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Topic · Surfaces, Coatings and Films

Electron and X-Ray Spectroscopy Techniques

Electron and X-Ray Spectroscopy Techniques is a research topic within Surfaces, Coatings and Films. Science Explorer counts 61k research works in it since 1950. 10.0% of them reached the world's top 10% most cited for their field and year.

This cluster of papers focuses on surface analysis and electron spectroscopy techniques, including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron inelastic mean free paths, ambient pressure photoelectron spectroscopy, and applications in surface science and nanomaterials characterization. It covers topics such as quantitative surface analysis, secondary electron emission, environmental scanning electron microscopy, and hard X-ray photoemission spectroscopy.

  • X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
  • Scanning Electron Microscopy
  • Electron Inelastic Mean Free Paths
  • Ambient Pressure Photoelectron Spectroscopy
  • Surface Science
  • Quantitative Surface Analysis
  • Secondary Electron Emission
  • Nanomaterials Characterization
  • Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy
  • Hard X-ray Photoemission Spectroscopy
Research works
61k
fractional, since 1950
In the world top 10%
6.1k
per year above
Top-10% rate
10.0%
share of its works in the world top 10%
Growth, 2018-21 → 2022-25
+3%
the tick is no change
Largest producer
United States
32% of the 10 largest, 2022-now
Electron and X-Ray Spectroscopy Techniques

Which countries lead Electron and X-Ray Spectroscopy Techniques research?

By volume, the United States and China publish the most (1.1k and 549 works in 2022-now).

By volume, 2022-now

  1. 1 United States 1.1k works
  2. 2 China 549 works
  3. 3 Germany 407 works
  4. 4 Japan 398 works
  5. 5 France 243 works
  6. 6 United Kingdom 211 works
  7. 7 Russia 187 works
  8. 8 South Korea 124 works
  9. 9 India 105 works
  10. 10 Belgium 89 works

How concentrated that is

The same countries as shares of everything the list above accounts for. A node where two countries do two thirds of the work and one spread evenly across twelve read alike as a ranking and not at all alike here.

United States: 32.0%China: 16.1%Germany: 12.0%Japan: 11.7%6 others listed: 28.2%32%largest
United States1,087 · 32.0%China549 · 16.1%Germany407 · 12.0%Japan398 · 11.7%6 others listed959 · 28.2%

Shares of the rows listed above, not of the whole node.

Which institutions lead Electron and X-Ray Spectroscopy Techniques research?

By volume in 2022-now, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique publishes the most Electron and X-Ray Spectroscopy Techniques research, followed by Chinese Academy of Sciences and Russian Academy of Sciences.

By volume, 2022-now

  1. 1 Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueFrance 121 works
  2. 2 Chinese Academy of SciencesChina 76 works
  3. 3 Russian Academy of SciencesRussia 68 works
  4. 4 Helmholtz Association of German Research CentresGermany 62 works
  5. 5 IMECBelgium 40 works
  6. 6 Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryUnited States 40 works
  7. 7 Max Planck SocietyGermany 35 works
  8. 8 Thermo Fisher Scientific (United States)United States 31 works
  9. 9 Oak Ridge National LaboratoryUnited States 29 works
  10. 10 Stanford UniversityUnited States 29 works

Who are the leading researchers in Electron and X-Ray Spectroscopy Techniques?

The most-cited researchers publishing on Electron and X-Ray Spectroscopy Techniques include Zhong Lin Wang, Michaël Grätzel and John P. Perdew.

  1. 1 Zhong Lin Wang United States 491k citations
  2. 2 Michaël Grätzel Switzerland 458k citations
  3. 3 John P. Perdew United States 436k citations
  4. 4 Georg Kresse Austria 431k citations
  5. 5 Kostya S. Novoselov United Kingdom 331k citations
  6. 6 Andre K. Geim United Kingdom 315k citations
  7. 7 Yury G. Gogotsi United States 313k citations
  8. 8 Richard A. Gibbs United States 292k citations
  9. 9 Luigi Ferrucci United States 281k citations
  10. 10 Kieron Burke United States 276k citations

Ranked by citations received across their whole record, among researchers with at least three works on this topic.

What are the most cited papers in Electron and X-Ray Spectroscopy Techniques?

The most cited paper in Electron and X-Ray Spectroscopy Techniques is "THE USE OF LEAD CITRATE AT HIGH pH AS AN ELECTRON-OPAQUE STAIN IN ELECTRON MICROSCOPY" (Edward S. Reynolds, 1963), with 25,107 citations. Next come "Optical Constants of the Noble Metals" (20,103) and "ATHENA , ARTEMIS , HEPHAESTUS : data analysis for X-ray absorption spectroscopy using IFEFFIT" (16,947).

