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Nigeria vs Paraguay

On research quality in 2022-now, Paraguay ranks #98 in the world and Nigeria #101, of 189 countries. Nigeria stands higher in 22 of the 26 fields both publish in, Paraguay in 4.

Research profiles alike: 0.61similar shapes of research, whatever their size. How it is measured

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Nigeria

World rank, 2022-now
#101
#104 all time
Works, 2022-now
134k
fractional
Top-10% rate
4.9%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
70%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: Library and Information Sciences, Drug Discovery, Chemical Health and Safety.

Paraguay

World rank, 2022-now
#98
#127 all time
Works, 2022-now
6k
fractional
Top-10% rate
4.7%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
74%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: Computer Science Applications, General Social Sciences, Pharmacy.

Who leads, measure by measure?

Paraguay leads on 4 of 9 measures: research quality, excellence for its fields, open access and international co-authorship. Nigeria leads on 3 of 9 measures: output, citations per work and growth. The two are level on top-10% rate and institutions in the world top 100.

Nigeria 32 level4 Paraguay
  1. #101Research qualityworld rank of 189 countries, 2022-now#98
  2. 0.52×Excellence for its fieldsits top-10% rate against what its topics predict; 1.00× is as expected0.66×
  3. 134kOutputfractional works, 2022-now6k
  4. 4.9%Top-10% rateshare of its works among the world's most cited4.7%
  5. 7.4Citations per workall time, per fractional work4.0
  6. 0World top 100institutions it holds among the world's best 1000
  7. 70%Open accessof its works free to read, all time74%
  8. 16%Internationalof its works written with co-authors abroad, all time29%
  9. +22%Growthworks in 2022-25 against 2018-21; half a bar is no change+21%

A rank is drawn as its standing: the longer the bar, the nearer the top. Anything else is drawn against the larger of the two, and two values a hair apart are called level. Quality, excellence and the top-10% rate are explained in the methodology.

Who leads in each field?

Nigeria stands higher in 22 of 26 fields, Paraguay in 4. Nigeria leads most in Engineering (#96 against #122); Paraguay leads most in Psychology (#80 against #95). Each bar is that side's standing among all countries ranked in the field: the full bar is first place.

Nigeria 224 Paraguay
  1. #103Agricultural and Biological Sciences#111
  2. #80Arts and Humanities-
  3. #93Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology-
  4. #92Business, Management and Accounting#100
  5. #42Chemical Engineering-
  6. #63Chemistry-
  7. #112Computer Science#119
  8. #70Decision Sciences-
  9. #60Dentistry-
  10. #66Earth and Planetary Sciences-
  11. #79Economics, Econometrics and Finance#100
  12. #71Energy-
  13. #96Engineering#122
  14. #105Environmental Science#103
  15. #85Health Professions#86
  16. #59Immunology and Microbiology-
  17. #74Materials Science-
  18. #75Mathematics-
  19. #84Medicine#81
  20. #65Neuroscience-
  21. #59Nursing-
  22. #43Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics-
  23. #74Physics and Astronomy-
  24. #95Psychology#80
  25. #113Social Sciences#102
  26. #29Veterinary-

Standing is the percentile of world rank within each field, 2022-now; the printed number is the rank itself. A dash means the field is too small there to rank. How sides are compared.

The numbers behind each field

Click a heading to sort. The side that does better in a pair of columns is shaded: a lower rank, a higher rate, more works.

Field Nigeria rankParaguay rank Nigeria top 10%Paraguay top 10% Nigeria worksParaguay works
Agricultural and Biological Sciences #103 #111 4.0% 3.3% 14k 420
Arts and Humanities #80 - 8.7% - 2.8k -
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology #93 - 4.5% - 4.6k -
Business, Management and Accounting #92 #100 4.9% 6.8% 7.7k 219
Chemical Engineering #42 - 6.5% - 200 -
Chemistry #63 - 6.0% - 1.6k -
Computer Science #112 #119 5.7% 5.0% 8k 351
Decision Sciences #70 - 4.8% - 2k -
Dentistry #60 - 3.5% - 409 -
Earth and Planetary Sciences #66 - 5.8% - 1.5k -
Economics, Econometrics and Finance #79 #100 5.0% 3.9% 6.5k 267
Energy #71 - 4.2% - 1.7k -
Engineering #96 #122 4.9% 2.6% 14k 235
Environmental Science #105 #103 4.4% 4.6% 10k 311
Health Professions #85 #86 6.1% 6.0% 4.3k 442
Immunology and Microbiology #59 - 5.0% - 1.3k -
Materials Science #74 - 6.6% - 2.8k -
Mathematics #75 - 6.3% - 1.9k -
Medicine #84 #81 4.1% 3.4% 21k 1.2k
Neuroscience #65 - 5.2% - 739 -
Nursing #59 - 3.3% - 1.9k -
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics #43 - 3.3% - 1.3k -
Physics and Astronomy #74 - 4.6% - 673 -
Psychology #95 #80 4.4% 4.4% 3.5k 231
Social Sciences #113 #102 5.7% 6.2% 20k 1.6k
Veterinary #29 - 2.6% - 255 -

What is each known for?

