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Pakistan vs Serbia

On research quality in 2022-now, Pakistan ranks #72 in the world and Serbia #74, of 189 countries. Pakistan stands higher in 17 of the 25 fields both publish in, Serbia in 8.

Research profiles alike: 0.56similar shapes of research, whatever their size. How it is measured

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Pakistan

World rank, 2022-now
#72
#63 all time
Works, 2022-now
170k
fractional
Top-10% rate
8.5%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
61%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: General Dentistry, Drug Discovery, Modeling and Simulation.

Serbia

World rank, 2022-now
#74
#80 all time
Works, 2022-now
39k
fractional
Top-10% rate
7.4%
share of its work among the world's most cited
Open access
59%
of its works free to read

Strongest relative focus: Biochemistry, Filtration and Separation, Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management.

Who leads, measure by measure?

Pakistan leads on 7 of 9 measures: research quality, output, top-10% rate, citations per work, open access, international co-authorship and growth. Serbia leads on none. The two are level on excellence for its fields and institutions in the world top 100.

Pakistan 72 level0 Serbia
  1. #72Research qualityworld rank of 189 countries, 2022-now#74
  2. 0.69×Excellence for its fieldsits top-10% rate against what its topics predict; 1.00× is as expected0.71×
  3. 170kOutputfractional works, 2022-now39k
  4. 8.5%Top-10% rateshare of its works among the world's most cited7.4%
  5. 12.2Citations per workall time, per fractional work9.7
  6. 0World top 100institutions it holds among the world's best 1000
  7. 61%Open accessof its works free to read, all time59%
  8. 33%Internationalof its works written with co-authors abroad, all time23%
  9. +50%Growthworks in 2022-25 against 2018-21; half a bar is no change+3%

A rank is drawn as its standing: the longer the bar, the nearer the top. Anything else is drawn against the larger of the two, and two values a hair apart are called level. Quality, excellence and the top-10% rate are explained in the methodology.

Who leads in each field?

Pakistan stands higher in 17 of 25 fields, Serbia in 8. Pakistan leads most in Energy (#38 against #58); Serbia leads most in Arts and Humanities (#67 against #78). Each bar is that side's standing among all countries ranked in the field: the full bar is first place.

Pakistan 178 Serbia
  1. #58Agricultural and Biological Sciences#70
  2. #78Arts and Humanities#67
  3. #65Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology#69
  4. #64Business, Management and Accounting#67
  5. #36Chemical Engineering-
  6. #40Chemistry#56
  7. #49Computer Science#71
  8. #46Decision Sciences#58
  9. #54Dentistry#49
  10. #54Earth and Planetary Sciences#69
  11. #63Economics, Econometrics and Finance#57
  12. #38Energy#58
  13. #49Engineering#69
  14. #50Environmental Science#79
  15. #67Health Professions#82
  16. #62Immunology and Microbiology#61
  17. #42Materials Science#60
  18. #42Mathematics#46
  19. #100Medicine#87
  20. #63Neuroscience#60
  21. #60Nursing#63
  22. #38Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics-
  23. #48Physics and Astronomy#50
  24. #83Psychology#81
  25. #96Social Sciences#83

Standing is the percentile of world rank within each field, 2022-now; the printed number is the rank itself. A dash means the field is too small there to rank. How sides are compared.

The numbers behind each field

Click a heading to sort. The side that does better in a pair of columns is shaded: a lower rank, a higher rate, more works.

Field Pakistan rankSerbia rank Pakistan top 10%Serbia top 10% Pakistan worksSerbia works
Agricultural and Biological Sciences #58 #70 10.5% 8.7% 12k 2.9k
Arts and Humanities #78 #67 7.2% 6.8% 3.5k 1.3k
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology #65 #69 6.6% 6.7% 7.7k 1.7k
Business, Management and Accounting #64 #67 10.6% 9.0% 6.8k 1.6k
Chemical Engineering #36 - 14.5% - 472 -
Chemistry #40 #56 13.5% 6.5% 2.7k 674
Computer Science #49 #71 13.3% 8.0% 11k 2.5k
Decision Sciences #46 #58 13.2% 11.9% 2.1k 505
Dentistry #54 #49 4.1% 8.7% 1.6k 247
Earth and Planetary Sciences #54 #69 12.5% 8.7% 1k 466
Economics, Econometrics and Finance #63 #57 8.9% 11.4% 5k 2k
Energy #38 #58 11.2% 6.1% 2k 304
Engineering #49 #69 12.6% 5.6% 18k 5.4k
Environmental Science #50 #79 10.5% 6.2% 6.9k 2.1k
Health Professions #67 #82 7.0% 8.0% 4.2k 754
Immunology and Microbiology #62 #61 5.5% 7.1% 1.5k 304
Materials Science #42 #60 10.8% 5.4% 6.4k 996
Mathematics #42 #46 17.8% 11.2% 2.7k 733
Medicine #100 #87 4.2% 6.8% 41k 6.9k
Neuroscience #63 #60 7.2% 6.9% 1.6k 485
Nursing #60 #63 6.8% 8.0% 1.4k 244
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics #38 - 8.2% - 1.1k -
Physics and Astronomy #48 #50 14.1% 4.3% 2.7k 752
Psychology #83 #81 4.8% 5.4% 6.6k 1.2k
Social Sciences #96 #83 6.8% 8.0% 19k 4.7k

What is each known for?

