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Company · Munich · Germany

Linde (Germany)

In research, Linde (Germany) stands highest in Physical Sciences (#4,830 of 17,446 worldwide), Engineering (#3,907 of 9,532 worldwide) and Social Sciences (#12,439 of 14,833 worldwide), over all time.

linde.com/en/index.htmlROR OpenAlex
World rank, 2022-now
#20,047
of 22,385 · #8,282 all time
Rank in Germany
#694
of 795
Research works
790
▼ 44% vs 2018-21
Citations
13k
16.4 per fractional work
Top-10% rate
6.7%
all institutions 10.0%
vs its own fields
1.01×
1.00× is exactly expected
Open access
22%
world 40%
International
19%
world 18%
Linde (Germany)

What is Linde (Germany) known for in research?

The fields where it stands highest, over all time, ranked among every institution above the floor in each field.

FieldWorld rankWhere that sitsTop-10% rateWorks
Physical SciencesDomain #4,830 of 17,446 6.8%504
EngineeringField #3,907 of 9,532 5.8%323
Social SciencesDomain #12,439 of 14,833 6.1%140

Each strip is that field's whole ranked pool, with the notch where Linde (Germany) sits in it, in the colour of the band that rank falls in. The track under the rate is the rate itself: it carries no average mark, because the average differs by field (from about 6% in Dentistry to 21% in Economics).

Which fields of science does Linde (Germany) work in?

In 2022-now, 80% of research at Linde (Germany) is in Physical Sciences, 11% in Health Sciences. Its largest fields are Engineering (55%), Medicine (8%), Materials Science (7%). It does 2.0× the world's share of Physical Sciences.