The keywords that describe each side's research, by fractional works in 2022-now and weighted toward what it does more of than the world.

Nigeria

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Epidemiology6,992◆ 1.09×140 topics
  2. Sustainability6,209▲ 1.58×131 topics
  3. Environmental Impact6,008▲ 2.2×72 topics
  4. Education5,751▲ 2.1×146 topics
  5. Machine Learning5,438◆ 1.02×97 topics
  6. Sustainable Development5,257▲ 2.1×108 topics
  7. Globalization4,985▲ 1.58×173 topics
  8. Climate Change4,966◆ 1.14×127 topics
  9. Renewable Energy4,353▲ 1.87×61 topics
  10. Economic Growth4,324▲ 3.3×38 topics
  11. Oxidative Stress3,687▲ 1.39×63 topics
  12. Antioxidant3,412▲ 3.1×51 topics
  13. Development3,202▲ 5.6×23 topics
  14. Gender Equality3,084▲ 6.8×18 topics
  15. Corporate Governance2,913▲ 2.5×32 topics
  16. Risk Management2,754▲ 3.6×20 topics
  17. Curriculum Development2,746▲ 2.5×20 topics
  18. Antioxidant Activity2,743▲ 2.7×32 topics
  19. Nigeria2,734▲ 79×3 topics
  20. Information Technology2,674▲ 3.5×32 topics
  21. Medicinal Plants2,492▲ 4.0×21 topics
  22. Social Capital2,408▲ 2.9×20 topics
  23. Genetic Diversity2,394▲ 3.4×22 topics
  24. Antioxidants2,137▲ 3.0×17 topics
  25. Teacher Education2,125▲ 10×8 topics
  26. Toxicity2,107▲ 3.0×20 topics
  27. Governance2,098▲ 4.0×19 topics
  28. Quality Assurance2,067▲ 7.6×9 topics
  29. Fiscal Policy2,016▲ 6.2×11 topics
  30. Bioactive Compounds1,971▲ 4.9×15 topics
  31. Youth Unemployment1,884▲ 99×1 topic
  32. ICT1,763▲ 8.2×5 topics
  33. Institutional Quality1,723▲ 10×3 topics
  34. Inequality1,694▲ 4.6×18 topics
  35. Smallholder Farmers1,669▲ 4.9×6 topics
  36. Knowledge Economy1,451▲ 8.3×11 topics
  37. Mobile Phones1,415▲ 19×3 topics
  38. Inclusive Development1,410▲ 20×2 topics
  39. financial access1,397▲ 22×1 topic
  40. gender inclusion1,397▲ 22×1 topic

Paraguay

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Epidemiology631▲ 2.3×135 topics
  2. Education529▲ 4.5×82 topics
  3. Public Health445▲ 4.5×63 topics
  4. Teacher Training396▲ 9.4×20 topics
  5. Innovation333▲ 4.7×46 topics
  6. Sustainability320▲ 1.91×84 topics
  7. Globalization310▲ 2.3×92 topics
  8. Educational Technology286▲ 3.5×35 topics
  9. Health Promotion274▲ 13×17 topics
  10. COVID-19266▲ 3.0×28 topics
  11. Small and Medium Enterprises261▲ 22×7 topics
  12. Digital Marketing258▲ 9.7×5 topics
  13. E-Learning256▲ 3.9×18 topics
  14. Mental Health250▲ 2.5×43 topics
  15. Distance Learning244▲ 10×9 topics
  16. Qualitative Research235▲ 4.0×26 topics
  17. Social Responsibility234▲ 15×7 topics
  18. Risk Factors231▲ 3.1×36 topics
  19. Economic Impact223▲ 6.1×9 topics
  20. Urban Development222▲ 9.2×12 topics
  21. Competitiveness222▲ 41×6 topics
  22. Knowledge Management221▲ 5.8×24 topics
  23. Inclusive Education220▲ 8.9×15 topics
  24. Innovation Ecosystems208▲ 30×2 topics
  25. Nutrition206▲ 6.8×14 topics
  26. Globalization Effects195▲ 41×2 topics
  27. Public Policy195▲ 6.0×18 topics
  28. Tourism Management194▲ 41×2 topics
  29. City Branding193▲ 45×1 topic
  30. Psychopharmacology Education193▲ 45×1 topic
  31. Pedagogy189▲ 5.5×16 topics
  32. Social Inequality182▲ 9.9×13 topics
  33. Social Impact180▲ 6.7×16 topics
  34. Healthcare Access178▲ 9.5×12 topics
  35. Curriculum Development177▲ 3.8×13 topics
  36. University Students154▲ 40×2 topics
  37. Organizational Culture147▲ 5.6×12 topics
  38. Latin America145▲ 11×22 topics
  39. Chronic Diseases143▲ 8.2×8 topics
  40. Educational Interventions132▲ 21×3 topics

Size is fractional works in the topics tagged with each word; colour is the word's share of the side's work against its share of the world's. Each word links to the topic it comes from most.

