
  32. Habitat Fragmentation90▲ 3.1×5 topics
  33. European Integration87▲ 12×6 topics
  34. Ecosystem Resilience79▲ 3.9×5 topics
  35. Soviet Union77▲ 11×3 topics
  36. Accountability76▲ 4.6×4 topics
  37. Folklore74▲ 11×3 topics
  38. Literary Analysis73▲ 28×2 topics
  39. Diplomacy70▲ 5.7×8 topics
  40. Eastern Europe62▲ 9.0×3 topics

Türkiye

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Epidemiology23k◆ 1.09×140 topics
  2. Cultural Heritage21k▲ 7.7×39 topics
  3. Mental Health17k▲ 2.3×48 topics
  4. Sustainability14k◆ 1.10×137 topics
  5. Education14k▲ 1.54×156 topics
  6. Inflammation13k▲ 1.16×83 topics
  7. Quality of Life11k▲ 1.40×61 topics
  8. Qualitative Research9,452▲ 2.1×42 topics
  9. Teacher Training9,274▲ 2.9×30 topics
  10. Sufism8,921▲ 37×2 topics
  11. Meta-Analysis8,302▲ 2.7×21 topics
  12. Public Policy7,730▲ 3.1×33 topics
  13. Ottoman Empire7,615▲ 20×3 topics
  14. Professional Development7,558▲ 7.0×15 topics
  15. Ethnography7,432▲ 8.3×16 topics
  16. Student Perceptions7,427▲ 7.9×7 topics
  17. Distance Education7,212▲ 7.1×5 topics
  18. Learning6,969▲ 4.5×16 topics
  19. Teaching6,767▲ 10.0×11 topics
  20. Covid-19 Pandemic6,348▲ 8.9×4 topics
  21. Teacher Perspectives6,300▲ 31×2 topics
  22. Metaphors6,294▲ 37×1 topic
  23. Rituals6,252▲ 15×5 topics
  24. Storytelling6,241▲ 25×5 topics
  25. Mythology6,234▲ 24×3 topics
  26. Folklore6,228▲ 23×3 topics
  27. Traditional Beliefs6,131▲ 37×1 topic
  28. Turkish Culture6,131▲ 37×1 topic
  29. Therapy5,826▲ 5.7×8 topics
  30. Psychological Functioning5,756▲ 13×2 topics
  31. Content Analysis5,494▲ 8.3×8 topics
  32. Social Systems5,215▲ 17×5 topics
  33. Family Constellations5,128▲ 34×1 topic
  34. Genetic Processes5,128▲ 34×1 topic
  35. Divan Poetry4,923▲ 37×1 topic
  36. Turkish Literature4,923▲ 37×1 topic
  37. Educational Research4,874▲ 6.9×7 topics
  38. Quarantine4,866▲ 6.3×2 topics
  39. Theology4,165▲ 8.7×6 topics
  40. Bibliometric Analysis4,141▲ 14×4 topics

Size is fractional works in the topics tagged with each word; colour is the word's share of the side's work against its share of the world's. Each word links to the topic it comes from most.

How has their output grown?

Türkiye has out-published Estonia every year since 1980.

still counting50k100k150kTürkiye119k in 2025Estonia3,047 in 20251990200020102020

Fractional works per year.

Their share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share, because all of science grows. Each line is a side as a percentage of every work published that year.

still counting1.0%2.0%3.0%Türkiye2.0% in 2025Estonia0.052% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

The share of each side's works, year by year, that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. The average of all institutions is 10.0% (why not 10%).

still counting5%10%15%Estonia10.7% in 2025Türkiye8.3% in 2025200020102020

A year with under 1% of the side's peak output is left out: a rate over a handful of papers says nothing. The latest years are still being cited.

Who holds more of the world's best institutions?

A country's average quality and the number of institutions it holds at the very top can disagree, and both are worth knowing. The counts are nested: an institution in the top 50 is also in the top 100.

Estonia 23 level0 Türkiye
  1. 0In the world top 500
  2. 0In the top 1000
  3. 0In the top 5000
  4. 1In the top 1,0000
  5. #41Elite capacityrank among 204 countries#51

Institutions ranked on research quality, 2022-now. Elite capacity counts a country's institutions by their worldwide rank, weighted so a place at #1 counts for more than one at #480.

Which publishes more research, Estonia or Türkiye?

Türkiye publishes 40.3× as much research as Estonia in 2022-now (460k against 11k fractional works).

Whose research has more impact, Estonia or Türkiye?

10.9% of Estonia's research reaches the world's top 10% most cited, against 7.0% for Türkiye.

Is Estonia or Türkiye growing faster?

Output in 2022-25 was +32% against 2018-21 for Türkiye, and +7% for Estonia.

Which has more open access research, Estonia or Türkiye?

60% of Türkiye's research is free to read, against 47% of Estonia's.

Which has more world-class institutions, Estonia or Türkiye?

Estonia holds 0 of the world's top 100 research institutions and Türkiye 0; in the top 1,000 it is 1 against 0.

Which institutions lead in each country?

The highest-ranked institutions on each side on research quality, 2022-now. The percentage is each institution's own top-10% rate: the share of its works that are among the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. Every figure stands alone, so they do not add up to 100%.

Estonia

  1. 1University of Tartu11.4% top 10% · 4.2k works
  2. 2Tallinn University of Technology10.7% top 10% · 2.6k works
  3. 3Praxis6.3% top 10% · 986 works
  4. 4Tallinn University12.0% top 10% · 1.1k works
  5. 5Estonian University of Life Sciences11.5% top 10% · 562 works
  6. 6National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics16.0% top 10% · 170 works

Türkiye

  1. 1Koç University10.9% top 10% · 3.1k works
  2. 2Istanbul Aydın University5.6% top 10% · 2.3k works
  3. 3Mi̇lli̇ Eği̇ti̇m Bakanliği7.2% top 10% · 4.2k works
  4. 4Istanbul Technical University8.2% top 10% · 7.4k works
  5. 5Iğdır Üniversitesi10.4% top 10% · 1.4k works
  6. 6Bartin University9.5% top 10% · 2.1k works

The number is the rank inside the country. The track on each row is the top-10% rate; the tick is the average of all institutions, 10.0% (how it is set): teal above it, red below. The ranking is the quality score, which compares the rate with what each institution's own topics predict and adds a small reward for size, so the rates do not fall in order.

Who are the top researchers on each side?

The most cited researchers on each side, among those ranked.

Estonia

  1. 1 Tõnu Esko #672 worldwide 156k citations · 825 works
  2. 2 Leho Tedersoo #1,145 worldwide 66k citations · 375 works
  3. 3 Lili A. Milani #1,515 worldwide 75k citations · 479 works
  4. 4 Reedik Mägi #1,607 worldwide 91k citations · 582 works
  5. 5 Andres Metspalu #2,577 worldwide 134k citations · 841 works

Türkiye

  1. 1 Muhammet Deveci #140 worldwide 18k citations · 537 works
  2. 2 Ilhan Tekin Ozturk #628 worldwide 50k citations · 458 works
  3. 3 Bright Akwasi Gyamfi #2,231 worldwide 5.8k citations · 157 works
  4. 4 Buhari Doğan #3,357 worldwide 7.4k citations · 120 works
  5. 5 Uğur Korkut Pata #3,381 worldwide 16k citations · 275 works