Physical Sciences: 57 fractional works · 80.0% of its workEngineering: 39 fractional works · 55.1% of its workMechanical Engineering: 12 fractional works · 17.3% of its workComputational Mechanics: 5 fractional works · 6.5% of its workAerospace Engineering: 4 fractional works · 6.2% of its workControl and Systems Engineering: 4 fractional works · 6.0% of its workIndustrial and Manufacturing Engineering: 3 fractional works · 4.3% of its workElectrical and Electronic Engineering: 2 fractional works · 3.5% of its workBiomedical Engineering: 2 fractional works · 3.3% of its workAutomotive Engineering: 2 fractional works · 2.7% of its workCivil and Structural Engineering: 1 fractional works · 1.8% of its workOcean Engineering: 1 fractional works · 1.6% of its workMechanics of Materials: 1 fractional works · 1.1% of its workSafety, Risk, Reliability and Quality: 1 fractional works · 0.7% of its workMedia Technology: 0 fractional works · 0.2% of its workMaterials Science: 5 fractional works · 6.6% of its workMaterials Chemistry: 3 fractional works · 4.1% of its workBiomaterials: 0 fractional works · 0.6% of its workGeneral Materials Science: 0 fractional works · 0.5% of its workMetals and Alloys: 0 fractional works · 0.4% of its workElectronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials: 0 fractional works · 0.4% of its workPolymers and Plastics: 0 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 0 fractional works · 0.3% of its workEnvironmental Science: 3 fractional works · 3.7% of its workEcology: 1 fractional works · 1.2% of its workIndustrial and Manufacturing Engineering: 1 fractional works · 0.9% of its workPollution: 0 fractional works · 0.7% of its workEnvironmental Engineering: 0 fractional works · 0.5% of its workEnvironmental Chemistry: 0 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 0 fractional works · 0.2% of its workEnergy: 2 fractional works · 3.4% of its workEnergy Engineering and Power Technology: 2 fractional works · 2.2% of its workRenewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment: 1 fractional works · 1.0% of its workSmaller subfields together: 0 fractional works · 0.1% of its workChemical Engineering: 2 fractional works · 3.3% of its workCatalysis: 1 fractional works · 1.9% of its workFluid Flow and Transfer Processes: 1 fractional works · 1.4% of its workSmaller subfields together: 0 fractional works · 0.1% of its workComputer Science: 2 fractional works · 3.3% of its workArtificial Intelligence: 1 fractional works · 1.4% of its workInformation Systems: 0 fractional works · 0.7% of its workSignal Processing: 0 fractional works · 0.4% of its workComputer Vision and Pattern Recognition: 0 fractional works · 0.2% of its workHuman-Computer Interaction: 0 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 0 fractional works · 0.3% of its workEarth and Planetary Sciences: 1 fractional works · 1.9% of its workOceanography: 1 fractional works · 1.1% of its workAtmospheric Science: 0 fractional works · 0.3% of its workGeochemistry and Petrology: 0 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 0 fractional works · 0.2% of its workChemistry: 1 fractional works · 1.3% of its workSpectroscopy: 1 fractional works · 0.8% of its workAnalytical Chemistry: 0 fractional works · 0.5% of its workSmaller subfields together: 0 fractional works · 0.1% of its workPhysics and Astronomy: 1 fractional works · 1.0% of its workAstronomy and Astrophysics: 0 fractional works · 0.7% of its workCondensed Matter Physics: 0 fractional works · 0.3% of its workMathematics: 0 fractional works · 0.4% of its workStatistics and Probability: 0 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 0 fractional works · 0.1% of its workHealth Sciences: 8 fractional works · 11.1% of its workMedicine: 6 fractional works · 8.4% of its workSurgery: 3 fractional works · 4.8% of its workPhysiology: 0 fractional works · 0.5% of its workPediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health: 0 fractional works · 0.5% of its workPublic Health, Environmental and Occupational Health: 0 fractional works · 0.5% of its workObstetrics and Gynecology: 0 fractional works · 0.5% of its workRadiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging: 0 fractional works · 0.4% of its workNeurology: 0 fractional works · 0.4% of its workRheumatology: 0 fractional works · 0.4% of its workPulmonary and Respiratory Medicine: 0 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSmaller subfields together: 0 fractional works · 0.5% of its workHealth Professions: 2 fractional works · 2.4% of its workGeneral Health Professions: 1 fractional works · 1.9% of its workSmaller subfields together: 0 fractional works · 0.5% of its workDentistry: 0 fractional works · 0.3% of its workNursing: 0 fractional works · 0.1% of its workSocial Sciences: 4 fractional works · 5.6% of its workBusiness, Management and Accounting: 2 fractional works · 2.2% of its workManagement of Technology and Innovation: 1 fractional works · 0.9% of its workStrategy and Management: 0 fractional works · 0.6% of its workManagement Information Systems: 0 fractional works · 0.4% of its workOrganizational Behavior and Human Resource Management: 0 fractional works · 0.2% of its workSocial Sciences: 1 fractional works · 0.9% of its workEducation: 0 fractional works · 0.5% of its workSmaller subfields together: 0 fractional works · 0.3% of its workPsychology: 1 fractional works · 0.8% of its workSocial Psychology: 0 fractional works · 0.5% of its workExperimental and Cognitive Psychology: 0 fractional works · 0.3% of its workArts and Humanities: 1 fractional works · 0.7% of its workPhilosophy: 0 fractional works · 0.4% of its workSmaller subfields together: 0 fractional works · 0.3% of its workDecision Sciences: 1 fractional works · 0.7% of its workStatistics, Probability and Uncertainty: 0 fractional works · 0.6% of its workSmaller subfields together: 0 fractional works · 0.1% of its workEconomics, Econometrics and Finance: 0 fractional works · 0.3% of its workEconomics and Econometrics: 0 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 0 fractional works · 0.1% of its workLife Sciences: 2 fractional works · 3.3% of its workAgricultural and Biological Sciences: 1 fractional works · 1.6% of its workGeneral Agricultural and Biological Sciences: 1 fractional works · 0.9% of its workPlant Science: 0 fractional works · 0.6% of its workSmaller subfields together: 0 fractional works · 0.1% of its workBiochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology: 1 fractional works · 1.1% of its workMolecular Biology: 1 fractional works · 0.7% of its workSmaller subfields together: 0 fractional works · 0.4% of its workNeuroscience: 0 fractional works · 0.5% of its workCognitive Neuroscience: 0 fractional works · 0.3% of its workSmaller subfields together: 0 fractional works · 0.2% of its workALL ITS WORKLinde (Germany)71fractional works, 2022-now
Life Sciences3%Physical Sciences80%Health Sciences11%Social Sciences6%

Each ring splits the one inside it: the four domains of science, their fields, their subfields. Size is fractional works in 2022-now. Every slice is a page; the interactive view zooms down to single topics and colours each by how much more of it this institution does than the world.