The keywords that describe each side's research, by fractional works in 2022-now and weighted toward what it does more of than the world.

Pakistan

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Epidemiology11k▲ 1.46×140 topics
  2. Machine Learning7,392▲ 1.16×97 topics
  3. Deep Learning6,265◆ 0.95×85 topics
  4. Inflammation4,657◆ 1.15×83 topics
  5. Globalization4,341◆ 1.15×168 topics
  6. Oxidative Stress4,170▲ 1.33×63 topics
  7. Climate Change4,164▼ 0.80×123 topics
  8. Mental Health4,103▲ 1.50×48 topics
  9. Environmental Impact3,677◆ 1.13×74 topics
  10. Quality of Life3,491▲ 1.26×60 topics
  11. COVID-193,438▲ 1.38×34 topics
  12. Nanomaterials3,401▲ 1.70×21 topics
  13. Cardiovascular Disease3,262▲ 1.50×39 topics
  14. Renewable Energy3,241▲ 1.17×58 topics
  15. Treatment3,225▲ 1.39×52 topics
  16. Security3,087▲ 2.4×31 topics
  17. Heat Transfer3,071▲ 3.3×20 topics
  18. Nanoparticles3,028▲ 1.26×44 topics
  19. Social Media3,003◆ 1.14×39 topics
  20. Risk Factors2,945▲ 1.40×37 topics
  21. Depression2,907▲ 1.73×26 topics
  22. Healthcare2,846▲ 1.31×42 topics
  23. Metabolic Syndrome2,569▲ 1.66×24 topics
  24. Antioxidant2,432▲ 1.85×51 topics
  25. Conflict2,333▲ 7.5×11 topics
  26. Toxicity2,031▲ 2.4×20 topics
  27. Leadership1,955▲ 2.1×41 topics
  28. Stress1,951▲ 2.8×11 topics
  29. Reconstruction1,805▲ 5.5×6 topics
  30. Experimental Investigation1,729▲ 8.7×5 topics
  31. Central Asia1,609▲ 12×4 topics
  32. Nation-Building1,573▲ 15×4 topics
  33. State-Building1,569▲ 23×2 topics
  34. Afghanistan1,549▲ 34×1 topic
  35. Pakistan1,549▲ 34×1 topic
  36. Review1,287▲ 5.6×5 topics
  37. Viscosity1,162▲ 8.6×4 topics
  38. Nanofluids1,154▲ 7.3×2 topics
  39. Convective Transport1,106▲ 13×1 topic
  40. Enhancement1,106▲ 13×1 topic

Serbia

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's
All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Sustainable Development1,762▲ 2.6×103 topics
  2. Epidemiology1,436▼ 0.82×138 topics
  3. Sustainability1,361▲ 1.27×126 topics
  4. Economic Growth1,315▲ 3.7×36 topics
  5. Machine Learning1,287◆ 0.88×95 topics
  6. Climate Change1,224◆ 1.03×125 topics
  7. Oxidative Stress969▲ 1.34×63 topics
  8. Regional Development957▲ 6.4×19 topics
  9. Financial Performance950▲ 3.9×16 topics
  10. Environmental Impact911▲ 1.22×72 topics
  11. Inflammation888◆ 0.95×83 topics
  12. Organizational Culture887▲ 5.2×15 topics
  13. Innovation Management834▲ 12×10 topics
  14. Agricultural Sustainability824▲ 17×6 topics
  15. Small and Medium Enterprises822▲ 11×10 topics
  16. Globalization815◆ 0.95×163 topics
  17. Artificial Intelligence811▲ 1.30×62 topics
  18. Rural Tourism780▲ 57×2 topics
  19. Leadership Emergence780▲ 130×1 topic
  20. Renewable Energy736▲ 1.16×61 topics
  21. Antioxidant610▲ 2.0×51 topics
  22. Ethnicity558▲ 3.4×21 topics
  23. Identity558▲ 1.76×72 topics
  24. International Relations547▲ 5.2×29 topics
  25. Antioxidant Activity510▲ 1.87×32 topics
  26. Religion449▲ 2.2×40 topics
  27. International Trade429▲ 7.0×11 topics
  28. Legal Regulation412▲ 4.2×8 topics
  29. Foreign Policy403▲ 24×4 topics
  30. Sovereign Debt Crises397▲ 22×2 topics
  31. Nation-Building395▲ 17×4 topics
  32. Flavonoids371▲ 3.3×12 topics
  33. Negotiation368▲ 24×3 topics
  34. Commercial Diplomacy359▲ 70×1 topic
  35. Economic Diplomacy359▲ 70×1 topic
  36. Conflict313▲ 4.4×11 topics
  37. Balkans284▲ 28×2 topics
  38. Eastern Europe264▲ 12×3 topics
  39. Post-war244▲ 48×1 topic
  40. Yugoslavia244▲ 48×1 topic

Size is fractional works in the topics tagged with each word; colour is the word's share of the side's work against its share of the world's. Each word links to the topic it comes from most.