Most cited papers
#PaperReleasedCitations
1 THE USE OF LEAD CITRATE AT HIGH pH AS AN ELECTRON-OPAQUE STAIN IN ELECTRON MICROSCOPY Edward S. Reynolds · The Journal of Cell Biology Open access Apr 1963 25,107
2 Optical Constants of the Noble Metals P. B. Johnson, R. W. Christy · Physical review. B, Solid state 15 Dec 1972 20,103
3 ATHENA , ARTEMIS , HEPHAESTUS : data analysis for X-ray absorption spectroscopy using IFEFFIT Bruce Ravel, Matthew G. Newville · Journal of Synchrotron Radiation Open access 15 Jun 2005 16,947
4 Electron-energy-loss spectra and the structural stability of nickel oxide: An LSDA+U study S. L. Dudarev, Gianluigi A. Botton, Sergey Yu. Savrasov et al. · Physical review. B, Condensed matter 15 Jan 1998 15,337
5 A low-viscosity epoxy resin embedding medium for electron microscopy Arthur R. Spurr · Journal of Ultrastructure Research 1969 12,956
All 99 most cited papers, with filters and sorting

Where is Electron and X-Ray Spectroscopy Techniques research done?

The largest centres of Electron and X-Ray Spectroscopy Techniques research in 2022-now are Beijing (China), Tokyo (Japan), Moscow (Russia) and Paris (France). Among places with at least 20 works in it, it is an unusually large share of all research in Upton, Gaithersburg and Lemont.

Largest cities, 2022-now

  1. 1 BeijingChina 165 works
  2. 2 TokyoJapan 129 works
  3. 3 MoscowRussia 81 works
  4. 4 ParisFrance 73 works
  5. 5 SeoulSouth Korea 66 works
  6. 6 BerkeleyUnited States 62 works
  7. 7 ShanghaiChina 58 works
  8. 8 LeuvenBelgium 52 works
  9. 9 TsukubaJapan 44 works
  10. 10 BerlinGermany 43 works

Where it is the local speciality

  1. UptonUS · 20.8 works50×
  2. GaithersburgUS · 26.7 works31×
  3. LemontUS · 22.4 works28×
← less than its size predicts1×more →

Location quotient: how much more of its research is in Electron and X-Ray Spectroscopy Techniques than the world average.

See Electron and X-Ray Spectroscopy Techniques on the map

Where is the best place to study Electron and X-Ray Spectroscopy Techniques?

Among universities, judged by research, University of Antwerp, Stanford University and University of California, Berkeley score highest, combining excellence, specialisation, size, growth and international reach. Research strength is one signal when choosing where to study; it does not measure teaching.

0%10%20%mean 16.39%fractional works in this field (log) →share of work in the world top 10% →University of OxfordStanford UniversityUniversity of Califo…University of Antwerp
above the meannear itbelow it

One dot per university in the first ten of the table below, at the default weights. The upper left is the interesting corner: small places doing unusually strong work.

Excellenceshare of its work in the world top 10%, 2022-now and all time averaged
40%
Specialisationhow much of its work is in this field, counted up to 10× the world share
10%
Sizeits output in this field, on a log scale
30%
Growthoutput growth, counted from -20% to +20%
10%
Internationalshare of its work with a co-author abroad
10%
Each slider sets a weight; the share it gets of the score is beside it.
#UniversityScoreTop 10%SpecialisationWorksGrowth
1University of AntwerpBelgium 76.115.6%14.4×19 +29.3%
2Stanford UniversityUnited States 73.817.2%5.1×29 -12.5%
3University of California, BerkeleyUnited States 71.216.9%5.8×21 +8.9%
4University of OxfordUnited Kingdom 69.021.3%3.5×19 -3.2%
5École Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneSwitzerland 65.016.2%7.3×11 +14.8%
6California Institute of TechnologyUnited States 64.917.8%9.1×12 +49.6%
7Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyUnited States 64.716.1%5.2×14 +73.8%
8Uppsala UniversitySweden 62.919.6%4.3×9 +4.5%
9Tsinghua UniversityChina 61.414.6%2.6×23 +219.9%
10Technical University of DenmarkDenmark 60.88.6%8.7×17 +31.0%

Universities only. The score blends excellence (40%), size (30%), specialisation (10%), growth (10%), international reach (10%), 2022-now; growth compares 2018-21 with 2022-25 and counts up to +20%, since a jump from a small base is mostly noise.

Every institution in Electron and X-Ray Spectroscopy Techniques, country by country

Is Electron and X-Ray Spectroscopy Techniques research growing?

Output in 2022-2025 was 3% higher than in 2018-2021, peaking in 1993. The fastest-growing topics are Electron and X-Ray Spectroscopy Techniques.

still counting19801990200020102020
grewheldshrank

The same series as a ribbon: one cell per year, darker for more. The line above answers how much; this answers when.

Its share of all research

Growing output can still be a shrinking share: all of science grows. This is Electron and X-Ray Spectroscopy Techniques as a percentage of every work published that year, 0.020% in 2024.

still counting0.10%0.20%0.30%Electron and X-Ray Spectroscopy Techniques0.018% in 202519801990200020102020

Fractional works of Electron and X-Ray Spectroscopy Techniques over all fractional works that year. How the balance of science has shifted.

How much of it reaches the world top 10%

Year by year.

still counting5%10%15%Electron and X-Ray Spectroscopy Techniques10.2% in 2025200020102020

Of each year's works in it, the share that reached the world's 10% most cited for their field and year. A field is the world for its own topics, so there is no other line to hold it against.

Which topics inside it are moving

Growth and decline on one axis around a shared zero. Two lists side by side hide the thing that matters: whether the growth dwarfs the decline, or the other way round.

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