Its 4 domains and 23 fields, with their numbers
    1. Engineering3955.1%
    2. Materials Science56.6%
    3. Environmental Science33.7%
    4. Energy23.4%
    5. Chemical Engineering23.3%
    6. Computer Science23.3%
    7. Earth and Planetary Sciences11.9%
    8. Chemistry11.3%
    9. Physics and Astronomy11.0%
    10. Mathematics00.4%
    1. Medicine68.4%
    2. Health Professions22.4%
    3. Dentistry00.3%
    4. Nursing00.1%
    1. Business, Management and Accounting22.2%
    2. Social Sciences10.9%
    3. Psychology10.8%
    4. Arts and Humanities10.7%
    5. Decision Sciences10.7%
    6. Economics, Econometrics and Finance00.3%
    1. Agricultural and Biological Sciences11.6%
    2. Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology11.1%
    3. Neuroscience00.5%
All of science, and how each field's share has moved since 1950: the Science domain explorer

Field profile

Location quotient across every field it publishes in: outside the ring is more than an institution of this size would be expected to publish, inside it is less.

Agricultural and Biological Sciences: 0.35× its world share, 1 worksAgricultural and Bio…Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology: 0.21× its world share, 1 worksBiochemistry, Geneti…Neuroscience: 0.31× its world share, 0 worksNeuroscienceChemical Engineering: 9.59× its world share, 2 worksChemical EngineeringChemistry: 0.84× its world share, 1 worksChemistryComputer Science: 0.42× its world share, 2 worksComputer ScienceEarth and Planetary Sciences: 1.20× its world share, 1 worksEarth and Planetary …Energy: 3.67× its world share, 2 worksEnergyEngineering: 3.67× its world share, 39 worksEngineeringEnvironmental Science: 0.75× its world share, 3 worksEnvironmental ScienceMaterials Science: 1.89× its world share, 5 worksMaterials ScienceMathematics: 0.31× its world share, 0 worksMathematicsPhysics and Astronomy: 0.46× its world share, 1 worksPhysics and AstronomyDentistry: 0.56× its world share, 0 worksDentistryHealth Professions: 0.90× its world share, 2 worksHealth ProfessionsMedicine: 0.44× its world share, 6 worksMedicineNursing: 0.24× its world share, 0 worksNursingArts and Humanities: 0.25× its world share, 0 worksArts and HumanitiesBusiness, Management and Accounting: 0.68× its world share, 2 worksBusiness, Management…Decision Sciences: 0.74× its world share, 0 worksDecision SciencesEconomics, Econometrics and Finance: 0.16× its world share, 0 worksEconomics, Econometr…Psychology: 0.26× its world share, 1 worksPsychologySocial Sciences: 0.07× its world share, 1 worksSocial Sciences1×world share
more than its size predictsabout as predictedless

Rings at 0.5×, 1× and 2×. Widest outward: Chemical Engineering, 9.6×. Every wedge is a field page.

All 23 fields, with their numbers
  1. Chemical Engineering9.59×2 works
  2. Energy3.67×2 works
  3. Engineering3.67×39 works
  4. Materials Science1.89×5 works
  5. Earth and Planetary Sciences1.20×1 works
  6. Health Professions0.90×2 works
  7. Chemistry0.84×1 works
  8. Environmental Science0.75×3 works
  9. Decision Sciences0.74×0 works
  10. Business, Management and Accounting0.68×2 works
  11. Dentistry0.56×0 works
  12. Physics and Astronomy0.46×1 works
  13. Medicine0.44×6 works
  14. Computer Science0.42×2 works
  15. Agricultural and Biological Sciences0.35×1 works
  16. Neuroscience0.31×0 works
  17. Mathematics0.31×0 works
  18. Psychology0.26×1 works
  19. Arts and Humanities0.25×0 works
  20. Nursing0.24×0 works
  21. Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology0.21×1 works
  22. Economics, Econometrics and Finance0.16×0 works
  23. Social Sciences0.07×1 works

Who are the top researchers at Linde (Germany)?