How has their output grown?

Pakistan has out-published Serbia every year since 2005, when it overtook it.

still counting20k40k60kPakistan50k in 2025Serbia10k in 20251990200020102020

Fractional works per year.

Their share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share, because all of science grows. Each line is a side as a percentage of every work published that year.

still counting0.50%1.0%Pakistan0.86% in 2025Serbia0.18% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

The share of each side's works, year by year, that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. The average of all institutions is 10.0% (why not 10%).

still counting5%10%Serbia7.7% in 2025Pakistan7.4% in 2025200020102020

A year with under 1% of the side's peak output is left out: a rate over a handful of papers says nothing. The latest years are still being cited.

Who holds more of the world's best institutions?

A country's average quality and the number of institutions it holds at the very top can disagree, and both are worth knowing. The counts are nested: an institution in the top 50 is also in the top 100.

Pakistan 05 level0 Serbia
  1. 0In the world top 500
  2. 0In the top 1000
  3. 0In the top 5000
  4. 0In the top 1,0000
  5. #51Elite capacityrank among 204 countries#51

Institutions ranked on research quality, 2022-now. Elite capacity counts a country's institutions by their worldwide rank, weighted so a place at #1 counts for more than one at #480.

Which publishes more research, Pakistan or Serbia?

Pakistan publishes 4.4× as much research as Serbia in 2022-now (170k against 39k fractional works).

Whose research has more impact, Pakistan or Serbia?

8.5% of Pakistan's research reaches the world's top 10% most cited, against 7.4% for Serbia.

Is Pakistan or Serbia growing faster?

Output in 2022-25 was +50% against 2018-21 for Pakistan, and +3% for Serbia.

Which has more open access research, Pakistan or Serbia?

61% of Pakistan's research is free to read, against 59% of Serbia's.

Which has more world-class institutions, Pakistan or Serbia?

Pakistan holds 0 of the world's top 100 research institutions and Serbia 0; in the top 1,000 it is 0 against 0.

Which institutions lead in each country?

The highest-ranked institutions on each side on research quality, 2022-now. The percentage is each institution's own top-10% rate: the share of its works that are among the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. Every figure stands alone, so they do not add up to 100%.

Pakistan

  1. 1University of Management and Technology15.3% top 10% · 2k works
  2. 2COMSATS University Islamabad13.8% top 10% · 4.8k works
  3. 3University of Gujrat10.3% top 10% · 1.8k works
  4. 4Islamia University of Bahawalpur12.8% top 10% · 3.4k works
  5. 5National University of Sciences and Technology13.3% top 10% · 4.2k works
  6. 6Air University15.3% top 10% · 1.2k works

Serbia

  1. 1University of Belgrade7.3% top 10% · 14k works
  2. 2Singidunum University11.5% top 10% · 725 works
  3. 3University of Novi Sad7.5% top 10% · 6.6k works
  4. 4Univerzitet Union Nikola Tesla7.6% top 10% · 504 works
  5. 5Gulf University15.9% top 10% · 417 works
  6. 6University of Kragujevac8.7% top 10% · 2.4k works

The number is the rank inside the country. The track on each row is the top-10% rate; the tick is the average of all institutions, 10.0% (how it is set): teal above it, red below. The ranking is the quality score, which compares the rate with what each institution's own topics predict and adds a small reward for size, so the rates do not fall in order.

Who are the top researchers on each side?

The most cited researchers on each side, among those ranked.

Pakistan

  1. 1 Muhammad Qaiser Shahbaz #447 worldwide 62k citations · 849 works
  2. 2 Muhammad Faisal Irfan #968 worldwide 22k citations · 340 works
  3. 3 Asif Razzaq #2,269 worldwide 14k citations · 130 works
  4. 4 Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta #3,000 worldwide 371k citations · 1,872 works
  5. 5 Abdul Rehman Javed #4,600 worldwide 9.6k citations · 132 works

Serbia

  1. 1 Dragan Stevan Pamucar #1,015 worldwide 30k citations · 791 works
  2. 2 Mihajlo Jakovljević #2,006 worldwide 151k citations · 290 works
  3. 3 Petar M Seferovic #2,543 worldwide 70k citations · 423 works
  4. 4 Irena Ilić #6,030 worldwide 99k citations · 203 works
  5. 5 Vladimir Šimić #6,734 worldwide 7.5k citations · 346 works