How has their output grown?

Nigeria has out-published Paraguay every year since 1980.

still counting20k40kNigeria40k in 2025Paraguay1,700 in 20251990200020102020

Fractional works per year.

Their share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share, because all of science grows. Each line is a side as a percentage of every work published that year.

still counting0.25%0.50%0.75%Nigeria0.67% in 2025Paraguay0.029% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

The share of each side's works, year by year, that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. The average of all institutions is 10.0% (why not 10%).

still counting5%10%15%Paraguay5.0% in 2025Nigeria4.6% in 2025200020102020

A year with under 1% of the side's peak output is left out: a rate over a handful of papers says nothing. The latest years are still being cited.

Who holds more of the world's best institutions?

A country's average quality and the number of institutions it holds at the very top can disagree, and both are worth knowing. The counts are nested: an institution in the top 50 is also in the top 100.

Nigeria 05 level0 Paraguay
  1. 0In the world top 500
  2. 0In the top 1000
  3. 0In the top 5000
  4. 0In the top 1,0000
  5. #51Elite capacityrank among 204 countries#51

Institutions ranked on research quality, 2022-now. Elite capacity counts a country's institutions by their worldwide rank, weighted so a place at #1 counts for more than one at #480.

Which publishes more research, Nigeria or Paraguay?

Nigeria publishes 22.4× as much research as Paraguay in 2022-now (134k against 6k fractional works).

Whose research has more impact, Nigeria or Paraguay?

4.9% of Nigeria's research reaches the world's top 10% most cited, against 4.7% for Paraguay.

Is Nigeria or Paraguay growing faster?

Output in 2022-25 was +22% against 2018-21 for Nigeria, and +21% for Paraguay.

Which has more open access research, Nigeria or Paraguay?

74% of Paraguay's research is free to read, against 70% of Nigeria's.

Which has more world-class institutions, Nigeria or Paraguay?

Nigeria holds 0 of the world's top 100 research institutions and Paraguay 0; in the top 1,000 it is 0 against 0.

Which institutions lead in each country?

The highest-ranked institutions on each side on research quality, 2022-now. The percentage is each institution's own top-10% rate: the share of its works that are among the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. Every figure stands alone, so they do not add up to 100%.

Nigeria

  1. 1Covenant University7.9% top 10% · 1.6k works
  2. 2Lead City University4.8% top 10% · 1k works
  3. 3Adekunle Ajasin University5.6% top 10% · 1k works
  4. 4Redeemer's University8.4% top 10% · 599 works
  5. 5University of Lagos5.2% top 10% · 3.6k works
  6. 6University of Ibadan6.0% top 10% · 5.8k works

Paraguay

  1. 1Universidad Nacional de Asunción3.2% top 10% · 1.5k works
  2. 2Universidad Columbia del Paraguay2.7% top 10% · 405 works
  3. 3Universidad Nacional de Pilar5.4% top 10% · 403 works
  4. 4Universidad Americana5.7% top 10% · 289 works
  5. 5Universidad del Norte5.7% top 10% · 267 works
  6. 6Universidad Católica Nuestra Señora de la Asunción2.9% top 10% · 236 works

The number is the rank inside the country. The track on each row is the top-10% rate; the tick is the average of all institutions, 10.0% (how it is set): teal above it, red below. The ranking is the quality score, which compares the rate with what each institution's own topics predict and adds a small reward for size, so the rates do not fall in order.

Who are the top researchers on each side?

The most cited researchers on each side, among those ranked.

Nigeria

  1. 1 Michael Ekholuenetale #7,006 worldwide 69k citations · 215 works
  2. 2 Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi #10,324 worldwide 161k citations · 355 works
  3. 3 Mu’awiyyah Babale Sufiyan #10,737 worldwide 123k citations · 106 works
  4. 4 Oye Gureje #14,357 worldwide 94k citations · 694 works
  5. 5 Aminu Shittu #16,229 worldwide 34k citations · 108 works

Paraguay

  1. 1 Helmut Alfredo Segovia Lohse #195,631 worldwide 6.6k citations · 62 works
  2. 2 Antonio L. Cubilla #205,334 worldwide 15k citations · 209 works
  3. 3 Carlos Rigor Neves #356,442 worldwide 127 citations · 46 works
  4. 4 Jeffrey J. Thompson #362,725 worldwide 1.6k citations · 68 works
  5. 5 Gabriel Ignacio Parra #400,046 worldwide 4.9k citations · 114 works