Ranked on the quality score, Pierre Forêt, Christoph Windmeier and Torsten Stoffregen lead among researchers whose main affiliation is Linde (Germany).

  1. 1 Pierre Forêt Germany · #3,048,538 worldwide 772 citations · 37 works
  2. 2 Christoph Windmeier Germany · #3,108,378 worldwide 527 citations · 19 works
  3. 3 Torsten Stoffregen Germany · #3,117,641 worldwide 344 citations · 15 works
  4. 4 Peter Katko Germany · #3,255,839 worldwide 15 citations · 45 works
  5. 5 Kira Hagge Germany · #3,514,491 worldwide 21 citations · 16 works
  6. 6 Andreas Paffhausen Germany · #3,570,767 worldwide 16 citations · 26 works
  7. 7 Sophie Dubiez-Le Goff Germany · #4,050,774 worldwide 416 citations · 29 works
  8. 8 Holger Hoppe Germany · #4,061,220 worldwide 962 citations · 61 works
  9. 9 Ingo Thomas Germany · #4,104,892 worldwide 322 citations · 28 works
  10. 10 Reiner Lohmüller Germany · #4,348,280 worldwide 129 citations · 15 works
All ranked researchers at Linde (Germany)

What are the most cited papers from Linde (Germany)?

The most cited paper from Linde (Germany) is "Methanol synthesis using captured CO2 as raw material: Techno-economic and environmental assessment" (Mar Pérez–Fortes, Jan Christian Schöneberger, Aikaterini K. Boulamanti et al., 2015), with 866 citations. Next come "Change Through Digitization—Value Creation in the Age of Industry 4.0" (834) and "Acupuncture for Patients With Migraine" (650).

Most cited papers
#PaperReleasedCitations
1 Methanol synthesis using captured CO2 as raw material: Techno-economic and environmental assessment Mar Pérez–Fortes, Jan Christian Schöneberger, Aikaterini K. Boulamanti et al. · Applied Energy Open access 12 Aug 2015 866
2 Change Through Digitization—Value Creation in the Age of Industry 4.0 Henning Kagermann Book chapter 9 Dec 2014 834
3 Acupuncture for Patients With Migraine Klaus Linde, Andrea Streng, Susanne Jürgens et al. · JAMA 3 May 2005 650
4 Making sense of conflicting empirical findings: A meta-analytic review of the relationship between corporate environmental and financial performance Jan Endrikat, Edeltraud Guenther, Holger Hoppe · European Management Journal 13 Jan 2014 576
5 NO-independent regulatory site on soluble guanylate cyclase Johannes-Peter Stasch, Eva Maria Becker, Cristina Alonso‐Alija et al. · Nature Mar 2001 547
All 59 most cited papers, with filters and sorting

Which keywords describe research at Linde (Germany)?

By fractional works in 2022-now, weighted toward what it does more of than the world: Mechanical Properties, Microstructure, Heat Transfer, Additive Manufacturing, Optimization, Sustainability, Process Parameters and Renewable Energy.

▲ more of its work than of the world's◆ about the world's share▼ less than the world's

Size is fractional works in 2022-now in the topics tagged with each word; colour is the word's share of this institution's work against its share of the world's. The 40 words are chosen for being large and distinctive. Each links to the topic it comes from most.

All 40 words, with their numbers
  1. Mechanical Properties6▲ 8.7×15 topics
  2. Sustainability5▲ 3.0×11 topics
  3. Heat Transfer5▲ 15×10 topics
  4. Microstructure5▲ 14×8 topics
  5. Renewable Energy4▲ 4.0×9 topics
  6. Additive Manufacturing4▲ 18×4 topics
  7. Energy Efficiency4▲ 5.3×7 topics
  8. Environmental Impact4▲ 2.9×9 topics
  9. Optimization3▲ 11×7 topics
  10. Process Parameters3▲ 41×3 topics
  11. Energy Storage3▲ 6.0×7 topics
  12. Large-Eddy Simulation3▲ 19×5 topics
  13. Metal Powders3▲ 49×2 topics
  14. Numerical Simulation3▲ 12×6 topics
  15. Material Characterization2▲ 30×2 topics
  16. Metallic Components2▲ 50×1 topic
  17. Selective Laser Melting2▲ 50×1 topic
  18. Hydrogen2▲ 38×2 topics
  19. Catalysis2▲ 3.9×6 topics
  20. Renewable Resources2▲ 13×2 topics
  21. Revision Surgery2▲ 19×2 topics
  22. Total Hip Replacement2▲ 19×2 topics
  23. Electrolysis2▲ 34×1 topic
  24. Industrial Automation2▲ 34×2 topics
  25. Materials2▲ 9.7×3 topics
  26. Power-to-Gas2▲ 34×1 topic
  27. Thermal Management2▲ 6.7×6 topics
  28. Cryogenic Storage2▲ 80×1 topic
  29. Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)2▲ 80×1 topic
  30. Applications1▲ 7.1×2 topics
  31. Ceramics1▲ 14×2 topics
  32. Chemical Kinetics1▲ 21×2 topics
  33. Industrial Applications1▲ 22×2 topics
  34. Phase Stability1▲ 28×2 topics
  35. 3D Printing1▲ 8.2×1 topic
  36. Biomedical Engineering1▲ 13×2 topics
  37. Challenges1▲ 16×1 topic
  38. Hydrogen Storage1▲ 14×2 topics
  39. Model Predictive Control1▲ 7.4×2 topics
  40. Scheduling1▲ 28×2 topics

Which research topics does Linde (Germany) publish most on?

By volume in 2022-now: Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes, Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems, Spacecraft and Cryogenic Technologies and Advanced Control Systems Optimization.

Additive Manufacturing M…2Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes: 2 fractional worksHybrid Renewable Energy …2Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems: 2 fractional worksSpacecraft and Cryogenic…2Spacecraft and Cryogenic Technologies: 2 fractional worksAdvanced Control Systems…1Advanced Control Systems Optimization: 1 fractional worksAdditive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies: 1 fractional worksFlexible and Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems: 1 fractional worksWelding Techniques and R…1Welding Techniques and Residual Stresses: 1 fractional worksAmmonia Synthesis and Nitrogen Reduction: 1 fractional worksEmployment and Welfare Studies: 1 fractional worksProcess Optimization and…1Process Optimization and Integration: 1 fractional works
Mechanical EngineeringEnergy Engineering and Power TechnologyAerospace EngineeringControl and Systems Engineering4 others

Area is fractional works; colour is the subfield each topic belongs to.

  1. 1 Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes Mechanical Engineering 2 works
  2. 2 Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems Energy Engineering and Power Technology 2 works
  3. 3 Spacecraft and Cryogenic Technologies Aerospace Engineering 2 works
  4. 4 Advanced Control Systems Optimization Control and Systems Engineering 1 works
  5. 5 Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies Automotive Engineering 1 works
  6. 6 Flexible and Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering 1 works
  7. 7 Welding Techniques and Residual Stresses Mechanical Engineering 1 works
  8. 8 Ammonia Synthesis and Nitrogen Reduction Catalysis 1 works
  9. 9 Employment and Welfare Studies General Health Professions 1 works
  10. 10 Process Optimization and Integration Control and Systems Engineering 1 works

How open and international is its research?

Against the world's own shares: the tick on each track. Both are shares of its output, so they sit on one scale and can be read against each other as well as against the world.

openly available21.9%not open78.1%

World: 40% of research is openly available.

with international co-authors19.4%domestic only80.6%

World: 18% is written across borders.

How has Linde (Germany)'s research output changed?

Output in 2022-2025 was 44% lower than in 2018-2021.

still counting1990200020102020
grewheldshrank

The same series as a ribbon: one cell per year, darker for more. The line above answers how much; this answers when.

Its share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share: all of science grows. This is Linde (Germany) as a percentage of every work published that year, 0.00033% in 2024.

still counting0.0020%0.0040%0.0060%Linde (Germany)0.00020% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works of Linde (Germany) over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

Year by year, against all institutions in the same year.

5%10%15%all institutions10.0% in 2021Linde (Germany)3.8% in 2021200020102020

Of each year's output, the share that reached the world's 10% most cited for its field and year. Peak 14.5% in 2019.

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Linde (Germany) on Science Explorer

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